List of Chinese monarchs

This list of Chinese monarchs includes rulers of China with various titles prior to the establishment of the Republic in 1912. From the Zhou dynasty until the Qin dynasty, rulers usually held the title "king" (Chinese: 王; pinyin: wáng). With the separation of China into different Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shihuang created a new title for himself, that of "emperor" (pinyin: huángdì). The title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in king-lists. The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way comprehensive. Chinese sovereigns were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names – for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing – but, where possible, the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Follow these links to see how they are related:

Family tree of ancient Chinese emperors → Chinese emperors family tree (early) → Chinese emperors family tree (middle) → Chinese emperors family tree (late)

Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors (三皇五帝)

Although it is ingrained in Chinese mythology that the earliest mythological rulers of China included three huáng (皇, generally translated "sovereign" or "august one", denoting demigod status) and five dì (帝, generally translated "emperor", but denoting much more reverential status than the modern term "emperor"), their identities have differed between different sources, with some individuals, such as the Yellow Emperor, being regarded as either sovereign or emperor, depending on the source. The two characters would later be taken together by Qin Shi Huang to form the new title huángdì (皇帝, emperor), thus claiming legendary status for himself.

Note: These figures are all legendary, not historical.

Title Name by which most commonly known Reign (according to tradition) Regnal name Other names
Sovereign1,4,5 / Empress3 Youchao (110,000 years) Youchao 有巢 –
Sovereign / Emperor3 Suiren (456,000 years) Suiren 燧人 –
Sovereign4 / Emperor3 Fuxi (456,000 years) Fuxi 伏羲 –
Sovereign1,4,5 / Emperor2,3 Nuwa 180,000 years Nuwa 女媧 –
Sovereign1 / Emperor2,3 Yan Emperor and/or Shennong 2737–2699 BCE Yándi 炎帝 Shennong 神農
Sovereign5 / Emperor1,2 Yellow Emperor 2699–2588 BCE Huangdi 黃帝 Gongsun Xuanyuan 公孫軒轅
Emperor2 Shaohao 2587–2491 BCE Shǎohào 少昊 Jintian Shi 金天氏
Emperor1,2 Zhuanxu 2490–2413 BCE Zhuānxū 顓頊 Gaoyang 高陽
Emperor1 Emperor Ku 2412–2343 BCE Dikù 帝嚳 Gaoxin Shi 高辛氏
Emperor1 Emperor Zhi 2343–2333 BCE Dizhì 帝摯 Qingyang Shi 青陽氏
Emperor1 Emperor Yao 2333–2234 BCE Diyáo or Tang Yao 帝堯 / 唐堯 Yi Qi，Taotang and Fangxun 伊祁、陶唐、放勳
Emperor1 Emperor Shun 2233–2184 BCE Dishùn 帝舜 Yao，Youyu and Chonghua 姚、有虞、重華
1 — According to the Records of the Grand Historian.
2 — According to the Chu Ci.
3 — According to the Book of Rites.
4 — According to the Shangshu dazhuan (尚書大傳) and Baihu tongyi (白虎通義).
5 — According to the Diwang shiji (帝王世紀)

Xia dynasty (夏朝) (c. 2070 – c. 1600 BCE)

Chinese convention: use "Xia" + regnal name

Name by which most commonly known Reign (according to tradition) Regnal name1 Other names
Yu the Great ? Yǔ禹 –
Qi of Xia ? Qǐ啟 –
Tai Kang ? Kāng康 Tài Kāng太康
Zhong Kang ? Kāng康 Zhòng Kāng仲康
Xiang of Xia ? Xiāng相 –
Interregnum (about 40 years)
Shao Kang ? Kāng康 Shào Kāng少康
Zhu of Xia ? Zhù杼 –
Huai of Xia ? Huái槐 –
Mang of Xia ? Máng芒 –
Xie of Xia ? Xiè洩 –
Bu Jiang ? Jiàng降 –
Jiong of Xia ? Jiōng扃 –
Jin of Xia ? Jǐn廑 Yìn Jiǎ胤甲
Kong Jia ? ? ? Kǒng Jiǎ孔甲
Gao of Xia ? Gāo皋 –
Fa of Xia ? Fā發 Hou Jin 后敬
Jie of Xia ? Jié桀 Lǚ Guǐ履癸

Shang dynasty (商朝) (c. 1600 – c. 1046 BCE)

Chinese convention: use "Shang" + posthumous name

Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign (according to tradition)1 Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
Tang of Shang Zi Lü 子湯 1600–1300 BCE Tiān Yǐ 天乙 Tàizu 太祖
Bu Bing Zi Shèng 子勝 Wài Bǐng 外丙 –
Zhong Ren Zi Yōng 子庸 Zhòng Rén 仲壬 –
Tai Jia Zi Zhì 子至 Tài Jiǎ 太甲 Tàizōng 太宗
Wo Ding Zi Xuàn 子絢 Wò Dīng 沃丁 –
Tai Geng Zi Biàn 子辯 Tài Gēng 太庚 –
Xiao Jia Zi Gāo 子高 Xiǎo Jiǎ 小甲 –
Yong Ji Zi Zhòu 子伷 Yōng Jǐ 雍己 –
Tai Wu Zi Mì 子密 Tài Wù 太戊 –
Zhong Ding Zi Zhuāng 子莊 Zhòng Dīng 仲丁 –
Wai Ren Zi Fā 子發 Wài Rén 外壬 –
He Dan Jia Zi Zhěng 子整 Jiān Jiǎ 戔甲 –
Zu Yi Zi Téng 子滕 Zǔ Yǐ 祖乙 Zhōngzōng 中宗
Zu Xin Zi Dàn 子旦 Zǔ Xīn 祖辛 –
Wo Jia Zi Yú 子踰 Wò Jiǎ 沃甲 –
Zu Ding Zi Xīn 子新 Zǔ Dīng 祖丁 –
Nan Geng Zi Gēng 子更 Nán Gēng 南庚 –
Yang Jia of Shang Zi Hé 子和 Yáng Jiǎ 陽甲 –
Pan Geng Zi Xún 子旬 1300–1251 BCE Pán Gēng2 盤庚 –
Xiao Xin Zi Sòng 子頌 Xiǎo Xīn 小辛 –
Xiao Yi of Shang Zi Liǎn 子斂 Xiǎo Yǐ 小乙 –
Wu Ding Zi Zhāo 子昭 1250–1192 BCE Wǔ Dīng 武丁 Gāozōng 高宗
Zu Geng of Shang Zi Yuè 子躍 1191–1148 BCE Zǔ Gēng 祖庚 –
Zu Jia Zi Zài 子載 Zǔ Jiǎ 祖甲 –
Lin Xin Zi Xiān 子先 Lǐn Xīn 廩辛 –
Geng Ding Zi Xiāo 子囂 Kāng Dīng 康丁 –
Wu Yi of Shang Zi Qú 子瞿 1147–1113 BCE Wǔ Yǐ 武乙 –
Wen Ding Zi Tuō 子托 1112–1102 BCE Wén Dīng3 文丁 –
Di Yi Zi Xiàn 子羡 1101–1076 BCE Dì Yǐ 帝乙 –
King Zhou of Shang Zi Shòu 子受 1075–1046 BCE Di Xin 帝辛 –
1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.

2 — The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.

3 — Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou dynasty (周朝) (c. 1046 – 256 BCE)

Chinese convention: use "Zhou" + posthumous name ("Wang" is the chinese term for "King")

Note: The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute.

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign1 Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Western Zhou dynasty (c. 1046 – 771 BC)
    King Wu of Zhou Jī Fā 姬發 1046–1043 BCE1 King Wǔ 武王
    King Cheng of Zhou Jī Sòng 姬誦 1042–1021 BCE1 King Chéng 成王
    King Kang of Zhou Jī Zhāo 姬釗 1020–996 BCE1 King Kāng 康王
    King Zhao of Zhou Jī Xiá 姬瑕 995–977 BCE1 King Zhāo 昭王
    King Mu of Zhou Jī Mǎn 姬滿 976–922 BCE1 King Mù 穆王
    King Gong of Zhou Jī Yīhù 姬繄扈 922–900 BCE1 King Gōng 共王
    King Yi of Zhou (Jian) Jī Jiān 姬囏 899–892 BCE1 King Yì 懿王
    King Xiao of Zhou Jī Bìfāng 姬辟方 891–886 BCE1 King Xiào 孝王
    King Yi of Zhou (Xie) Jī Xiè 姬燮 885–878 BCE1 King Yí 夷王
    King Li of Zhou Jī Hú 姬胡 877–841 BCE1 King Lì 厲王
    Gonghe Regency (共和) (841–827 BC)
    King Xuan of Zhou Jī Jìng 姬靜 827–782 BCE King Xuān 宣王
    King You of Zhou Jī Gōngshēng 姬宮湦 781–771 BCE King Yōu 幽王
    Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BC)
    Spring and Autumn period (770–476 BC)
    King Ping of Zhou Jī Yijiu 姬宜臼 770–720 BCE King Ping 平王
    King Huan of Zhou Jī Lin 姬林 719–697 BCE King Huan 桓王
    King Zhuang of Zhou Jī Tuo 姬佗 696–682 BCE King Zhuang 莊王
    King Xi of Zhou Jī Huqi 姬胡齊 681–677 BCE King Xi 釐王
    King Hui of Zhou Jī Lang 姬閬 676–652 BCE King Hui 惠王
    King Xiang of Zhou Jī Zheng 姬鄭 651–619 BCE King Xiang 襄王
    King Qing of Zhou Jī Renchen 姬壬臣 618–613 BCE King Qing 頃王
    King Kuang of Zhou Jī Ban 姬班 612–607 BCE King Kuang 匡王
    King Ding of Zhou Jī Yu 姬瑜 606–586 BCE King Ding 定王
    King Jian of Zhou Jī Yi 姬夷 585–572 BCE King Jian 簡王
    King Ling of Zhou Jī Xiexin 姬泄心 571–545 BCE King Ling 靈王
    King Jing of Zhou (Gui) Jī Gui 姬貴 544–521 BCE King Jing 景王
    King Dao of Zhou Jī Meng 姬猛 520 BCE King Dao 悼王
    King Jing of Zhou (Gai) Jī Gai 姬丐 519–476 BCE King Jing 敬王
    Warring States period (475–221 BC)
    King Yuan of Zhou Jī Ren 姬仁 475–469 BCE King Yuan 元王
    King Zhending of Zhou Jī Jie 姬介 468–442 BCE King Zhending 貞定王
    King Ai of Zhou Jī Quji 姬去疾 441 BCE King Ai 哀王
    King Si of Zhou Jī Shu 姬叔 441 BCE King Si 思王
    King Kao of Zhou Jī Wei 姬嵬 440–426 BCE King Kao 考王
    King Weilie of Zhou Jī Wu 姬午 425–402 BCE King Weilie 威烈王
    King An of Zhou Jī Jiao 姬驕 401–376 BCE King An 安王
    King Lie of Zhou Jī Xi 姬喜 375–369 BCE King Lie 烈王
    King Xian of Zhou Jī Bian 姬扁 368–321 BCE King Xian 顯王
    King Shenjing of Zhou Jī Ding 姬定 320–315 BCE King Shenjing 慎靚王
    King Nan of Zhou Jī Yan 姬延 314–256 BCE King Nan 赧王
    1 — The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.

    Qin dynasty (秦朝) (221–206 BCE)

    Chinese convention: use regnal name

    Note: the establishment of the Qin dynasty is usually considered to be the beginning of Imperial China, with Qin Shi Huang regarded the first Emperor of China

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Regnal name
    Qin Shi Huang Ying Zhèng 嬴政 2211–210 BCE Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇
    Qin Er Shi Ying Húhài 嬴胡亥 209–207 BCE Qin Er Shi 秦二世
    Ziying2 Ying Ziyīng 嬴子嬰 207 BCE Qin San Shi 秦三世
    1 — Qin Shi Huang became king of the State of Qin in 246 BC, but did not unite China and proclaim himself "Emperor" until 221 BC.

    2 — Ziying is often referred to by his personal name and as king, rather than emperor, of Qin (秦王子嬰).

