List of military special forces units

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This is a list of active military units, known as special forces or special operations forces (SOF), that are specially organised, trained and equipped to conduct special operations.

These are distinct from special-purpose infantry units such as the Royal Marine Commandos.

Definition

NATO currently defines "special operation" as;

special operations military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, trained, and equipped forces, manned with selected personnel, using unconventional tactics, techniques, and modes of employment.[1][2]

In 2001, NATO agreed to definitions with Russia defining special operations and special operations forces:-[3]

special operations military activities conducted by specially designated, organized, trained and equipped forces using operational techniques and modes of employment not standard to conventional forces. These activities are conducted across the full range of military operations independently or in coordination with operations of conventional forces to achieve political, military, psychological and economic objectives. Politico-military considerations may require clandestine, covert or discreet techniques and the acceptance of a degree of physical and political risk not associated with conventional operations.[4]

special-operations forces strategic formations and units of the armed forces, whose role is to conduct sabotage, reconnaissance, subversive and other special operations on the territory of foreign countries. In wartime they may also be assigned tasks such as intelligence-gathering, the seizure or destruction of key installations, the conduct of psychological operations or the organization of insurgencies in the enemy's rear area. The Armed Forces of the Russian Federation have separate special-operations forces brigades, battalions and companies which are integrated with the intelligence assets of military districts, fronts, fleets, armies or corps.[4]

The United States definition of special operations is:-

special operations operations requiring unique modes of employment, tactical techniques, equipment and training often conducted in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive environments and characterized by one or more of the following: time sensitive, clandestine, low visibility, conducted with and/or through indigenous forces, requiring regional expertise, and/or a high degree of risk.[5]

The Canadian definition of special operations forces is:-

special operation forces organizations containing specially trained personnel that are organized, equipped and trained to conduct high-risk, high value, special operations to achieve military, political, economic, or international objectives by using special and unique operational methodologies in hostile, denied, or politically sensitive area to achieve desired tactical operational, and/or strategic effects in times of peace, conflict, or war.[6][7]

Afghanistan Afghanistan

Afghan National Army Special Operations Command[8]

Albania Albania

Albanian Armed Forces

Algeria Algeria

Département du Renseignement et de la Sécurité

Angola Angola

Angolan Armed Forces

Argentina Argentina

Argentine Army[15]
Argentine Navy

Armenia Armenia

Armenian Army

Australia Australia

Australian Defence Force

Austria Austria

Austrian Army
  • Jagdkommando[23][24]
    • 1st Special Operations Task Group
    • 2nd Special Operations Task Group
    • 3rd Special Operations Task Group (Reserve)

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani Armed Forces

Bangladesh Bangladesh

Bangladesh Army
Bangladesh Navy

Belarus Belarus

Armed Forces of Belarus

Belgium Belgium

Belgian Land Component

Botswana Botswana

Brazil Brazil

Brazilian Army
  • Brazilian Special Operations Brigade[28]
    • 1st Special Forces Battalion (1º BFEsp) - (1º Batalhão de Forças Especiais)
    • 1st Commando Battalion (1º BAC) - (1º Batalhão de Ações de Comandos)[28]
    • 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense Company - (1ª Companhia de Defesa Química, Biológica, Radiológica e Nuclear)
    • 3rd Special Forces Company (3ª Cia FEsp) - (3ª Companhia de Forças Especiais)
    • Special Operation Support Battalion[29]
    • Special Operations Platoon (Pelopes): One for each unit - (Pelotão de Operações Especiais)
Brazilian Air Force
  • Airborne Rescue Squadron (Para-SAR) - (Esquadrão Aeroterrestre de Salvamento)[30]
  • Dagger Platoon - (Pelotão Punhal)[31]
  • Special Operations Platoon (Pelopes): One for each infantry unit - (Pelotão de Operações Especiais)
Brazilian Navy

Brunei Brunei

Bulgaria Bulgaria

Cambodia Cambodia

Canada Canada

Canadian Special Operations Forces Command[39]

Chile Chile

Chilean Armed Forces

China China

People's Liberation Army Marine Corps[47]
  • Special Operations Battalion
  • Special Forces Amphibious Reconnaissance Battalion
People's Liberation Army Ground Force

Democratic Republic of the CongoCongo, Democratic Republic of

  • 391st Commando battalion URR[49]

Croatia Croatia

Special Operations Command (Croatia)

Czech Republic Czech Republic

Army of the Czech Republic (ACR)

Denmark Denmark

Special Operations Command (Danish: Specialoperationskommandoen) (SOKOM)
Danish Home Guard

Two other Danish units have some claim to special forces status. The Danish Home Guard's Special Support and Reconnaissance Company is capable of behind-the-lines stay-behind reconnaissance, similar to the Cold War role of the British 21 and 23 SAS Regiments.[53] The Royal Danish Navy also maintains a unique ski patrol unit that conducts dog patrols of Greenland throughout the year. This unit, the Sirius Patrol, maintains a combat capability.

