Xia (Sixteen Kingdoms)

Xia 夏
407–431
Helian Xia in 423
Capital	Tongwan (418-427) Shanggui (427-428) Pingliang (428-430)
Government	Monarchy
Emperor
• 407-425	Helian Bobo
• 425-428	Helian Chang
• 428-431	Helian Ding
History
• Established	407
• Helian Bobo's claim of imperial title	418
• Fall of Tongwan	11 July 427[1][2]
• Disestablished	431
• Helian Ding's death	13 May 432[3][4]
Preceded by Succeeded by Later Qin Northern Wei Tuyuhun Kingdom

Tiefu (simplified Chinese: 铁弗; traditional Chinese: 鐵弗; pinyin: Tiěfú) was a pre-state Xiongnu tribe during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China.^[5] Its chieftain Liu Bobo established the state of Xia in 407 and changed his family name into Helian.

Although the Xia only lasted up to 431, its capital Tongwan (in Ordos) was certainly a heavily fortified and state-of-the-art city that would serve as a frontier garrison until the Song Dynasty. Its ruins were discovered during the Qing Dynasty and can still be seen in present-day Inner Mongolia.

The Wei Shu also records that Liu Kuren's tribe, the Dugu, were descended from the Xiongnu. Yao Weiyuan 姚薇元 suggested in the past that 'Dugu' was an alternate form of 'Tuge' 屠各, the Xiongnu aristocratic clan that had adopted the surname of Liu 刘, members of which also ruled the Former Zhao state. This writer further suggests that 'Tuge' is an alternate form of 'Tuhe' 徒河, which is the branch of the Xianbei from which the Murong 慕容 were descended. The Liu (Dugu) were also known as Tiefu 铁弗, a term which meant that they had Xiongnu fathers and Xianbei mothers. Thus it is reasonable to say that the Dugu were at least half Xianbei.

All rulers of the Xia declared themselves "emperors".

Chieftains of the Tiefu and rulers of the Xia

Rulers family tree

See also

• Xiongnu
• Wu Hu
• List of past Chinese ethnic groups
• Tongwan
• Xia Dynasty
• Western Xia

Notes and references