    Han dynasty (漢朝) (206 BCE – 220 CE)

    Chinese convention: use "Han" + posthumous name (apart from Emperor Gaozu, who is known as "Han Gaozu")

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Western Han (206 BCE – 9 CE)
    Emperor Gaozu of Han Liu Bang 劉邦 206–195 BC – Emperor Gaohuang 高皇帝 Taizu / Gaozu 太祖 / 高祖
    Emperor Hui of Han Liu Ying 劉盈 195–188 BC – Emperor Hui 惠帝 –
    Emperor Quianshao of Han Liu Gong 劉恭 188–184 BC – – –
    Emperor Houshao of Han Liu Hong 劉弘 184–180 BC – – –
    Emperor Wen of Han Liu Heng 劉恆 179–157 BC Hòuyuán 後元 163–156 BCE Emperor Wen 文帝 Taizong 太宗
    Emperor Jing of Han Liu Qi 劉啟 156–141 BC Zhōngyuán 中元 149–143 BCE Emperor Jing 景帝 –
    Hòuyuán 後元 143–141 BCE
    Emperor Wu of Han Liu Che 劉徹 140–87 BC Jiànyuán 建元 140–135 BCE Emperor Wu 武帝 Shizong 世宗
    Yuánguāng 元光 134–129 BCE
    Yuánshuò 元朔 128–123 BCE
    Yuánshòu 元狩 122–117 BCE
    Yuándǐng 元鼎 116–111 BCE
    Yuánfēng 元封 110–105 BCE
    Tàichū 太初 104–101 BCE
    Tiānhàn 天漢 100–97 BCE
    Tàishǐ 太始 96–93 BCE
    Zhēnghé 征和 92–89 BCE
    Hòuyuán 後元 88–87 BCE
    Emperor Zhao of Han Liu Fuling 劉弗陵 86–74 BC Shǐyuán 始元 86–80 BCE Emperor Zhao 昭帝
    Yuánfèng 元鳳 80–75 BCE
    Yuánpíng 元平 74 BCE
    Marquis of Haihun Liu He 劉賀 74 BC Marquis of Haihun 海昏侯 –
    Emperor Xuan of Han Liu Xun 劉詢 73–49 BC Běnshǐ 本始 73–70 BCE Emperor Xuan 宣帝 Zhongzong 中宗
    Dìjié 地節 69–66 BCE
    Yuánkāng 元康 65–61 BCE
    Shénjué 神爵 61–58 BCE
    Wǔfèng 五鳳 57–54 BCE
    Gānlù 甘露 53–50 BCE
    Huánglóng 黃龍 49 BCE
    Emperor Yuan of Han Liu Shi 劉奭 48–33 BC Chūyuán 初元 48–44 BCE Emperor Yuan 元帝 –
    Yǒngguāng 永光 43–39 BCE
    Jiànzhāo 建昭 38–34 BCE
    Jìngníng 竟寧 33 BCE
    Emperor Cheng of Han Liu Ao 劉驁 32–7 BC Jiànshǐ 建始 32–28 BCE Emperor Cheng 成帝 –
    Hépíng 河平 28–25 BCE
    Yángshuò 陽朔 24–21 BCE
    Hóngjiā 鴻嘉 20–17 BCE
    Yǒngshǐ 永始 16–13 BCE
    Yuányán 元延 12–9 BCE
    Suīhé 綏和 8–7 BCE
    Emperor Ai of Han Liu Xin 劉欣 6–1 BC Jiànpíng 建平 6–3 BCE Emperor Ai 哀帝 –
    Yuánshòu 元壽 2–1 BCE
    Emperor Ping of Han Liu Kan 劉衎 1 BC – 5 AD Yuánshǐ 元始 1 BCE – 5 CE Emperor Ping 平帝 –
    Ruzi Ying1 Liu Ying 劉嬰 6–8 Jùshè 居攝 6 CE – Oct. 8 CE Ruzi Ying 孺子嬰 –
    Chūshǐ 初始 Nov. 8 CE – Dec. 8 CE
    Interregnum (9 CE – 23 CE)
    Gengshi Emperor Liu Xuan 劉玄 23–25 Gēngshǐ 更始 23–25 CE Prince Wushun of Huaiyang 淮阳武順王 –
    Eastern Han (25 CE – 220 CE)
    Emperor Guangwu of Han Liu Xiu 劉秀 25–57 Jiànwǔ 建武 25–56 CE Emperor Guangwu 光武帝 Shizu 世祖
    Jiànwǔzhōngyuán 建武中元 56–57 CE
    Emperor Ming of Han Liu Zhuang 劉莊 58–75 Yǒngpíng 永平 58–75 CE Emperor Ming 明帝 Xíanzōng 顯宗
    Emperor Zhang of Han Liu Da 劉炟 76–88 Jiànchū 建初 76–84 CE Emperor Zhang 章帝 Suzong 肅宗
    Yuánhé 元和 84–87 CE
    Zhānghé 章和 87–88 CE
    Emperor He of Han Liu Zhao 劉肇 89–105 Yǒngyuán 永元 89–105 CE Emperor He 和帝 Muzong 穆宗
    Yuánxīng 元興 105 CE
    Emperor Shang of Han Liu Long 劉隆 106 Yánpíng 延平 9 months in 106 CE Emperor Shang 殤帝 –
    Emperor An of Han Liu Hu 劉祜 106–125 Yǒngchū 永初 107–113 CE Emperor An 安帝 Gongzong 恭宗
    Yuánchū 元初 114–120 CE
    Yǒngníng 永寧 120–121 CE
    Jiànguāng 建光 121–122 CE
    Yánguāng 延光 122–125 CE
    Marquess of Beixiang Liu Yi 劉懿 125 Emperor Shao 少帝 –
    Emperor Shun of Han Liu Bao 劉保 125–144 Yǒngjiàn 永建 126–132 CE Emperor Shun 順帝 Jingzong 敬宗
    Yángjiā 陽嘉 132–135 CE
    Yǒnghé 永和 136–141 CE
    Hàn'ān 漢安 142–144 CE
    Jiànkāng 建康 144 CE
    Emperor Chong of Han Liu Bing 劉炳 144–145 Yōngxī 永嘉 145 CE Emperor Chong 沖帝 –
    Emperor Zhi of Han Liu Zuan 劉纘 145–146 Běnchū 本初 146 CE Emperor Zhi 質帝 –
    Emperor Huan of Han Liu Zhi 劉志 146–168 Jiànhé 建和 147–149 CE Emperor Huan 桓帝 Weizong 威宗
    Hépíng 和平 150 CE
    Yuánjiā 元嘉 151–153 CE
    Yǒngxīng 永興 153–154 CE
    Yǒngshòu 永壽 155–158 CE
    Yánxī 延熹 158–167 CE
    Yǒngkāng 永康 167 CE
    Emperor Ling of Han Liu Hong 劉宏 168–189 Jiànníng 建寧 168–172 CE Emperor Ling 靈帝 –
    Xīpíng 熹平 172–178 CE
    Guānghé 光和 178–184 CE
    Zhōngpíng 中平 184–189 CE
    Prince of Hongnong Liu Bian 劉辯 189 Guīngxī 光熹 189 CE Emperor Shao 少帝 –
    Zhàoníng 昭寧 189 CE
    Emperor Xian of Han Liu Xie 劉協 189–220 Yǒnghàn 永漢 189 CE Emperor Xian 獻帝 –
    Chūpíng 初平 190–193 CE
    Xīngpíng 興平 194–195 CE
    Jiàn'ān 建安 196–220 CE
    Yánkāng 延康 220 CE
    1 — Ruzi was prince, rather than emperor of Han. Officially, the throne of emperor of Han was vacant during 6AD to 9AD.

    Xin dynasty (新朝) (9–23 CE)

    Chinese convention: use personal name

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Wang Mang Wang Mang 王莽 9–23 Shǐjiànguó 始建國 9–13 CE – –
    Tiānfēng 天鳳 14–19 CE
    Dìhuáng 地皇 20–23 CE

    Three Kingdoms Period (三国时代) (220–280)

    Chinese convention: use personal name

    Wei (魏) or Cao Wei (曹魏) (220–266)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Courtesy name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Cao Pi Cáo Pī 曹丕 Zihuan 子桓 220–226 Huángchū 黃初 220–226 Emperor Wen 文帝
    Cao Rui Cáo Ruì 曹叡 Yuanzhong 元仲 226–239 Tàihé 太和 227–233 Emperor Ming 明帝
    Qīnglóng 青龍 233–237
    Jǐngchū 景初 237–239
    Cao Fang Cáo Fāng 曹芳 Lanqing 蘭卿 239–254 Zhèngshǐ 正始 240–249 Duke Li of Shaoling 邵陵厲公
    Jiāpíng 嘉平 249–254
    Cao Mao Cáo Máo 曹髦 Yanshi 彥士 254–260 Zhèngyuán 正元 254–256 –
    Gānlù 甘露 256–260
    Cao Huan Cáo Huàn 曹奐 Jingming 景明 260–266 Jǐngyuán 景元 260–264 Emperor Yuan 元帝
    Xiánxī 咸熙 264–266

    Shu (蜀) or Shu Han (蜀漢) (221–263)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Courtesy name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Liu Bei Liú Bèi 劉備 Xuande 玄德 221–223 Zhāngwǔ 章武 221–223 Emperor Zhaolie 昭烈帝
    Liu Shan Liú Shàn 劉禪 Gongsi 公嗣 223–263 Jiànxīng 建興 223–237 Emperor Xiaohuai 後主
    Yánxī 延熙 238–257
    Jǐngyào 景耀 258–263
    Yánxīng 炎興 263

    Wu (吳) or Dong (Eastern) Wu (東吳) (222–280)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Courtesy name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Sun Quan Sūn Quán 孫權 Zhongmou 仲謀 222–252 Huángwǔ 黃武 222–229 Emperor Wu the Great 吳大帝
    Huánglóng 黃龍 229–231
    Jiāhé 嘉禾 232–238
    Chìwū 赤烏 238–251
    Tàiyuán 太元 251–252
    Shénfèng 神鳳 252
    Sun Liang Sūn Liàng 孫亮 Ziming 子明 252–258 Jiànxīng 建興 252–253 –
    Wǔfèng 五鳳 254–256
    Tàipíng 太平 256–258
    Sun Xiu Sūn Xiū 孫休 Zilie 子烈 258–264 Yǒngān 永安 258–264 Emperor Jing 景帝
    Sun Hao Sūn Hào 孫皓 Yuanzong 元宗 264–280 Yuánxīng 元興 264–265 –
    Gānlù 甘露 265–266
    Bǎodǐng 寶鼎 266–269
    Jiànhéng 建衡 269–271
    Fènghuáng 鳳凰 272–274
    Tiāncè 天冊 275–276
    Tiānxǐ 天璽 276
    Tiānjì 天紀 277–280

    Jin dynasty (晉朝) (265–420)

    Chinese convention: Use "Jin" + posthumous name

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號)
    and their corresponding range of years    		 Posthumous name
    (Shi Hao 諡號)    		 Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Western Jin (265–317)
    Emperor Wu of Jin Sīmǎ Yán 司馬炎 266–290 Tàishǐ 泰始 266–274 Emperor Wu 武帝 Shizu 世祖
    Xiánníng 咸寧 275–280
    Tàikāng 太康 280–289
    Tàixī 太熙 290
    Emperor Hui of Jin Sīmǎ Zhōng 司馬衷 290–306 Yǒngxī 永熙 290 Emperor Hui 惠帝 –
    Yǒngpīng 永平 291
    Yuánkāng 元康 291–299
    Yǒngkāng 永康 300–301
    Yǒngníng 永寧 301–302
    Tàiān 太安 302–303
    Yǒngān 永安 304
    Jiànwǔ 建武 304
    Yǒngān 永安 304
    Yǒngxīng 永興 304–306
    Guāngxī 光熙 306
    Emperor Huai of Jin Sīmǎ Chì 司馬熾 307–313 Yǒngjiā 永嘉 307–313 Emperor Huai 懷帝 –
    Emperor Min of Jin Sīmǎ Yè 司馬鄴 313–317 Jiànxīng 建興 313–317 Emperor Min 愍帝 –
    Eastern Jin (317–420)
    Emperor Yuan of Jin Sīmǎ Ruì 司馬睿 317–322 Jiànwǔ 建武 317–318 Emperor Yuan 元帝 Zhōngzōng 中宗
    Dàxīng 大興 318–321
    Yǒngchāng 永昌 321–322
    Emperor Míng of Jin Sīmǎ Shào 司馬紹 322–325 Yǒngchāng 永昌 322–323 Emperor Ming 明帝 Suzu 肅祖
    Tàiníng 太寧 323–325
    Emperor Cheng of Jin Sīmǎ Yǎn 司馬衍 325–342 Tàiníng 太寧 325 Emperor Cheng 成帝 Xianzong 顯宗
    Xiánhé 咸和 326–334
    Xiánkāng 咸康 335–342
    Emperor Kang of Jin Sīmǎ Yuè 司馬岳 342–344 Jiànyuán 建元 343–344 Emperor Kang 康帝 –
    Emperor Mu of Jin Sima Dān 司馬聃 345–361 Yǒnghé 永和 345–356 Emperor Mu 穆帝 Xianzong 顯宗
    Shēngpíng 升平 357–361
    Emperor Ai of Jin Sīmǎ Pī 司馬丕 361–365 Lónghé 隆和 362–363 Emperor Ai 哀帝 –
    Xīngníng 興寧 363–365
    Emperor Fei of Jin Sīmǎ Yì 司馬奕 365–371 Tàihé 太和 365–371 Emperor Fei 廢帝 –
    Emperor Jianwen of Jin Sīmǎ Yù 司馬昱 371–372 Xiánān 咸安 371–372 Emperor Jianwen 簡文帝 Taizong 太宗
    Emperor Xiaowu of Jin Sīmǎ Yào 司馬曜 372–396 Níngkāng 寧康 373–375 Emperor Xiaowu 孝武帝 Lièzōng 烈宗
    Tàiyuán 太元 376–396
    Emperor An of Jin Sīmǎ Dézōng 司馬德宗 396–418 Lóngān 隆安 397–401 Emperor An 安帝 –
    Yuánxīng 元興 402–404
    Yìxī 義熙 405–418
    Emperor Gong of Jin Sīmǎ Déwén 司馬德文 419–420 Yuánxī 元熙 419–420 Emperor Gong 恭帝 –