Egypt Egypt

Sa'ka Forces Thunderbolt Forces

Estonia Estonia

Estonian Special Operations Force (ESTSOF)
  • Special Operations Task Group

Ethiopia Ethiopia

  • Agazi Commando Division[54]
    • 205th/206th Commando Brigade
      • Anti-Terrorism Battalion
        • ESOF(400 men detachment)

Finland Finland

Finnish Army
Finnish Navy
  • Special Action Detachment (Finnish: Erikoistoimintaosasto) of Coastal Brigade[55]

France France

Special Operations Command
Directorate-General for External Security
  • Action Division
    • Paratrooper Specialised Training Centre in Cercottes for clandestine operations
    • Paratrooper Specialised Instruction Centre in Perpignan for commandos
    • Paratrooper Training Centre for Maritime Operations in Quelern for combat divers

Gabon Gabon

  • Commandos Fusiliers Marins (COFUSMA)
  • Presidential Guard Unit

Georgia (country) Georgia

Georgian Army

Germany Germany

German Army
German Air Force
  • Hubschrauber Geschwader 64
    • Kampfretter (Combat Rescue) [61]
German Navy

Greece Greece

Hellenic Army
Hellenic Navy
  • Underwater Demolition Command (DYK) - is organized into sections called Underwater Demolition Teams (OYK)
    • Underwater Demolition Team 1
    • Underwater Demolition Team 2
    • Underwater Demolition Team 3
    • Underwater Demolition Team 4
    • Underwater Demolition Team 5

Hungary Hungary

India India

Research and Analysis Wing
Indian Army
Indian Navy
Indian Air Force

Indonesia Indonesia

Indonesian Army
Indonesian Navy
Indonesian Air Force

Iran Iran

65th Airborne Special Forces Brigade (Persian: تیپ ۶۵ نیروهای ویژه هوابرد) (or the 65th NOHED Brigade (تیپ ۶۵ نوهد))

Iraq Iraq

Iraqi Counter-Terrorism Bureau (CTB)[80]
  • Iraqi Counter Terrorism Command

The Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau reports to the Prime Minister directly. The Iraqi CTB oversees the Iraqi Counter Terrorism Command, a formation that includes all Iraqi Special Operations Forces (two brigades, according to the IISS 2013). As of 30 June 2009, there had been legislation in progress for a year to make the Iraqi CTB a separate ministry.[81]

Republic of Ireland Ireland

Irish Army

Israel Israel

Military Intelligence Directorate
Israeli Army
  • 89th "Oz" Brigade
    • Unit 212 - Maglan – a commando unit which specializes in operating behind enemy lines[83]
    • Unit 217 - Duvdevan – undercover operations unit operating in the West Bank
    • Unit 621 - Egoz – counter-guerrilla unit, originally for operating in southern Lebanon
Israeli Navy
Israeli Air Force

Italy Italy

Italian Army
Italian Navy
Italian Air Force
Carabinieri

Japan Japan

Japan Ground Self-Defense Force
Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force

Jordan Jordan

Joint Special Operations Command

Kenya Kenya

  • Special Operations Regiment (Kenya)(SOR)[93]
    • 30th Special Forces Battalion (30SF)
    • 40th Ranger Strike Force (40RSF)

North Korea Korea, Democratic People's Republic of (North Korea)

Korean People's Army Special Operation Force
  • Airborne
  • Reconnaissance Brigades
  • Light Infantry
  • Maritime SOF
Korean People's Army

South Korea Korea, Republic of (South Korea)

Republic of Korea Army
  • Republic of Korea Army Special Warfare Command[94]
    • 1st Special Forces Brigade (Eagle)
    • 3rd Special Forces Brigade (Flying Tiger)
    • Oversea Deployment Group (Whole World) (Formerly 5th Special Mission Group 'Black Dragon')
    • 7th Special Forces Brigade (Pegasus)
    • 9th Special Forces Brigade (Ghost)
    • 11th Special Forces Brigade (Golden Bat)
    • 13th Special Mission Brigade 'Black Panther' - reorganized as the "decapitation unit" as of 2017
    • 707th Special Mission Battalion (White Tiger)
Republic of Korea Navy[95]
Republic of Korea Air Force[96]
  • Combat Control Team (CCT)
  • 6th Search and Rescue Group
    • 233rd Rescue Battalion
    • 235th Rescue Battalion

