List of republics

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This is a list of republics. For antiquity (or later in the case of societies that did not refer to modern terminology to qualify their form of government) the assessment of whether a state organisation is a republic is based on retrospective analysis by historians and political theorists. For more recent systems of government, worldwide organisations with a broad political acceptance (such as the United Nations), can provide information on whether or not a sovereign state is referred to as a republic.

List by period

Antiquity

State Date of existence Notes
Mahajanapada
(Confederacy)		 c. 600 – c. 345 BC A confederacy of several clans ruled by oligarchic republics.
Licchavis[1] c. 600 – c. 345 BC One of the eight confederate clans of the Vajji Clan Mahajanapada;[2] the city of Vaishali was the capital of the republic.[3]
Roman Republic 509–27 BC
Classical Athens 508–322 BC Various Greek city-states under Classical Athenian influence; these loyalties and governments changed frequently (see synoecisms), and in some instances were even under the influence of Sparta without succumbing to the adoption of the government system of oligarchy.
Ancient Carthage 308–146 BC In 308 BC, an attempted coup to restore the monarch to full power failed, which led to Carthage becoming a republic.[4]

Middle Ages and Renaissance

Early modernity

Modernity

19th century

20th century

21st century and later

List by type

In modern usage, a republican system of government is loosely applied to any state which claims this designation.[12] For example, the Dominican Republic under Rafael Trujillo is considered a republic, as is the Republic of Iraq under Saddam Hussein and The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics under Joseph Stalin. The Kingdom of Sweden (which in 2006 ranked highest in the Economist's index of democracy) [13] is not a republic, but the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (i.e. North Korea, which ranks lowest in the same survey) is.

Arab Republics

Confederal republics

Confederal republics are associations of sovereign states, usually having power over critical common issues such as defense and foreign policy:

Democratic Republics

These are republics that use the word "democratic" in their official name. Their actual political systems can vary considerably.

Federal republics

Federal republics are federal states in which the administrative divisions (states or provinces) theoretically retain a degree of autonomy which is constitutionally protected, and cannot be revoked unilaterally by the national government. Federal republics are not unitary states.

Islamic Republics

Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law:

People's Republics

Current People's Republics

People's republics were meant to be governed by the people, but the name is most often (but not always) used by communist states.

Former People's Republics

Socialist Republics

These are republics that use the word "socialist" in their official name.

Unitary republics

Unitary republics are unitary states which are governed constitutionally as one single unit, with a single constitutionally created legislature. Unitary states are not federations or confederations.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jagdish P. Sharma, Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.–500 B.C., Brill Publishers, 1968, p. 103: "the Licchavis had a council of 9 though the membership of their Assembly numbered 7,707. ... [The Assembly] normally met once a year for important and grave public business."
  2. ↑ Jagdish P. Sharma, Republics in ancient India, c. 1500 B.C.– 500 B.C., Brill Publishers, 1968, p. 82.
  3. ↑ Vaishali – Encyclopædia Britannica
  4. ↑ Andrew Lintott, Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Classical City: 750-330 BC, Routledge, 2014, p. 66.
  5. ↑ "Brief history of Novgorod". WayToRussia.Net. Retrieved 2007-12-26. External link in |work= (help)
  6. 1 2 Carrington, Dorothy, "The Corsican Constitution of Pasquale Paoli (1755–1769)," The English Historical Review, July 1973, pp 481–503
  7. 1 2 Van de Water, Frederic Franklyn (1974). The Reluctant Republic: Vermont 1724–1791. The Countryman Press. ISBN 0-914378-02-3.
  8. ↑ Comité de Salud Pública en Motril durante la Revolución Cantonalde 1873. Actas de Creación. Motril, 1989.
  9. 1 2 "Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government," Hawaiian Gazette, Nov 1, 1895, p. 1.
  10. ↑ Joseph Lee, Ireland, 1912–1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 300.
  11. ↑ Henry St. Amant Bradsher, Afghanistan and the Soviet Union, Duke University Press, 1983.
  12. ↑ Republic, Oxford English Dictionary, SECOND EDITION 1989
  13. ↑ Laza Kekic, The Economist Intelligence Units Index of democracy, The Economist: The World in 2007
  14. ↑ ___."The Formation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889." <http://faculty.fullerton.edu/nfitch/history110b/brarep.html> (accessed May 19, 2008).
  15. ↑ "Mexico". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  16. ↑ "Nepal declared republican state – Gorkhapatra Sansthan - State Owned Newspaper". Archived from the original on 2007-07-26.
  17. ↑ Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR approved the Law of the RSFSR #2094-I of December 25, 1991 "Name Change for the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic" // News of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian SFSR and Supreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR. – 1992. – № 2. – Art. 62
  18. ↑ Article 1 of the Russian Constitution
  19. ↑ "United States". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  20. ↑ "Korea, North". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  21. ↑ "Algeria". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Archived from the original on 2012-10-13. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  22. ↑ "Laos". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  23. ↑ "Bangladesh". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  24. ↑ "China". The World Factbook. CIA. 2007. Retrieved 2007-12-21.
  25. ↑ Shapiro, Allan E. "Taking Space Seriously, Law, Space and Society in Contemporary Israel" 2004. <"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-08-29. Retrieved 2008-05-19. > (accessed May 19, 2008).
  26. ↑ Quartermaine, Luisa (2000). Mussolini's last republic: propaganda and politics in the Italian Social Republic (R.S.I.) 1943–45. Intellect Books. p. 21ff. ISBN 9781902454085.
  27. ↑ Corpus Juris, 1897 Biac-na-Bato Constitution, December 27, 2008
  28. ↑ Corpus Juris, 1935 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines Archived 2009-05-22 at the Wayback Machine., December 27, 2008
  29. ↑ Corpus Juris, 1943 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines, December 27, 2008
  30. ↑ "The Republic of Texas", 'Handbook of Texas', http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/mzr02
  31. ↑ Is found in Article 1 of their Constitution
  32. ↑ Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996). A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 201, and others. ISBN 9780312161255.

Further reading

  • Robinson, E. W. (1997). The First Democracies: Early Popular Government Outside Athens. Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3-515-06951-8.
  • Media related to Republics at Wikimedia Commons
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