    Sixteen Kingdoms (十六国) (304–439)

    Chinese convention: use personal name

    Cheng Han (成漢) (303–347)

    Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng (成) and Han (漢)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Cheng (成) (303–338)
    Li Te 李特 303 Jiànchū

    or

    Jǐngchū

    		 建初

    or

    景初

    		 303 Emperor Jing 景帝 Shízu
    or
    Shìzu    		 始祖

    or

    世祖

    Li Liu 李流 several months in 303 Prince Qin Wen 秦文王 –
    Li Xiong 李雄 303–334 Emperor Wu 武帝 Taizong 太宗
    Jiànxīng 建興 304–305
    Yànpīng 晏平 306–310
    Yùhéng 玉衡 311–334
    Li Ban 李班 7 months in 334 Emperor Ai 哀帝 –
    Li Qi 李期 334–338 Hànxīng 漢興 337–338 Duke You 幽公 –
    Han (漢) (338–347)
    Li Shou 李壽 338–343 Hànxīng (漢興) 338–343 (continuation) 漢興 338–343 (continuation) Emperor Zhaowen 昭文帝 Zhongzong 中宗
    Li Shi 李勢 343–347 Tàihé 太和 344–345 Marquis Guiyi 歸義侯 –
    Jiāníng 嘉寧 346–347 (until conquest by Jin)

    Han Zhao (漢趙) (304–329)

    Note: addressed separately in traditional texts as Han (漢) and Qian (Former) Zhao (前趙)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Han (漢) (304–318)
    Liu Yuan 劉淵 304–310 Jiànxīng 建興 304–307 Emperor Guangwen 光文帝 Gao Zu 高祖
    Yǒngfèng 永鳳 308
    Héruì 河瑞 309
    Guāngxīng 光興 310
    Liu He 劉和 7 days in 310 Prince Liang 梁王 –
    Liu Cong 劉聰 310–318 Emperor Zhaowu 昭武帝 Lie Zong 烈宗
    Jiāpíng 嘉平 311–315
    Jiànyuán 建元 316
    Línjiā 麟嘉 317–318
    Liu Can 劉粲 a month and some days in 318 Hànchāng (until renaming as Former Zhao) 漢昌 318 Emperor Yin 隱帝 –
    Qian (Former) Zhao (前趙) (318–329)
    Liu Yao 劉曜 318–329 Guāngchū (until conquest by Later Zhao) 光初 318–329 Prince Hòu 後主 –
    Hou (Later) Zhao (后趙) (329–351)
    Shi Le 石勒 319–333 Prince Zhao 趙王 319–327 Emperor Ming 明帝 Gaozu 高祖
    Tàihé 太和 328–329
    Jiànpíng 建平 330–332
    Yánxī 延熙 333
    Shi Hong 石弘 333–334 Yánxī 延熙 333 Prince Haiyang 海陽王 –
    Jiànwǔ 建武 334
    Shi Hu 石虎 334–349 Jiànwǔ 建武 335–348 Emperor Wu 武帝 Taizu 太祖
    Taìníng 太寧 349
    Shi Shi 石世 73 days in 349 Prince Qiao 譙王 –
    Shi Zun 石遵 183 days in 349 Prince Pangcheng 彭城王 –
    Shi Jian 石鑒 103 days within 349–350 Qīnglóng 青龍 (changed mid-year) Prince Yiyang 義陽王 –
    Shi Zhi 石祗 350–351 Yǒngníng 永寧 350–351 (until Ran Min's coup) Prince Xinxing 新興王 –

    Liang (凉) (320–421)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Qian (Former) Liang (前凉) (320–376)
    Zhang Mao 張茂 320–324 Jianxing 建興 320–354 Duke Cheng 成公 –
    Zhang Jun 張駿 324–346 Duke Zhongcheng 忠成公 –
    Zhang Chonghua 張重華 346–353 Duke Huan 桓公 –
    Zhang Yaoling 張曜靈 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 Duke Ai 哀公 –
    Zhang Zuo 張祚 353–355 Prince Wei 威王 –
    Heping 和平 354–355
    Zhang Xuanjing 張玄靚 355–363 Jianxing 建興 355–361 Duke Jingdao
    or
    Duke Chong    		 敬悼公

    or

    沖公

    		 –
    Shengping 升平 361–376
    Zhang Tianxi 張天錫 364–376 Duke Dao 悼公 –
    Hou (Later) Liang (后凉) (386–403)
    Lü Guang 呂光 386–399 Taian 太安 386–389 Prince Yiwu 懿武王 Taizu 太祖
    Linjia 麟嘉 389–396
    Longfei 龍飛 396–399
    Lü Shao 呂紹 399 Prince Yin 隱王 –
    Lü Zuan 呂纂 399–401 Xianning 咸寧 399–401 Prince Ling 靈王 –
    Lü Long 呂隆 401–403 Shending 神鼎 401–403 Duke Shangshu
    or
    Duke Jiankang    		 尚書公

    or

    建康公

    		–
    Nan (Southern) Liang (南凉) (397–414)
    Tufa Wugu 禿髮烏孤 397–399 Taichu 太初 397–399 Prince Wu 武王 Liezu 烈祖
    Tufa Lilugu 禿髮利鹿孤 399–402 Jianhe 建和 399–402 Prince Kang 康王 –
    Tufa Rutan 禿髮傉檀 402–414 Hongchang 弘昌 402–404 Prince Jǐng
    or
    Prince Jìng    		 景王

    or

    敬王

    		 –
    Jiaping 嘉平) 409–414
    Bei (Northern) Liang (北凉) (397–439) (as Kings of Gaochang (442–460))
    Duan Ye 段業 397–401 Shenxi 神璽 397–399 – –
    Tianxi 天璽 399–401
    Juqu Mengxun 沮渠蒙遜 401–433 Yongan 永安 401–412 Prince Wuxuan 武宣王 Taizu 太祖
    Xuanshi 玄始 412–428
    Chengxuan 承玄 428–430
    Yihe 義和 430–433
    Juqu Mujian 沮渠牧犍 433–439 Yonghe 永和 433–439 Prince Ai 哀王 –
    Juqu Wuhui 沮渠無諱 442–444 Chengping 承平 442–443 – –
    Qianshou 乾壽 443–444
    Juqu Anzhou 沮渠安周 444–460 Chengping 承平 444–460 – –
    Xi (Western) Liang (西凉) (400–421)
    Li Gao 李暠 400–417 Gengzi 庚子 400–405 Prince Wuzhao 武昭王 Taizu 太祖
    Jianchu 建初 406–416
    Li Xin 李歆 417–420 Jiaxing 嘉興 417–420 Prince Hòu 後主 –
    Li Xun 李恂 420–421 Yongjian 永建 420–421 Prince Hòu 後主 –

    Yan (燕) (337–436)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Qian (Former) Yan (前燕) (337–370)
    Murong Huang 慕容皝 337–348 Yànwáng 燕王 337–348 Emperor Wenming 文明帝 Taizu 太祖
    Murong Jun 慕容俊 348–360 Yànyuán 燕元 349–351 Emperor Jingzhao 景昭帝 Liezong 烈宗
    Yuánxǐ 元璽 352–357
    Shēngpíng 升平 357 (as vassal of Jin)
    Guāngshòu 光壽 357–359
    Murong Wei 慕容暐 360–370 Jiànxī 建熙 359–365 Prince You 幽帝 –
    Jiànyuán 建元 366–370
    Hou (Later) Yan (后燕) (384–407)
    Murong Chui 慕容垂 384–396 Yànwáng 燕王 384–385 Emperor Wucheng 武成帝 Shizu 世祖
    Jianxing 建興 386–396
    Murong Bao 慕容寶 396–398 Yongkang 永康 396–398 Emperor Huimin 惠愍帝 Liezong 烈宗
    Murong Sheng 慕容盛 398–401 Jianping 建平 398 Emperor Zhaowu 昭武帝 Zhongzong 中宗
    Changle 長樂 399–401
    Murong Xi 慕容熙 401–407 Guangshi 光始 401–406 Emperor Zhaowen 昭文帝 –
    Jianshi 建始 407
    Nan (Southern) Yan (南燕) (398–410)
    Murong De 慕容德 398–405 Yanwang 燕王 398–400 Emperor Xianwu 獻武帝 Shizong 世宗
    Jianping 建平 400–405
    Murong Chao 慕容超 405–410 Taishang 太上 405–410 Emperor Hòu 後主帝 –
    Bei (Northern) Yan (北燕) (407–436)
    Gao Yun 高雲/慕容雲 407–409 Zhengshi 正始 407–409 Emperor Huiyi 惠懿帝 –
    Feng Ba 馮跋 409–430 Taiping 太平 409–430 Emperor Wencheng 文成帝 Taizu 太祖
    Feng Hong 馮弘 430–436 Daxing 大興 430–436 Emperor Zhaocheng 昭成帝 –

    Qin (秦) (351–431)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Qian (Former) Qin (前秦) (351–394)
    Fu Jian 苻健 351–355 Huangshi (皇始) 351–355 皇始 351–355 Emperor Jingming 景明帝 Gaozu 高祖
    Fu Sheng 苻生 355–357 Shouguang (壽光) 355–357 壽光 355–357 Prince Li 厲王 –
    Fu Jian 苻堅 357–385 Yongxing 永興 357–359 Emperor Xuanzhao 宣昭帝 Shizu 世祖
    Ganlu 甘露 359–364
    Jianyuan 建元 365–385
    Fu Pi 苻丕 385–386 Taian 太安 385–386 Emperor Aiping 哀平帝 –
    Fu Deng 苻登 386–394 Taichu 太初 385–394 Emperor Gao 高帝 Taizong 太宗
    Fu Chong 苻崇 several months in 394 Yanchu 延初 394 Prince Hòu 後主 –
    Hou (Later) Qin (后秦) (384–417)
    Yao Chang 姚萇 384–393 Baique 白雀 384–386 Emperor Wuzhao 武昭帝 Taizu 太祖
    Jianchu 建初 386–393
    Yao Xing 姚興 394–416 Huangchu 皇初 394–399 Emperor Wenhuan 文桓帝 Gaozu 高祖
    Hongshi 弘始 399–416
    Yao Hong 姚泓 416–417 Yonghe 永和 416–417 Prince Hòu 後主 –
    Xi (Western) Qin (西秦) (385–400, 409–431)
    Qifu Guoren 乞伏國仁 385–388 Jianyi 建義 385–388 Prince Xuanlie 宣烈王 Liezu 烈祖
    Qifu Gangui 乞伏乾歸 388–400 Taichu 太初 388–400 Prince Wuyuan 武元王 Gaozu 高祖
    409–412 Gengshi 更始 409–412
    Qifu Chipan 乞伏熾磐 412–428 Yongkang 永康 412–419 Prince Wenzhao 文昭王 Taizu 太祖
    Jianhong 建弘 420–428
    Qifu Mumo 乞伏暮末 428–431 Yonghong 永弘 428–431 Prince Hòu 後主 –

    Xia (夏) (407–431)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Helian Bobo 赫連勃勃 407–425 Longsheng 龍升 407–413 Emperor Wulie 武烈帝 Shizu 世祖
    Fengxiang 鳳翔 413–418
    Changwu 昌武 418–419
    Zhenxing 真興 419–425
    Helian Chang 赫連昌 425–428 Chengguang 承光 425–428 Prince Qin 秦王 –
    Helian Ding 赫連定 428–431 Shengguang 勝光 425–428 Prince Pingyuan 平原王 –

    Other sovereignties traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms

    Convention: use personal name

    Ran Wei (冉魏) (350–352)

    Note: addressed as Wei in traditional texts)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Ran Min 冉閔 350–352 Yongxing 永興 350–352 Heavenly King Wudao 武悼天王

    Xi (Western) Yan (西燕) (384–394)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Murong Hong 慕容泓 384 Yanxing 燕興 384–385 Emperor Wei 威帝
    Murong Chong 慕容沖 384–386
    Gengshi 更始 385–386 –
    Duan Sui 段隨 386 Changping 昌平 386 –
    Murong Yi 慕容顗 386 Jianming 建明 386 –
    Murong Yao 慕容瑤 386 Jianping 建平 386 –
    Murong Zhong 慕容忠 386 Jianwu 建武 386 –
    Murong Yong 慕容永 386–394 Zhongxing 中興 386–394 –

    Shu (蜀) (405–413)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Qiao Zong 譙縱 405–413 – King Chengdu 成都王

    Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe (匈奴支系鐵弗部首領) (mid 3rd century – 391)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Liu Qubei 劉去卑 mid-3rd century – –
    Liu Gaoshengyuan 劉誥升爰 mid-3rd century – late 3rd century – –
    Liu Hu 劉虎 early 4th century (309?) – 341 – –
    Liu Wuheng 劉務恒 341–356 – –
    Liu Eloutou 劉閼陋頭 356–358 – –
    Liu Xiwuqi 劉悉勿祈 358–359 – –
    Liu Weichen 劉衛辰 359–391 – –

    Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe (宇文部鮮卑首領) (late 3rd century – 345)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Yuwen Mohuai 宇文莫槐 late 3rd century – 293 – –
    Yuwen Puhui
    or
    Yuwen Pubo    		 宇文普回

    or

    宇文普撥

    		 293 – late 3rd century – –
    Yuwen Qiubuqin 宇文丘不勤 late 3rd century – –
    Yuwen Mogui 宇文莫圭 late 3rd century (299?) – early 4th century (302?) – –
    Yuwen Xiduguan 宇文悉獨官 early 3rd century – –
    Yuwen Qidegui 宇文乞得歸 early 3rd century – 333 – –
    Yuwen Yidougui 宇文逸豆歸 333–345 – –

    Dukes of Liaoxi (遼西公) (303–338)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Duan Wuwuchen 段務勿塵 303 – 310 or 311 – –
    Duan Jilujuan 段疾陸眷 310 or 311 – 318 – –
    Duan Shefuchen 段涉復辰 318 – –
    Duan Pidi 段匹磾 318–321 – –
    Duan Mopei 段末柸 318–325 – –
    Duan Ya 段牙 325 – –
    Duan Liao 段遼 326–338 – –

    Chouchi (仇池) (late 2nd century – 473)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Qian (Former) Chouchi (前仇池) (late 2nd century – 371)
    Yang Teng 楊騰 late 2nd century – early 3rd century – –
    Yang Ju 楊駒 early 3rd century – –
    Yang Qianwan 楊千萬 early 3rd century – mid-3rd century – –
    Yang Feilong 楊飛龍 mid-3rd century – late 3rd century – –
    Yang Maosou 楊茂搜 late 3rd century – 317 – –
    Yang Nandi 楊難敵 317–334 – –
    Yang Yi 楊毅 334–337 – –
    Yang Chu 楊初 337–355 – –
    Yang Guo 楊國 355–356 – –
    Yang Jun 楊俊 356–360 – –
    Yang Shi 楊世 360–370 – –
    Yang Cuan 楊篡 370–371 – –
    Hou (Later) Chouchi (后仇池) (385–473)
    Yang Ding 楊定 385–394 – King Wǔ 武王
    Yang Sheng 楊盛 394–425 – King Huìwén 惠文王
    Yang Xuan 楊玄 425–429 – King Xiàozhāo 孝昭王
    Yang Baozong 楊保宗 429 and 443 – –
    Yang Nandang 楊難當 429–441 Jianyi 建義 436–440 –
    Yang Baochi 楊保熾 442–443 – –
    Yang Wende 楊文德 443–454 – –
    Yang Yuanhe 楊元和 455–466 – –
    Yang Sengsi 楊僧嗣 466–473 – –

    Kings of Wuxing (武興王) (473–506 and 534–555)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Yang Wendu 楊文度 473–477 – –
    Yang Wenhong 楊文弘 477–482 – –
    Yang Houqi 楊後起 482–486 – –
    Yang Jishi 楊集始 482–503 – King An 安王
    Yang Shaoxian 楊紹先 503–506, 534–535 – –
    Yang Zhihui1 楊智慧 535–545 – –
    Yang Bixie1 楊辟邪 545–553 – –
    1 — Yang Zhihui and Yang Bixie could be the same person.

    Kings of Yinping (陰平王) (477 – mid-6th century)

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Yang Guangxiang 楊廣香 477–483? – –
    Yang Jiong 楊炯 483–495 – –
    Yang Chongzu 楊崇祖 495-before 502 – –
    Yang Mengsun 楊孟孫 before 502–511 – –
    Yang Ding 楊定 511- ? – –

    Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe (索頭部鮮卑族首領) (219–377) (as Kings of Dai (代王) (305?–377))

    Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Tuoba Liwei3 拓拔力微 219–277 – King Shényuán 神元王
    Tuoba Xilu 拓拔悉鹿 277–286 – King Zhāng 章王
    Tuoba Chuo 拓拔綽 286–293 – King Píng 平王
    Tuoba Fu 拓拔弗 293–294 – King Sī 思王
    Tuoba Luguan 拓拔祿官 294–307 – King Zhāo 昭王
    Tuoba Yituo 拓拔猗㐌 295–305 – Emperor Huán 桓帝
    Tuoba Yilu 拓拔猗盧 295–316 – King Mù 穆王
    Tuoba Liugen 拓跋六根 316 – –
    Tuoba Pugen 拓拔普根 316 – –
    Tuoba Shisheng 拓跋始生 316 – –
    Tuoba Yulü 拓拔鬱律 316–321 – King Píngwén 平文王
    Tuoba Heru 拓拔賀傉 321–325 – King Huì 惠王
    Tuoba Hena 拓拔紇那 325–329 and 335–337 – King Yáng 煬王
    Tuoba Yihuai 拓拔翳槐 329–335 and 337–338 – King Liè 烈王
    Tuoba Shiyijian 拓拔什翼健 338–377 Jianguo 建國 338–377 King Zhāochéng 昭成王
    1 — All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as king (wáng) (王) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.

    2 — The Tuoba clan was the ruling family of Northern Wei dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence the Table of Northern Wei dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.

    3 — Tuoba Liwei had the temple name Shizu (始祖). He was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name

    Northern and Southern Dynasties (南北朝) (420–589)

    Northern dynasties (北朝) (386–581)

    Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

    Bei (Northern) Wei (北魏) (386–550)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Daowu of Northern Wei Tuoba Gui 拓拔珪 386–409 Dengguo 登國 386–396 Emperor Daowu 道武帝
    Huangsh 皇始 396–398
    Tianxing 天興 398–404
    Tianci 天賜 404–409
    Emperor Mingyuan of Northern Wei Tuoba Si 拓拔嗣 409–423 Yongxing 永興 409–413 Emperor Mingyuan 明元帝
    Shenrui 神瑞 414–416
    Taichang 泰常 416–423
    Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei Tuoba Tao 拓拔燾 424–452 Shiguang 始光 424–428 Emperor Taiwu 太武帝
    Shenjia 神䴥 428–431
    Yanhe 延和 432–434
    Taiyan 太延 435–440
    Taipingzhenjun 太平真君 440–451
    Zhengping 正平 451–452
    Tuoba Yu Tuoba Yu 拓拔余 452 Chengping 承平 452 Prince Nan'an 南安王
    Emperor Wencheng of Northern Wei Tuoba Jun 拓拔濬 452–465 Xingan 興安 452–454 Emperor Wencheng 文成帝
    Xingguang 興光 454–455
    Tai'an 太安 455–459
    Heping 和平 460–465
    Emperor Xianwen of Northern Wei Tuoba Hong 拓拔弘 466–471 Tian'an 天安 466–467 Emperor Xianwen 獻文帝
    Huangxing 皇興 467–471
    Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei Yuan1 Hong (Tuoba Hong) 元宏 (拓跋宏) 471–499 Yanxing 延興 471–476 Emperor Xiaowen 孝文帝
    Chengming 承明 476
    Taihe 太和 477–499
    Emperor Xuanwu of Northern Wei Yuan Ke 元恪 499–515 Jingming 景明 500–503 Emperor Xuanwu 宣武帝
    Zhengshi 正始 504–508
    Yongping 永平 508–512
    Yanchang 延昌 512–515
    Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei Yuan Xu 元詡 516–528 Xiping 熙平 516–518 Emperor Xiaoming 孝明帝
    Shengui 神龜 518–520
    Zhengguang 正光 520–525
    Xiaochang 孝昌 525–527
    Wutai 武泰 528
    Yuan Zhao Yuan Zhao 元釗 528 – Prince Yòu 幼主
    Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei Yuan Ziyou 元子攸 528–530 Jianyi 建義 528 Emperor Xiaozhuang 孝莊帝
    Yong'an 永安 528–530
    Yuan Ye Yuan Ye 元曄 530–531 Jianming (建明) 530–531 建明 530–531 Prince Changguang 長廣王
    Emperor Jiemin of Northern Wei Yuan Gong 元恭 531–532 Putai (普泰) 531–532 普泰 531–532 Emperor Jiemin 節閔帝
    Yuan Lang Yuan Lang 元朗 531–532 Zhongxing (中興) 531–532 中興 531–532 Prince Anding 安定王
    Emperor Xiaowu of Northern Wei Yuan Xiu 元脩 532–535 Taichang 太昌 532 Emperor Xiaowu
    or
    Emperor Chu    		 孝武帝

    or

    出帝

    Yongxing 永興 532
    Yongxi 永熙 532–535
    Dong (Eastern) Wei dynasty (東魏) (534–550)
    Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei Yuan Shanjian 元善見 534–550 Tianping 天平 534–537 Emperor Xiaojing 孝靜帝
    Yuanxiang 元象 538–539
    Xinghe 興和 539–542
    Wuding 武定 543–550
    Xi (Western) Wei dynasty (西魏) (535–556)
    Emperor Wen of Western Wei Yuan Baoju 元寶炬 535–551 Datong 大統 535–551 Emperor Wen 文帝
    Emperor Fei of Western Wei Yuan Qin 元欽 552–554 – Emperor Fei 廢帝
    Emperor Gong of Western Wei Tuoba Kuo 拓拔廓 554–556 – Emperor Gong 恭帝
    1 – The Tuoba family changed their family name to 元 (yuán) during the reign of Xiaowen Di in 496 so that is reflected in the table as well.

    Bei (Northern) Qi (北齊) (550–577)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reigns Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi Gao Yang 高洋 550–559 Tianbao 天保 550–559 Emperor Wenxuan 文宣帝
    Emperor Fei of Northern Qi Gao Yin 高殷 559–560 Qianming 乾明 560 Emperor Fei 廢帝
    Emperor Xiaozhao of Northern Qi Gao Yan 高演 560–561 Huangjian 皇建 560–561 Emperor Xiaozhao 孝昭帝
    Emperor Wucheng of Northern Qi Gao Zhan 高湛 561–565 Taining 太寧 561–562 Emperor Wucheng 武成帝
    Heqing 河清 562–565
    Gao Wei Gao Wei 高緯 565–577 Tiantong 天統 565–569 Prince Hòu 後主
    Wuping 武平 570–576
    Longhua 隆化 576
    Gao Heng Gao Heng 高恆 577 Chengguang 承光 577 Prince Yòu 幼主
    Gao Shaoyi Gao Shaoyi 高紹義 577–579? – Prince Fanyang 范陽王

    Bei (Northern) Zhou (北周) (557–581)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reigns Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Xiaomin of Northern Zhou Yuwen Jue 宇文覺 557 – Emperor Xiaomin 孝閔帝
    Emperor Ming of Northern Zhou Yuwen Yu 宇文毓 557–560 Wucheng 武成 559–560 Emperor Ming
    or
    Emperor Xiaoming    		 明帝

    or

    孝明帝

    Emperor Wu of Northern Zhou Yuwen Yong 宇文邕 561–578 Baoding 保定 560–565 Emperor Wu 武帝
    Tianhe 天和 566–572
    Jiande 建德 572–578
    Xuanzheng 宣政 578
    Emperor Xuan of Northern Zhou Yuwen Yun 宇文贇 578–579 Dacheng 大成 579 Emperor Xuan 宣帝
    Emperor Jing of Northern Zhou Yuwen Chan 宇文闡 579–581 Daxiang 大象 579–581 Emperor Jing 靜帝
    Dading 大定 581

    Southern dynasties (南朝) (420–589)

    Chinese convention: use dynasty name + posthumous name

    Liu Song (劉宋) (420–479)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Wu of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉裕 420–422 Yongchu 永初 420–422 Emperor Wu 武帝
    Emperor Shao of Liu Song Liu Yifu 劉義符 423–424 Jingping 景平 423–424 Emperor Shao 少帝
    Emperor Wen of Liu Song Liu Yilong 劉義隆 424–453 Yuanjia 元嘉 424–453 Emperor Wen 文帝
    Emperor Xiaowu of Liu Song Liu Jun 劉駿 454–464 Xiaojian 元嘉 454–456 Emperor Xiaowu 孝武帝
    Daming 大明 457–464
    Emperor Qianfei of Liu Song Liu Ziye 劉子業 465 Yongguang 永光 465 Emperor Qianfei 前廢帝
    Jinghe 景和 465
    Emperor Ming of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉彧 465–472 Taishi 泰始 465–471 Emperor Ming
    		 明帝
    Taiyu 泰豫 472
    Emperor Houfei of Liu Song Liu Yu 劉昱 473–477 Yuanhui 元徽 473–477 Emperor Houfei

    or

    Prince Cangwu

    		 後廢帝

    or

    蒼梧王

    Emperor Shun of Liu Song Liu Zhun 劉準 477–479 Shengming 昇明 477–479 Emperor Shun 順帝