Kuwait Kuwait

Latvia Latvia

Latvian National Armed Forces

Lebanon Lebanon

Lebanese Special Operations Command[97]

Lithuania Lithuania

Republic of Macedonia Macedonia, Republic of

Army of the Republic of Macedonia
  • Special Force Battalion ("Wolves")[98]

Malaysia Malaysia

Malaysian Army
Royal Malaysian Air Force
Royal Malaysian Navy

Maldives Maldives

Maldives National Defence Force

Mexico Mexico

Namibia Namibia

Netherlands Netherlands

Netherlands Army
Netherlands Navy

New Zealand New Zealand

Special Operations Command

Nigeria Nigeria

Nigerian Navy
  • Special Boat Service[113]

Norway Norway

Norwegian Special Operation Forces (NORSOF) (Norwegian: Forsvarets Spesialstyrker)[114]

Oman Oman

Pakistan Pakistan

Pakistan Air Force
Pakistan Army
Pakistan Navy

Paraguay Paraguay

Paraguayan Armed Force
  • Special Forces Battalion - (Batallón Conjunto de Fuerzas Especiales)
    • Special Troops of Army - (Tropas Especiales del Ejército)
    • Amphibious Commandos of Navy - (Comandos Anfibios de la Armada)
    • Commando Company of Air Force - (Comandos de la Fuerza Aérea)

Philippines Philippines

Special Operations Command (Philippines)

Poland Poland

Special forces of Poland[123][124][125][126][127]

Portugal Portugal

Portuguese Army
Portuguese Navy

Romania Romania

Ministry of Defense

Russia Russia

Special Operations Forces Command (Russian: командование сил специальных операций, (KCCO), tr. Komandovanie sil spetsial’nalnykh operatsii, (KSSO))[133]
  • Special Operations Forces (Russian: Силы специальных операций, (ССО), tr. Sily spetsial’nykh operatsii, (SSO))[133]
    • Special Purpose Center "Senezh"
    • Special Purpose Center "Kubinka-2"
Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU)

Serbia Serbia

Singapore Singapore

Special Operations Task Force

Slovakia Slovakia

Slovak Armed Forces

South Africa South Africa

South African National Defence Force

Spain Spain

Defence Staff (Joint Operations Command)
  • Joint Special Operations Command (Spain)[139] Mando Conjunto de Operaciones Especiales (MCOE)
Spanish Army
Spanish Navy
Spanish Air Force
  • Airborne Combat Parachute Engineers Squadron (Escuadrón de Zapadores Paracaidistas (EZAPAC))[142]

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka

Sri Lanka Army

Sri Lanka Navy

Sri Lanka Air Force

Sweden Sweden

Swedish Armed Forces
Swedish Army
Swedish Royal Navy

Switzerland Switzerland

Swiss Army

Kommando Spezialkräfte KSK (Special Forces Command)

Professional units

Militia units

  • Grenadier Battalion 20
  • Grenadier Battalion 30
  • Grenadier Battalion 40 (Reserve)
  • Fallschirmaufklärer Kompanie 17 (Parachute Reconnaissance Company 17)

Syria Syria

Special Forces Command [148]

Thailand Thailand

Royal Thai Army
  • Special Warfare Command - (Thai: หน่วยบัญชาการสงครามพิเศษ)[151]
    • Task Force 90 - (Thai: ฉก.90 กองปฏิบัติการพิเศษ).[152] Part of 3rd Special Forces Regiment - (Thai: กรมรบพิเศษที่3) (รพ.ศ. 3พัน4)[153]
Royal Thai Navy
Royal Thai Air Force
  • Special Operations Regiment - (Thai: กรมปฏิบัติการพิเศษ กองทัพอากาศ)[155]

Turkey Turkey

Combined Arms
Turkish Naval Forces[157][158]
Turkish Air Force[159]

Ukraine Ukraine

Ministry of Defense Units

The Special Operations Forces are one of the five branches of the Armed Forces of Ukraine, with headquarters in Kyiv.