    Nán (Southern) Qi (南齊) (479–502)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Gao of Southern Qi Xiao Daocheng 蕭道成 479–482 Jianyuan 建元 479–482 Emperor Gao 高帝
    Emperor Wu of Southern Qi Xiao Ze 蕭賾 482–493 Yongming 永明 483–493 Emperor Wu 武帝
    Xiao Zhaoye Xiao Zhaoye 蕭昭業 493–494 Longchang 隆昌 494 Prince of Yulin 鬱林王
    Xiao Zhaowen Xiao Zhaowen 蕭昭文 494 Yanxing 延興 494 Prince of Hailing 海陵王
    Emperor Ming of Southern Qi Xiao Luan 蕭鸞 494–498 Jianwu 建武 494–498 Emperor Ming 明帝
    Yongtai 永泰 498
    Xiao Baojuan Xiao Baojuan 蕭寶卷 499–501 Yongyuan 永元 499–501 Marquess of Donghun 東昏侯
    Emperor He of Southern Qi Xiao Baorong 蕭寶融 501–502 Zhongxing 中興 501–502 Emperor He 和帝

    Nán (Southern) Liang (南梁) (502–557)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Wu of Liang Xiao Yan 蕭衍 502–549 Tianjian 天監 502–519 Emperor Wu 武帝
    Putong 普通 520–527
    Datong 大通 527–529
    Zhongdatong 中大通 529–534
    Datong 大同 535–546
    Zhongdatong 中大同 546–547
    Taiqing 太清 547–549
    Emperor Jianwen of Liang Xiao Gang 蕭綱 549–551 Dabao 大寶 550–551 Emperor Jianwen 簡文帝
    Xiao Dong Xiao Dong 蕭棟 551–552 Tianzheng 天正 551–552 Prince of Yuzhang 豫章王
    Emperor Yuan of Liang Xiao Yi 蕭繹 552–555 Chengsheng 承聖 552–555 Emperor Yuan 元帝
    Xiao Yuanming Xiao Yuanming 蕭淵明 555 Tiancheng 天成 555 Emperor Zhengyang 貞陽侯
    Emperor Jing of Liang Xiao Fangzhi 蕭方智 555–557 Shaotai 紹泰 555–556 Emperor Jing 敬帝
    Taiping 太平 556–557
    Western Liang (555–587) (西梁) (555–587)
    Emperor Xuan of Western Liang Xiao Cha 蕭詧 555–562 Dading 大定 555–562 Emperor Xuan 宣帝
    Emperor Ming of Western Lian Xiao Kui 蕭巋 562–585 Tianbao 天保 562–585 Emperor Xiaoming 孝明帝
    Emperor Jing of Western Liang Xiao Cong 蕭琮 585–587 Guangyun 廣運 562–585 Emperor Xiaojing

    or

    Duke Ju

    		 孝靖帝

    or

    莒公

    Chen (陳) (557–589)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Wu of Chen Chen Baxian 陳霸先 557–559 Yongding 永定 557–559 Emperor Wu 武帝
    Emperor Wen of Chen Chen Qian 陳蒨 559–566 Tianjia 天嘉 560–566 Emperor Wen 文帝
    Tiankang 天康 566
    Emperor Fei of Chen Chen Bozong 陳伯宗 566–568 Guangda 光大 566–568 Emperor Fei 廢帝
    Emperor Xuan of Chen Chen Xu 陳頊 569–582 Taijian 太建 569–582 Emperor Xuan 宣帝
    Chen Shubao Chen Shubao 陳叔寶 583–589 Zhide 至德 583–586 Prince Hou 後主
    Zhenming 禎明 587–589

    Sui dynasty (隋朝) (581–618)

    Chinese convention: use "Sui" + posthumous name

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and the corresponding range of years) Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號)
    Emperor Wen of Sui Yáng Jiān 楊堅 581–604 Kāihuáng 開皇 581–600 Emperor Wen 文帝
    Rénshòu 仁壽 601–604
    Emperor Yang of Sui Yáng Guǎng 楊廣 605–617 Dàyè 大業 605–617 Emperor Yang 煬帝
    Yang You1 Yáng Yòu 楊侑 617–618 Yìníng 義寧 617–618 Emperor Gong 恭帝
    Yang Hao2 Yáng Hào 楊浩 618 Huángtài 皇泰 618–619 Prince Qin 秦王
    Yang Tong3 Yáng Tóng 楊侗 618–619 Emperor Gong (Prince Huangtai) 恭帝 (皇泰主)

    1 — Declared emperor by Li Yuan (the later Emperor Gaozu of Tang), implying a retirement for Emperor Yang (whom he "honoured" as Taishang Huang, or retired emperor) at the western capital Daxing (Chang'an), but only the commanderies under Li's control recognized this change; for the other commanderies under Sui control, Emperor Yang was still regarded as emperor, not as retired emperor. Now generally regarded as a legitimate emperor, due to his recognition by Li Yuan.

    2 — Declared emperor by Yuwen Huaji, the general under whose leadership the plot to kill Emperor Yang was carried out, but killed by him later in 618; Yuwen Huaji then declared himself emperor of a brief Xu (許) state. As Yang Hao was completely under Yuwen's control and only "reigned" briefly, he is not usually regarded as a legitimate emperor.

    3 — After news of Emperor Yang's death in 618 reached Daxing and the eastern capital Luoyang, Li Yuan deposed Emperor Gong and took the throne himself, establishing Tang dynasty, but the Sui officials at Luoyang declared Emperor Gong's brother Yang Tong (later also known as Emperor Gong) emperor. The legitimacy of his reign is disputed.

    Tang dynasty (唐朝) (608–907)

    Chinese convention: use "Tang" + temple name (except for Emperor Shang and Emperor Ai; Emperor Xuanzong (唐玄宗) is sometimes referred as Emperor Ming of Tang Dynasty (唐明皇))

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and the corresponding range of years) Temple name (Miao Hao 庙号)
    Emperor Gaozu of Tang Lǐ Yuān 李渊 618–626 Wude 武德 618–626 Gaozu 高祖
    Emperor Taizong of Tang Lǐ Shìmín 李世民 627–649 Zhenguan 貞觀 627–649 Taizong 太宗
    Emperor Gaozong of Tang Lǐ Zhì 李治 650–683 Yonghui 永徽 650–655 Gaozong 高宗
    Xianqing 顯慶 656–661
    Longshuo 龍朔 661–663
    Linde 麟德 664–665
    Qianfeng 乾封 666–668
    Zongzhang 總章 668–670
    Xianheng 咸亨 670–674
    Shangyuan 上元 674–676
    Yifeng 儀鳳 676–679
    Tiaolu 調露 679–680
    Yonglong 永隆 680–681
    Kaiyao 開耀 681–682
    Yongchun 永淳 682–683
    Hongdao 弘道 683
    Emperor Zhongzong of China Li Xian

    or

    Li Zhe

    		 李显

    or

    李哲

    		 684

    and

    705–710

    		 Sisheng 嗣聖 684 Zhongzong 中宗
    Shenlong 神龍 705–707
    Jinglong 景龍 707–710
    Emperor Ruizong of Tang Li Dan 李旦 684–690

    and

    710–712

    		 Wenming 文明 684–690 Ruizong 睿宗
    Jingyun 景雲 710–711
    Taiji 太極 712
    Yanhe 延和 712
    Interregnum (690–705)
    Emperor Shang of Tang Li Chongmao 李重茂 710 Tanglong 唐隆 710 –
    Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Li Longji 李隆基 712–756 Xiantian 先天 712–713 Xuanzong 玄宗
    Kaiyuan 開元 713–741
    Tianbao 天寶 742–756
    Emperor Suzong of Tang Li Heng 李亨 756–762 Jide 至德 756–758 Suzong 肅宗
    Qianyuan 乾元 758–760
    Shangyuan 上元 760–761
    Emperor Daizong of Tang Li Yu 李豫 762–779 Baoying 寶應 762–763 Daizong 代宗
    Guangde 廣德 763–764
    Yongtai 永泰 765–766
    Dali 大曆 766–779
    Emperor Dezong of Tang Li Gua 李适 780–805 Jianzhong 建中 780–783 Dezong 德宗
    Xingyuan 興元 784
    Zhenyuan 貞元 785–805
    Emperor Shunzong of Tang Li Song 李誦 805 Yongzhen 永貞 805 Shunzong 順宗
    Emperor Xianzong of Tang Li Chun 李純 806–820 Yuanhe 元和 806–820 Xianzong 憲宗
    Emperor Muzong of Tang Li Heng 李恆 821–824 Changqing 長慶 821–824 Muzong 穆宗
    Emperor Jingzong of Tang Li Zhan 李湛 824–826 Baoli 寶曆 824–826 Jingzong 敬宗
    Emperor Wenzong of Tang Li Ang 李昂 826–840 Wenzong 文宗
    Dahe

    or

    Taihe

    		 大和

    or

    太和

    		 827–835
    Kaicheng 開成 836–840
    Emperor Wuzong of Tang Li Yan 李炎 840–846 Huichang 會昌 841–846 Wuzong 武宗
    Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Li Chen 李忱 846–859 Dachong 大中 847–859 Xuanzong 宣宗
    Emperor Yizong of Tang Li Cui 李漼 859–873 Yizong 懿宗
    Xiantong 咸通 860–874
    Emperor Xizong of Tang Li Xuan 李儇 873–888 Xizong 僖宗
    Qianfu 乾符 874–879
    Guangming 廣明 880–881
    Zhonghe 中和 881–885
    Guangqi 光啟 885–888
    Wende 文德 888
    Emperor Zhaozong of Tang Li Ye 李曄 888–904 Longji 龍紀 889 Zhaozong 昭宗
    Dashun 大順 890–891
    Jingfu 景福 892–893
    Qianning 乾寧 894–898
    Guanghua 光化 898–901
    Tianfu 天復 901–904
    Tianyou 天佑 904
    Emperor Ai of Tang Li Zhu 李柷 904–907 Tianyou (天佑) 904–907 天佑 904–907 Zhaoxuan 昭宣帝
    1 — Emperor Shao (少帝), Emperor Ai (哀帝), and Emperor Zhaoxuan (昭宣帝) are posthumous names, not temple names.

    Zhou dynasty (周朝) (690–705)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal Name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Wu Zetian Wǔ Zhào 武曌 690–705 Tianshou 天授 690–692 –
    Ruyi 如意 692
    Changshou 長壽 692–694
    Yanzai 延載 694
    Zhengsheng 證聖 695
    Tiancewansui 天冊萬歲 695–696
    Wansuidengfeng 萬歲登封 696
    Wansuitongtian 萬歲通天 696–697
    Shengong 神功 697
    Shengli 聖曆 698–700
    Jiushi 久視 700
    Dazu 大足 701
    Chang'an 長安 701–705

    Kingdom of Qi (齊國) (881–884)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal Name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Emperor Huang Chao Huang Chao 黃巢帝 881–884 Wángbà 王霸 878–880 –
    Jīntǒng 金統 881–884

    Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (五代十国) (907–960)

    Five Dynasties (五代)

    Chinese convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name

    Hou (Later) Liang dynasty (后梁) (907–923)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Zhū Wēn 朱溫907–912 Emperor Xianwu 獻武Kaīpíng 開平 907–911 Taizu 太祖
    Qiánhuà 乾化 911–912
    Zhu Yougui 朱友珪912–913– Qiánhuà 乾化 912–913 –
    Fengli ? 913
    Zhū Zhèn 朱瑱913–923Emperor Mo 末帝Qiánhuà 乾化 913–915 –
    Zhēnmíng 貞明 915–921
    Lóngdé 龍德 921–923

    Hou (Later) Tang dynasty (后唐) (923–936)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Lǐ Cúnxù 李存勗 923–926 – Tongguang 同光 923–926 Zhuangzong 莊宗
    Lǐ Sìyuán

    or

    Lǐ Dǎn

    		 李嗣源

    or

    李亶

    		 926–933 – Tiancheng 天成 926–930 Mingzong 明宗
    Changxing 長興 930–933
    Lǐ Cónghòu 李從厚 933–934 Emperor Min 閔帝 Yingshun 應順 933–934 –
    Lǐ Cóngkē 李從珂 934–936 Emperor Mo 末帝 Qingtai 清泰 934–936 –

    Hou (Later) Jin dynasty (后晋) (936–947)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Shi Jingtang 石敬瑭 936–942 – Tianfu 天福 936–944 Gaozu 高祖
    Shi Chonggui 石重貴 942–947 Emperor Chu 出帝 –
    Kaiyun 開運 944–947

    Hou (Later) Han dynasty (后汉) (947–950)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Liu Zhiyuan 劉知遠 947–948 – Tianfu 天福 947 Gaozu 高祖
    Liu Chengyou 劉承祐 948–950 Emperor Yin 隱帝 Qianyou 乾祐 948–950 –

    Hou (Later) Zhou dynasty (后周) (951–960)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Guo Wei 郭威 951–954 – Guangshun 廣順 951–954 Taizu 太祖
    Chai Rong 柴榮 954–959 – Xiande 顯德 954–960 Shizong 世宗
    Chai Zongxun 柴宗訓 959–960 Emperor Gong 恭帝 –

    Ten Kingdoms (十國)

    Chinese convention: use personal names, noted otherwise

    Wu Yue (吳越) (904–978)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Qian Liu 錢鏐 904–932 King Wusu 武肅王 Tianbao 天寶 908–923 Taizu 太祖
    Baoda 寶大 923–925
    Baozheng 寶正 925–932
    Qian Yuanguan 錢元瓘 932–941 King Wenmu 文穆王 – Shizong 世宗
    Qian Hongzuo 錢弘佐 941–947 King Zhongxian 忠獻王 – Chengzong 成宗
    Qian Hongzong 錢弘倧 947 King Zhongxun 忠遜王 – –
    Qian Chu (Qian Hongchu) 錢俶 (錢弘俶) 947–978 King Zhongyi 忠懿王 – –

    Min (閩) (909–945) (including Yin (殷) (943–945))

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Wang Shenzhi 王審知 909–925 King Zhongyi 忠懿王 – Taizu 太祖
    Wang Yanhan 王延翰 925–926 – – –
    Wang Yanjun 王延鈞 926–935 Emperor Hui 惠帝 Longqi 龍啟 933–935 Taizong 太宗
    Yonghe 永和 935
    Wang Jipeng 王繼鵬 935–939 – Tongwen 通文 936–939 Kangzong 康宗
    Wang Yanxi 王延羲 939–944 – Yonglong 永隆) 939–944 Jingzong 景宗
    Wang Yanzheng 王延政 943–945 Emperor Tiande
    (as Emperor of Yin)    		 天德帝 Tiande 天德 943–945 –

    Jingnan (荆南) (or Nanping (南平)) (906–963)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Gao Jixing 高季興 909–928 King Wuxin 武信王 – –
    Gao Conghui 高從誨 928–948 King Wenxian 文獻王 – –
    Gao Baorong 高寶融 948–960 King Zhenyi 貞懿王 – –
    Gao Baoxu 高寶勗 960–962 Emperor Shizhong 侍中 – –
    Gao Jichong 高繼沖 962–963 – – –

    Chu (楚) (897–951)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Ma Yin 馬殷 897–930 King Wumu 武穆王 – –
    Ma Xisheng 馬希聲 930–932 King Hengyang 衡陽王 – –
    Ma Xifan 馬希範 932–947 King Wenzhao 文昭王 – –
    Ma Xiguang 馬希廣 947–950 King Fei 廢王 – –
    Ma Xi'e 馬希萼 950 King Gongxiao 恭孝王 – –
    Ma Xichong 馬希崇 950–951 – – –

    Wu (吳) (904–937)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Yang Xingmi 楊行密 904–905 Emperor Xiaowu 孝武帝 Tianyou 天祐 904–919 Taizu 太祖
    Yang Wo 楊渥 905–908 Emperor Jing 景帝 Liezong 烈宗
    Yang Longyan 楊隆演 908–921 Emperor Xuan 宣帝 Gaozu 高祖
    Wuyi 武義 919–921
    Yang Pu 楊溥 921–937 Emperor Rui 睿帝 Shunyi 順義 921–927 –
    Qianzhen 乾貞 927–929
    Dahe 大和 929–935
    Tianzuo 天祚 935–937

    Nan (Southern) Tang (南唐) (937–975)

    Chinese convention for this kingdom only: Use Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names.

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Li Bian 李昪 937–943 – Shengyuan 昇元 937–943 Xianzhu

    or Liezu

    		先主

    or

    烈祖

    Li Jing 李璟 943–961 – Baoda 保大 943–958 Zhongzhu

    or Yuanzong

    		 中主

    or

    元宗

    Jiaotai 交泰 958
    Zhongxing 中興 958
    Li Yu (Li Houzhu) 李煜 961–975 King Wu 武王 – Houzhu 後主

    Nan (Southern) Han (南漢) (917–971)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Liú Yán
    or
    Liú Yǎn    		 劉巖

    or

    劉龑

    		 917–925 Emperor Tianhuang the Great 天皇大帝 Qiánhēng 乾亨 917–925 Gaozu 高祖
    Báilóng 白龍 925–928
    Dàyǒu 大有 928–941
    Liú Bīn 劉玢 941–943 Emperor Shang 殤帝 Guāngtiān 光天 941–943 –
    Liú Shèng 劉晟 943–958 – Yìngqián 應乾 943 Zhongzong 中宗
    Qiánhé 乾和 943–958
    Liú Chǎng 劉鋹 958–971 – Dàbǎo 大寶 958–971 Houzhu 後主

    Bei (Northern) Han (北漢) (951–979)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Liu Min 劉旻 951–954 Emperor Shenwu 神武帝 Qianyou 乾祐 951–957 Shizu 世祖
    Liu Chengjun 劉承鈞 954–970 Emperor Xiaohe 孝和帝 Ruizong 睿宗
    Tianhui 天會 957–970
    Liu Jien 劉繼恩 970 – – Shaozhu 少主
    Liu Jiyuan 劉繼元 970–982 Emperor Yingwu 英武帝 Guangyun 廣運 970–982 –

    Qian (Former) Shu (前蜀) (907–925)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Wang Jian 王建 907–918 – Tianfu 天復 907 Gaozu 高祖
    Wucheng 武成 908–910
    Yongping 永平 911–915
    Tongzheng 通正 916
    Tianhan 天漢 917
    Guangtian 光天 918
    Wang Zongyan 王宗衍 918–925 – Qiande 乾德 918–925 Houzhu 後主
    Xiankang 咸康 925

    Hou (Later) Shu (后蜀) (934–965)

    Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Meng Zhixiang 孟知祥 934 – Mingde (明德) 934 明德 934–938 Gaozu 高祖
    Meng Chang 孟昶 938–965 – Guangzheng 廣政 938–965 Houzhu 後主

    Independent regimes during Ten Kingdoms

    (local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms)

    Military Commissioner of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使)

    Personal name Name of posts Period on post
    Liu Yan 劉言 Military Commissioner of Wuping 武平節度使 950–953
    Wang Kui

    or

    Wang Jinkui

    		 王逵

    or

    王進逵

    		 953–956
    Zhou Xingfeng 周行逢 Military Commissioner of Hunan 湖南節度使 956–962
    Zhou Baoquan 周保權 962–963

    Military Commissioner of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使)

    Personal name Name of posts Period on post
    Liu Congxiao 留從效 Commander-in-Chief of Quanzhang 泉漳都指揮使 945–962
    Liu Shaozi 留紹鎡 Regent of Quanzhang 泉漳留守 962
    Zhang Hansi 張漢思 Military Commissioner of Quanzhang 泉漳節度使 962–963
    Chen Hongjin 陳洪進 963–978

    Liao dynasty (遼朝) (907–1125)

    Chinese convention: use "Liao" + temple name except Liao Tianzuodi who is referred using "Liao" + posthumous name

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Emperor Taizu of Liao Yēlǜ Ābǎojī 耶律阿保機 907–926 – Shence 神冊 916–922 Taizu 太祖
    Tianzan 天贊 922–926
    Tianxian 天顯 926
    Emperor Taizong of Liao Yēlǜ Déguāng 耶律德光 926–947 – Tianxian 天顯 927–938 Taizong 太宗
    Huitong 會同 938–947
    Datong 大同 947
    Emperor Shizong of Liao Yēlǜ Ruǎn 耶律阮 947–951 – Tianlu (天祿) 947–951 天祿 947–951 Shizong 世宗
    Emperor Muzong of Liao Yēlǜ Jǐng 耶律璟 951–969 – Yingli (應曆) 951–969 應曆 951–969 Muzong 穆宗
    Emperor Jingzong of Liao Yēlǜ Xián 耶律賢 969–982 – Baoning 保寧 969–979 Jingzong 景宗
    Qianheng 乾亨 979–982
    Emperor Shengzong of Liao Yēlǜ Lóngxù 耶律隆緒 982–1031 – Qianheng 乾亨 982 Shengzong 聖宗
    Tonghe 統和 983–1012
    Kaitai 開泰 1012–1021
    Taiping 太平 1021–1031
    Emperor Xingzong Liao Yēlǜ Zōngzhēn 耶律宗真 1031–1055 – Jingfu 景福 1031–1032 Xingzong 興宗
    Chongxi 重熙 1032–1055
    Emperor Daozong of Liao Yēlǜ Hóngjī 耶律洪基 1055–1101 – Qingning 清寧 1055–1064 Daozong 道宗
    Xianyong 咸雍 1065–1074
    Taikang

    or

    Dakang

    		 太康

    or

    大康

    		 1075–1084
    Da'an 大安 1085–1094
    Shouchang

    or

    Shoulong

    		 壽昌

    or

    壽隆

    		 1095–1101
    Emperor Tianzuo of Liao Yēlǜ Yánxǐ 耶律延禧 1101–1125 Emperor Tianzuo Qiantong 乾統 1101–1110 –
    Tianqing 天慶 1111–1120
    Baoda 保大 1121–1125

    (Continued as Western Liao in Central Asia)

    Western Liao (西遼) (1124–1218)

    Chinese convention: use personal name or "Western Liao" + posthumous name

    Name by which most commonly know Personal name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Yelü Dashi Yēlǜ Dàshí

    or

    Yēlǜ Dáshí1

    		 耶律大石

    or

    耶律達實

    		 1124–1144 Emperor Tianyou Wulie 天祐武烈帝 Yanqing 延慶 1124 or 1125–1134 Dezong 德宗
    Kangguo 康國 1134–1144
    Xiao Tabuyan Xiāo Tǎbùyān 蕭塔不煙 1144–1150 Empress Gantian 感天皇后 Xianqing 咸清 1144–1150 –
    Yelü Yilie Yēlǜ Yíliè 耶律夷列 1150–1164 – Shaoxing

    or

    Xuxing2

    		 紹興

    or

    續興

    		 1150–1164 Renzong 仁宗
    Yelü Pusuwan Yēlǜ Pǔsùwán 耶律普速完 1164–1178 Empress Dowager Chengtian 承天太后 Chongfu (崇福 Chóngfú) 1164–1178 崇福 1164–1178 –
    Yelü Zhilugu Yēlǜ Zhílǔgǔ 耶律直魯古 1178–1211 Lord Mo

    or

    Emperor Mo

    		 末主

    or

    末帝

    		Tianxi (天禧 Tiānxī) 1178–1218 天禧 1178–1218 –
    Kuchlug Qūchūlǜ 屈出律 1211–1218 – – –
    1 — "Dashi" might be the Chinese title "Taishi", meaning "vizier"; or, it could mean "Stone" in Turkish, as the Chinese transliteration suggests.

    2 — Recently discovered Western Liao coins have the era name "Xuxing", suggesting that the era name "Shaoxing" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[1]

    Song dynasty (宋朝) (960–1275)

    Chinese convention: use "Song" + temple name or posthumous name (except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (宋帝昺 Sòng Dì Bǐng))

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Bei (Northern) Song (北宋) (960–1127)
    Emperor Taizu of Song Zhao Kuangyin 趙匡胤 960–976 Emperor Xiao 孝帝 Jianlong 建隆 960–963 Taizu 太祖
    Qiande 乾德 963–968
    Kaibao 開寶 968–976
    Emperor Taizong of Song Zhao Kuangyi

    or Zhao Guangyi

    or

    Zhao Jiong

    		 趙匡義

    or

    趙光義

    or

    趙炅

    		 976–997 Emperor De 德帝 Taipingxingguo 太平興國 976–984 Taizong 太宗
    Yongxi 雍熙 984–987
    Duangong 端拱 988–989
    Chunhua 淳化 990–994
    Zhidao 至道 995–997
    Emperor Zhenzong of Song Zhao Heng 趙恆 997–1022 Emperor Zhang 章帝 Xianping 咸平 998–1003 Zhenzong 真宗
    Jingde 景德 1004–1007
    Dazhongxiangfu 大中祥符 1008–1016
    Tianxi 天禧 1017–1021
    Qianxing 乾興 1022
    Emperor Renzong of Song Zhao Zhen 趙禎 1022–1063 Emperor Wen 文帝 Tiansheng 天聖 1023–1032 Renzong 仁宗
    Mingdao 明道 1032–1033
    Jingyou 景祐 1034–1038
    Baoyuan 寶元 1038–1040
    Kangding 康定 1040–1041
    Qingli 慶曆 1041–1048
    Huangyou 皇祐 1049–1054
    Zhihe 至和 1054–1056
    Jiayou 嘉祐 1056–1063
    Emperor Yingzong of Song Zhao Shu 趙曙 1063–1067 Emperor Xuan 宣帝 Zhiping 治平 1064–1067 Yingzong 英宗
    Emperor Shenzong of Song Zhao Xu 趙頊 1067–1085 Emperor Qin 欽帝 Xining 熙寧 1068–1077 Shenzong 神宗
    Yuanfeng 元豐 1078–1085
    Emperor Zhezong of Song Zhao Xu 趙煦 1085–1100 Emperor Zhao 昭帝 Yuanyou 元祐 1086–1094 Zhezong 哲宗
    Shaosheng 紹聖 1094–1098
    Yuanfu 元符 1098–1100
    Emperor Huizong of Song Zhao Ji 趙佶 1100–1125 Emperor Xian 顯帝 Jianzhongjingguo 建中靖國 1101 Huizong 徽宗
    Chongning 崇寧 1102–1106
    Daguan 大觀 1107–1110
    Zhenghe 政和 1111–1118
    Chonghe 重和 1118–1119
    Xuanhe 宣和 1119–1125
    Emperor Qinzong of Song Zhao Huan 趙桓 1126–1127 Emperor Ren 仁帝 Jingkang 靖康 1125–1127 Qinzong 欽宗
    Nan (Southern) Song (南宋) (1127–1279)
    Emperor Gaozong of Song Zhao Gou 趙構 1127–1162 Emperor Xian 憲帝 Jianyan 建炎 1127–1130 Gaozong 高宗
    Shaoxing 紹興 1131–1162
    Emperor Xiaozong of Song Zhao Shen 趙昚 1162–1189 Emperor Cheng 成帝 Longxing 隆興 1163–1164 Xiaozong 孝宗
    Qiandao 乾道 1165–1173
    Chunxi 淳熙 1174–1189
    Emperor Guangzong of Song Zhao Dun 趙惇 1189–1194 Emperor Ci 慈帝 Shaoxi 紹熙 1190–1194 Guangzong 光宗
    Emperor Ningzong of Song Zhao Kuo 趙擴 1194–1224 Emperor Gong 恭帝 Qingyuan 慶元 1195–1200 Ningzong 寧宗
    Jiatai 嘉泰 1201–1204
    Kaixi 開禧 1205–1207
    Jiading 嘉定 1208–1224
    Emperor Lizong of Song Zhao Yun 趙昀 1224–1264 Emperor An 安帝 Baoqing 寶慶 1225–1227 Lizong 理宗
    Shaoding 紹定 1228–1233
    Duanping 端平 1234–1236
    Jiaxi 嘉熙 1237–1240
    Chunyou 淳祐 1241–1252
    Baoyou 開慶 1253–1258
    Kaiqing 開慶 1259
    Jingding 景定 1260–1264
    Emperor Duzong of Song Zhao Qi 趙禥 1264–1274 Emperor Jing 景帝 Xianchun 咸淳 1265–1274 Duzong 度宗
    Emperor Gongzong of Song Zhao Xian 趙顯 1274–1276 Emperor Gong 恭帝 Deyou 德祐 1275–1276 Gongzong 恭宗
    Emperor Duanzong of Song Zhao Shi 趙昰 1276–1278 – Jingyan 景炎 1276–1278 Duanzong 端宗
    Zhao Bing Zhao Bing 趙昺 1278–1279 Prince Wei 衛王 Xiangxing 祥興 1278–1279 –

    Western Xia (西夏) (1038–1227)

    Chinese convention: use "Western Xia" + temple name (or use personal name)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal Name Reign Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Emperor Jǐngzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Yuánhào 李元昊 1032–1048 Emperor Wǔliè 武烈帝 Xiǎndào 顯道 1032–1034 Jǐngzōng 景宗
    Kāiyùn 開運 1034
    Guǎngpíng 廣平 1035–1036
    Dàqìng 大慶 1036–1038
    Tiānshòulǐfǎyánzuò 天授禮法延祚 1038–1048
    Emperor Yìzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Liàngzuò 李諒祚 1048–1067 Emperor Zhāoyīng 昭英帝 Yánsìníngguó 延嗣寧國 1048–1049 Yìzōng 毅宗
    Tiānyòuchuíshèng 天祐垂聖 1050–1052
    Fúshèngchéngdào 福聖承道 1053–1056
    Duǒdū 奲都 1036–1038
    Gǒnghuà 拱化 1063–1067
    Emperor Huìzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Bǐngcháng 李秉常 1067–1086 Emperor Kāngjìng 康靖帝 Qiándào 乾道 1067–1069 Huìzōng 惠宗
    Tiāncìlǐshèngguóqìng 天賜禮盛國慶 1070–1074
    Dà'ān 大安 1075–1085
    Tiān'ānlǐdìng 天安禮定 1085–1086
    Emperor Chóngzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Qiánshùn 李乾順 1086–1139 Emperor Shèngwén 聖文帝 Tiānyízhìpíng 天儀治平 1086–1089 Chóngzōng 崇宗
    Tiānyòumín'ān 天祐民安 1090–1097
    Yǒng'ān 永安 1098–1100
    Zhēnguān 貞觀 1101–1113
    Yōngníng 雍寧 1114–1118
    Yuándé 元德 1119–1127
    Zhèngdé 正德 1127–1134
    Dàdé 大德 1135–1139
    Emperor Rénzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Rénxiào 李仁孝 1139–1193 Emperor Shèngzhēn 聖禎帝 Dàqìng 大慶 1139–1143 Rénzōng 仁宗
    Rénqìng 人慶 1144–1148
    Tiānshèng 天盛 1149–1170
    Qiányòu 乾祐 1170–1193
    Emperor Huánzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Chúnyòu 李純佑 1193–1206 Emperor Zhāojiǎn 昭簡帝 Tiānqìng 天慶 1193–1206 Huánzōng 桓宗
    Emperor Xiāngzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Ānquán 李安全 1206–1211 Emperor Jǐngwǔ 景武帝 Qìngtiān 慶天 1206–1209 Xiāngzōng 襄宗
    Huángjiàn 皇建 1210–1211
    Emperor Shénzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Zūnxū 李遵頊 1211–1223 Emperor Yīngwén 英文帝 Guāngdìng 光定 1211–1223 Shénzōng 神宗
    Emperor Xiànzōng of Western Xia Lǐ Déwàng 李德旺 1223–1226 – Qiándìng 乾定 1223–1226 Xiànzōng 獻宗
    Emperor Mòzhǔ of Western Xia Lǐ Xiàn 李晛 1226–1227 – Bǎoyì 寶義 1226–1227 Mòzhǔ 末主

    Jin dynasty (金朝) (1115–1234)

    Chinese convention: use "Jin" + temple name or posthumous name in Chinese

    Jin dynasty 1115–1234
    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Emperor Taizu of Jin Āgǔdǎ
    or
    Wányán Mǐn    		 阿骨打
    or
    完顏旻    		 1115–1123 Shōuguó收國1115–1116 – Tàizǔ 太祖
    Tiānfǔ天輔1117–1123
    Emperor Taizong of Jin Wúqǐmǎi
    or
    Wányán Shèng    		吳乞買
    or
    完顏晟    		 1123–1134 Tiānhuì天會1123–1134 – Tàizōng太宗
    Emperor Xizong of Jin Hélá
    or
    Wányán Dǎn    		 合剌
    or
    完顏亶    		 1135–1149 Tiānhuì天會1135–1138 – Xīzōng 熙宗
    Tiānjuàn天眷1138–1141
    Huángtǒng皇統1141–1149
    Wanyan Liang Dígǔnǎi
    or
    Wányán Liàng    		 迪古乃
    or
    完顏亮    		 1149–1161 Tiāndé天德1149–1153 Prince Yáng of Hǎilíng
    or
    Prince of Hǎilíng    		 海陵煬王
    or
    海陵王    		 –
    Zhènyuán貞元1153–1156
    Zhènglóng正隆1156–1161
    Emperor Shizong of Jin Wūlù
    or
    Wányán Yōng    		烏祿
    or
    完顏雍    		 1161–1189 Dàdìng大定1161–1189 – Shìzōng世宗
    Emperor Zhangzong of Jin Mádágě
    or
    Wányán Jǐng    		 麻達葛
    or
    完顏璟    		 1190–1208 Míngchāng明昌1190–1196 – Zhāngzōng 章宗
    Chéng'ān承安1196–1200
    Tàihé泰和1200–1208
    Wanyan Yongji Wányán Yǒngjì 完顏永濟 1209–1213 Dà'ān大安1209–1212 Prince Shào of Weì
    or
    Prince of Weì    		 衛紹王
    or
    衛王    		 –
    Chóngqìng崇慶1212–1213
    Zhìníng至寧1213
    Emperor Xuanzong of Jin Wúdúbǔ
    or
    Wányán Xú    		 吾睹補
    or
    完顏珣    		 1213–1223 Zhēnyòu貞祐1213–1217 – Xuānzōng 宣宗
    Xīngdìng興定1217–1222
    Yuánguāng元光1222–1223
    Emperor Aizong of Jin Níngjiǎsù
    or
    Wányán Shǒuxù    		 寧甲速
    or
    完顏守緒    		 1224–1234 Zhèngdà正大1224–1232 – Āizōng 哀宗
    Kāixīng開興1232
    Tiānxīng天興1232–1234
    Emperor Mo of Jin Hūdūn
    or
    Wányán Chénglín    		呼敦
    or
    完顏承麟    		 1234 – Emperor Mò末帝 –

    Yuan dynasty (元朝) (1271–1368)

    Chinese convention: for rulers before Kublai Khan use given name (e.g. Temüjin) or Khan names, use "Yuan" + temple name or posthumous name after

    Note:
    1) The Mongol Great Khans before Khublai were only declared Yuan emperors after the creation of Yuan dynasty in 1271
    2) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.
    3) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with Timur the lame (Tamerlane).

    Khan Name Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Genghis Khan Borjigin Temüjin 孛兒只斤鐵木真 1206–1227 – – Tàizǔ 太祖
    Tolui Borjigin Tolui 孛兒只斤拖雷 1228 – – Ruìzōng 睿宗
    Ögedei Khan Borjigin Ögedei 孛兒只斤窩闊台 1229–1241 – – Tàizōng 太宗
    Güyük Khan Borjigin Güyük 孛兒只斤貴由 1246–1248 – – Dìngzōng 定宗
    Möngke Khan Borjigin Möngke 孛兒只斤蒙哥 1251–1259 – – Xiànzōng 憲宗
    Kublai Khan Borjigin Kublai 孛兒只斤忽必烈 1260–1294 Zhōngtǒng 中統 1260–1264 – Shìzǔ 世祖
    Zhìyuán 至元 1264–1294
    Temür Khan Borjigin Temür 孛兒只斤鐵穆耳 1294–1307 Yuánzhēn 元貞 1295–1297 – Chéngzōng 成宗
    1307–1308 Dàdé 大德 1297–1307
    Külüg Khan Borjigin Qayshan 孛兒只斤海山 1308–1311 Zhìdà 至大 1308–1311 – Wǔzōng 武宗
    Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan Borjigin Ayurparibhadra 孛兒只斤愛育黎拔力八達 1311–1320 Huángqìng 皇慶 1312–1313 – Rénzōng 仁宗
    1320–1321 Yányòu 延祐 1314–1320
    Gegeen Khan Borjigin Suddhipala 孛兒只斤碩德八剌 1321–1323 Zhìzhì 至治 1321–1323 – Yīngzōng 英宗
    Yesün Temür1 Borjigin Yesün-Temür 孛兒只斤也孫鐵木兒 1323–1328 Tàidìng 泰定 1324–1328 Emperor Tàidìng2 泰定帝 –
    Zhìhé 致和 1328
    Ragibagh Khan1 Borjigin Arigaba 孛兒只斤阿速吉八 1328 Tiānshùn 天順 1328 Emperor Tiānshùn2 天順帝 –
    Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür Borjigin Toq-Temür 孛兒只斤圖帖睦爾 1328–1329 and 1329–1332 Tiānlì 天曆 1328–1330 – Wénzōng 文宗
    Zhìshùn 至順 1330–1332
    Khutughtu Khan Kusala Borjigin Qoshila 孛兒只斤和世剌 1329 – Míngzōng 明宗
    Rinchinbal Khan Borjigin Irinchibal 孛兒只斤懿璘質班 1332 – Níngzōng 寧宗
    Toghon Temür1 Borjigin Toghan-Temür 孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 1333–1368 1333 Emperor Shundi 順帝 Huìzōng 惠宗
    Yuántǒng 元統 1333–1335
    Zhìyuán 至元 1335–1340
    Zhìzhèng 至正 1341–1368
    Zhìyuán 至元 1368–1370
    1 — Chinese convention: for these sovereigns only, use "yuan" + posthumous name (e.g. 元泰定帝 Yuán Tàidìng Dì).2 — Not actually a posthumous name, but adopted from era name.

    Note:

    1) To non-Chinese readers, usually the khan names are the most familiar names.

    2) Timur or Temür means the same Mongolian words but Temür will be used for avoiding confusion with the Timur (Timurlane or Tamerlane) who attempted to restore the Mongolian Empire in Central Asia.

    Convention: for the following sovereign only, use "yuan" + posthumous name.

    Northern Yuan (北元) (1368 – early 15th century)

    after being overthrown by the Ming dynasty in China in 1368 (1368 – early 15th century)

    Convention: use khan names or birth names.

    Khan Names Personal Name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Toghon Temür

    (same person as the last Yuan emperor)

    		 Borjigin Toghan-Temür 孛兒只斤妥懽帖睦爾 1368–1370 Zhìshùn 至順 1333 Emperor Shundi 順帝 Huìzōng 惠宗
    Yuántǒng 元統 1333–1335
    Zhìyuán 至元 1335–1340
    Zhìzhèng 至正 1341–1368
    Zhìyuán 至元 1368–1370
    Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara Borjigin Ayushiridara 孛兒只斤愛猷識里達臘 1370–1378 Xuānguāng 宣光 1371–1378 – Zhàozōng 昭宗
    Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür Borjigin Tögüs Temür 孛兒只斤脫古思帖木兒 1378–1387 Tiānyuán

    or

    Tiānguāng1

    		 天元

    or

    天光

    		 1378–1387 – –
    1 — Recently discovered Northern Yuan coins have the era name "Tianguang", suggesting that the era name "Tianyuan" recorded in Chinese sources may be incorrect.[2]

    Ming dynasty (明朝) (1368–1644)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Posthumous name1 (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name1 (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Hongwu Emperor Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋 1368–1398 Hóngwǔ 洪武 1368–1398 Emperor Gāo 高帝 Tàizǔ 太祖
    Jianwen Emperor Zhū Yǔnwén 朱允炆 1398–1402 Jiànwén 建文 1398–1402 Emperor Huì 惠帝 Huizong² 惠宗
    Yongle Emperor Zhū Dì 朱棣 1402–1424 Yǒnglè 永樂 1402–1424 Emperor Wēn 文帝 Chéngzǔ or Tàizōng 成祖 / 太宗
    Hongxi Emperor Zhū Gāochì 朱高熾 1424–1425 Hóngxī 洪熙 1424–1425 Emperor Zhāo 昭帝 Rénzōng 仁宗
    Xuande Emperor Zhū Zhānjī 朱瞻基 1425–1435 Xuāndé 宣德 1425–1435 Emperor Zhāng 章帝 Xuānzōng 宣宗
    Zhengtong Emperor Zhū Qízhèn 朱祁鎮 1435–1449

    and

    1457–1464³

    		 Zhèngtǒng

    and

    Tiānshùn

    		 正統

    and

    天順

    		 1435–1449

    and

    1457–1464

    		 Emperor Ruì 睿帝 Yīngzōng 英宗
    Jingtai Emperor Zhū Qíyù 朱祁鈺 1449–1457 Jǐngtài 景泰 1449–1457 Emperor Jǐng 景帝 Dàizōng 代宗
    Chenghua Emperor Zhū Jiànshēn 朱見深 1464–1487 Chénghuà 成化 1464–1487 Emperor Chún 純帝 Xiànzōng 憲宗
    Hongzhi Emperor Zhū Yòutáng 朱祐樘 1487–1505 Hóngzhì 弘治 1487–1505 Emperor Jìng 敬帝 Xiàozōng 孝宗
    Zhengde Emperor Zhū Hòuzhào 朱厚照 1505–1521 Zhèngdé 正德 1505–1521 Emperor Yì 毅帝 Wǔzōng 武宗
    Jiajing Emperor Zhū Hòucōng 朱厚熜 1521–1566 Jiājìng 嘉靖 1521–1566 Emperor Sù 肅帝 Shìzōng 世宗
    Longqing Emperor Zhū Zǎihòu 朱載垕 1566–1572 Lóngqìng 隆慶 1566–1572 Emperor Zhuāng 莊帝 Mùzōng 穆宗
    Wanli Emperor Zhū Yìjūn 朱翊鈞 1572–1620 Wànlì 萬曆 1572–1620 Emperor Xiǎn 顯帝 Shénzōng 神宗
    Taichang Emperor Zhū Chángluò 朱常洛 1620 Tàichāng 泰昌 1620 Emperor Zhēn 貞帝 Guāngzōng 光宗
    Tianqi Emperor Zhū Yóujiào 朱由校 1620–1627 Tiānqǐ 天啓 1620–1627 Emperor Zhé 悊帝 Xīzōng 熹宗
    Chongzhen Emperor Zhū Yóujiǎn 朱由檢 1627–1644 Chóngzhēn 崇禎 1627–1644 Emperor Zhuānglièmǐnhuáng 莊烈愍皇帝 Sīzōng or Yìzōng 思宗 / 毅宗
    1 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Ming, to avoid confusion. For example, the Hongwu emperor is frequently referred to as Ming Taizu.

    2 — The Yongle emperor assumed the throne of his nephew the Jianwen emperor, who was officially said to have died in a palace fire but who was suspected of escaping to live as a recluse. The Yongle emperor wiped out the record of his nephew's reign and no temple name was given him. In 1644 the Prince of Fu (福王), the new self-proclaimed emperor of the Southern Ming, conferred on Emperor Jianwen the temple name Huizong.

    3 — After listening to the poor advice of his eunuch advisers, the Zhengtong Emperor personally led a campaign in 1449 against the mongols and was captured. His brother the Jingtai Emperor assumed the throne and as a hostage no longer of any value, the mongols released the Zhengtong Emperor who returned to live in seclusion. However the Zhengtong Emperor was able to regain his position, choosing the reign name Tianshun.

    Shun dynasty (順朝) (1644–1645)

    The Shun dynasty was an imperial dynasty created in the brief lapse from Ming to Qing rule in China. It was a state set up by the peasants' rebellion, in which they defeated the Ming forces, but former Ming general Wu Sangui led the Qing forces into Beijing and the Qing forces defeated the rebels.

    Name most commonly known by Personal name Reign years Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Li Zicheng Li Zicheng 李自成 1644–1645 Yongchang 永昌 1644–1645 Chuǎng Wáng (The Dashing King) 闖王

    Southern Ming (南明) (1644–1662)

    The Southern Ming dynasty refers to the Ming loyalist regimes that existed in Southern China from 1644 to 1662. The regime was established by the princes of the already destroyed Ming dynasty. All of these monarchs had their regimes crushed by the Qing forces very quickly. Koxinga (Zheng Chenggong) used the Ming dynasty's name and gathered forces before fleeing to Taiwan.

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years Temple name (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Zhu Yousong Zhū Yóusōng 朱由崧 1644–1645 Hóngguāng 弘光 1644–1645 Ānzōng 安宗
    Zhu Yujian Zhū Yùjiàn 朱聿鍵 1645–1646 Lóngwǔ 隆武 1645–1646 Shàozōng 紹宗
    Zhu Changfang Zhū Chángfāng 朱常淓 1645 None given, but sometimes referred to as the "Regency of the Prince of Lu/Luh"
    (Lù Wáng Lín Guó)    		 潞王臨國 1646 –
    Zhu Yihai Zhū Yǐhǎi 朱以海 1645–1653 –
    Zhu Yuyue Zhū Yùyuè 朱聿𨮁 1646 Shàowǔ 紹武 1646 Wénzōng 文宗
    Zhu Youlang Zhū Yóuláng 朱由榔 1646–1662 Yǒnglì 永曆 1646–1662 Zhāozōng 昭宗

    *The two characters are homonyms, both pronounced Lu; to distinguish them, one is usually kept as Lu and the other spelled differently. Luh is from Cambridge History of China; Lou is from A.C. Moule's Rulers of China (1957). When one irregular spelling is used, the other is kept as regular (Lu). The two systems are distinct and not used simultaneously.

    Qing dynasty (清朝) (1636–1912)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name1 Reign Era names (Nian Hao 年號) (and their corresponding range of years) Posthumous name2 (Shi Hao 諡號) Temple name2 (Miao Hao 廟號)
    Nurhaci Nurhaci 努爾哈赤 1616–16263 Tiānmìng 天命 Abkai fulingga 1616–1626 Emperor Gāo 高皇帝 Tàizǔ 太祖
    Huang Taiji Hong Taiji4 皇太極 1626–1643 Tiāncōng 天聰 Abkai sure 1627–1636 Emperor Wén 文皇帝 Tàizōng 太宗
    Chóngdé 崇德 Wesihun erdemungge 1636–1643
    Shunzhi Emperor Fúlín 福臨 1643–16615 Shùnzhì 順治 Ijishūn dasan 1643–1661 Emperor Zhāng 章皇帝 Shìzǔ 世祖
    Kangxi Emperor Xuányè 玄燁 1661–1722 Kāngxī 康熙 Elhe taifin 1661–1722 Emperor Rén 仁皇帝 Shèngzǔ 聖祖
    Yongzheng Emperor Yìnzhēn 胤禛 1722–1735 Yōngzhèng 雍正 Hūwaliyasun tob 1722–1735 Emperor Xiàn 憲皇帝 Shìzōng 世宗
    Qianlong Emperor Hónglì 弘曆 1735–17966 Qiánlóng 乾隆 Abkai wehiyehe 1735–1796 Emperor Chún 純皇帝 Gāozōng 高宗
    Jiaqing Emperor Yóngyǎn 顒琰 1796–1820 Jiāqìng 嘉慶 Saicungga fengšen 1796–1820 Emperor Ruì 睿皇帝 Rénzōng 仁宗
    Daoguang Emperor Mínníng 旻寧 1820–1850 Dàoguāng 道光 Doro eldengge 1820–1850 Emperor Chéng 成皇帝 Xuānzōng 宣宗
    Xianfeng Emperor Yìzhǔ 奕詝 1850–1861 Xiánfēng 咸豐 Gubci elgiyengg 1850–1861 Emperor Xiǎn 顯皇帝 Wénzōng 文宗
    Tongzhi Emperor Zǎichún 載淳 1861–18757 Tóngzhì 同治 Yooningga dasan 1861–1875 Emperor Yì 毅皇帝 Mùzōng 穆宗
    Guangxu Emperor Zǎitián 載湉 1875–19087 Guāngxù 光緒 Badarangga doro 1875–1908 Emperor Jǐng 景皇帝 Dézōng 德宗
    Xuantong Emperor Pǔyí
    (also known as Henry)    		 溥儀 1908–191210 Xuāntǒng 宣統 Gehungge yoso 1908–1912 Emperor Xùn8 / -9
    1 — The Qing imperial family name was Aisin Gioro (愛新覺羅 aixin jueluo), but it was not common Manchu practice to include the family or clan name in an individual's personal name.2 — As posthumous and temple names were often shared by emperors of different dynasties, they are usually preceded by the dynastic name, in this case, Qing, to avoid confusion. For example, the Qianlong emperor is frequently referred to as Qing Gaozong.

    3 — Nurhaci founded the Jin (金) or Later Jin (後金) dynasty in 1616, but it was his son Hong Taiji who changed the name of the dynasty to Qing in 1636. Nurhaci adopted the reign name Tianming but his Qing titles were all conferred posthumously.

    4 — Hong Taiji is referred to erroneously in some historical literature as Abahai (阿巴海).

    5 — The Shunzhi emperor was the first Qing emperor to rule over China proper following the occupation of Beijing in 1644.

    6 — The Qianlong emperor officially retired in 1796, taking the title Emperor Emeritus (太上皇帝). This was an act of filial piety to ensure that he would not reign longer than his illustrious grandfather, the Kangxi emperor. However, he remained the ultimate authority until his death in 1799, at which point his son, the Jiaqing emperor, began to exercise the power that had been his in name only from 1796.

    7 — The Empress Dowager Cixi, concubine of the Xianfeng emperor, mother of the Tongzhi emperor, and adoptive mother of the Guangxu emperor, used her considerable skills of political manipulation to act as the power behind the throne or on the throne from 1861 until her death in 1908. She acted as a regent during the minorities of the two young emperors and confined the Guangxu emperor in the Summer Palace after he attempted to introduce reforms in 1898. The death of the Guangxu emperor was announced the day before her own.

    8 — Xundi ("The Abdicated Emperor") is the posthumous name given by mainland China and Taiwan's history books to Puyi.

    9 — In 2004 the descendants of the Qing imperial family have conferred a posthumous name and temple name upon the late Puyi. Posthumous name: Mindi (愍帝). Temple name: Gongzong (恭宗). It remains to be seen whether these names will be accepted by the Chinese public.

    10 — The Xinhai Revolution started on October 10, 1911. The last emperor, Puyi, abdicated officially on February 12, 1912. The Qing dynasty was overthrown with his abdication on that day. However, that same day the Chinese Republic granted the "Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Emperor of the Great Qing after his Abdication" (清帝退位優待條件) which allowed Puyi to retain his imperial title and stated that he should be treated by the government of the Republic of China with the protocol attached to a foreign monarch. These articles were revised on November 5, 1924, after the coup by General Feng Yuxiang: the revised articles stated that Puyi was losing his imperial title and henceforth becoming a regular citizen of the Republic. Puyi was expelled from the Forbidden City that same day. Thus, Puyi was ruling emperor until February 12, 1912 (and also briefly between July 1 and July 12, 1917 in the Manchu Restoration), and non-ruling emperor between February 12, 1912 and November 5, 1924. Puyi also later became the puppet leader of Japanese-controlled Manchukuo under the reign name Datong (大同) (1932–1934), then the puppet emperor of Manchukuo under the reign name Kangde (康德) (1934–1945).

    Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (1851–1864)

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
    Hong Xiuquan Hong Xiuquan 洪秀全 11 January 1851 – 1 June 1864 Yuánnián 元年
    Hong Tianguifu Hong Tianguifu 洪天貴福 6 June 1864 – 18 November 1864 –

    Empire of China (中華帝國) (1915–1916)

    A short-lived attempt by statesman and general Yuan Shikai who attempted to establish himself as emperor in 1915, but his rule is universally accepted as inauthentic. After 83 days, his reign ended.

    Name by which most commonly known Personal name Reign Era name (Nian Hao 年號)
    Yuan Shikai Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 22 December 1915 – 22 March 1916 Hóngxiàn 洪憲

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Belyaev, V.A.; Nastich, V.N.; Sidorovich, S.V. (2012). "The coinage of Qara Khitay: a new evidence (on the reign title of the Western Liao Emperor Yelü Yilie)". Proceedings of the 3rd Simone Assemani Symposium, September 23–24, 2011, Rome.
    2. ↑ http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_ac349fd50102xfdr.html
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