Security Service of Ukraine

United Kingdom United Kingdom

British Army
Royal Air Force/British Army
Royal Navy

United States United States

Joint Special Operations Command (JSOC)
Army Special Operations Command (USASOC)[182]
Naval Special Warfare Command (NSWC)[182]
Air Force Special Operations Command (AFSOC)[182]
Marine Corps Forces Special Operations Command (MARSOC)[182]

Venezuela Venezuela

Venezuelan Air Force
  • Special Operations Air Group 10[185]
  • Special Operations Air Group 15[185]
  • Special Operations Air Group 17[185]

Vietnam Vietnam

Under the General Staff of the Vietnam People's Army (Bộ Tổng Tham mưu Quân đội Nhân dân Việt Nam)

  • Commando (Binh chủng Đặc công),[186] including:
    • Land commando (Đặc công bộ)[187]
    • Naval commando (Đặc công nước or Đặc nhiệm Hải quân)[188]
    • Airborne commando (Đặc công dù)[189]
  • Special reconnaissance (Trinh sát Đặc nhiệm): the reconnaissance force is not a separate branch, every armed branch has a reconnaissance team.[190]

Zimbabwe Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe National Army

See also

Non-combat special units

While the Submarine Parachute Assistance Group is a relatively overt unit, references to the JSOC units below are rare. Possibly the only authoritative source is Ambinder, Marc, and D. B. Grady The Command: Deep Inside the President's Secret Army, John Wiley & Sons, 2012.

Lists of similar military units

References

Miscellaneous Notes

  1. ^ The Japanese Special Forces Group is the current name of the former Japanese Special Operations Group, following a name change.
  1. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (13 December 2013). "Allied Joint Doctrine for Special Operations". NATO Standard Allied Joint Publication. Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency. AJP-3.5 (Edition A, Version 1): 1-1.
  2. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (17 November 2015). "NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (English and French)" (PDF). AAP-06 (Edition 2015). Brussels: NATO Standardization Agency: 2-S-8. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  3. ↑ North Atlantic Treaty Organization (8 June 2001). "NATO-Russia Glossary of Contemporary Political and Military Terms". NATO. Retrieved 19 September 2016.
  4. 1 2 "NATO-Russia Glossary of Contemporary Political and Military Terms" (PDF). NATO. 8 June 2001. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  5. ↑ Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) (16 July 2014). "Special Operations" (PDF). Joint Publication. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. 3–05: GL-11. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 December 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.
  6. ↑ Horn, Colonel Bernd (2014). No Ordinary Men: Special Operations Forces Missions in Afghanistan (foreword by General T.J. Lawson). Toronto, Ontario: Dundurn. ISBN 9781459724105.
  7. ↑ Spencer, Emily (2010). Solving the people puzzle : cultural intelligence and special operations forces. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 46. ISBN 9781554887507.
  8. ↑ Afghan National Army update, May 2011. The Long War Journal (2011-05-09). Retrieved on 2011-12-27.
  9. ↑ NPR: New Afghan Commandos Take to the Frontlines
  10. ↑ Afghan special forces expand to handle night raids, delicate missions, but training takes time. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2012-01-01.
  11. ↑ https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/afghanistan/ktah-khas.htm
  12. ↑ http://www.afghanwarnews.info/army/kka.htm
  13. ↑ "Batalioni i Operacioneve Speciale, elita e FA, feston 10-vjetorin e krijimit të tij". Albanian Armed Forces (Press release) (in Albanian). 21 October 2008. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
  14. ↑ "Army Special Forces Celebrate Years". portalangop.co.ao. 3 May 2008. Retrieved 11 October 2018.
  15. ↑ "Compañía de Fuerzas Especiales 601 (Ejército Argentino)". Retrieved 4 August 2015.
  16. ↑ "Armada Argentina Unidades". Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  17. ↑ IISS Military Balance 2013, p.215.
  18. ↑ http://desantura.ru/am/
  19. ↑ "Международные связи - NCCA". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  20. 1 2 3 Thomson, Mark; Davies, Andrew (2008). "ADF capability review: Australian Army". Australian Strategic Policy Institute. p. 3. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  21. ↑ "Commando". Defence Jobs. Australian Army. Retrieved 19 August 2008.
  22. ↑ "Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) Combat Controllers". 2 Commando Regiment. Australian Defence Force. Retrieved 13 June 2016.
  23. ↑ Österreichs Bundesheer – Jagdkommando. Bmlv.gv.at. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  24. ↑ Das Jagdkommando (JaKdo). Doppeladler.com. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  25. ↑ Composante Terre Unités Special Forces Group. Mil.be. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  26. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 16 June 2007. Retrieved 2008-08-17.
  27. ↑ IISS Military Balance 2013, p.495
  28. 1 2 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-09-21.
  29. ↑ https://www.boppsico.eb.mil.br/
  30. ↑ http://www.ciaprecpqdt.eb.mil.br/%5Bpermanent+dead+link%5D
  31. ↑ "Por dentro da Tropa de Elite Pelotão Punhal" [Inside the Dagger Platoon Elite Squad]. E-Militar (in Portuguese). 2016-03-21. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
  32. ↑ "Marinha do Brasil". Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  33. ↑ "Defesa Aérea & Naval " Notícias Aéreas e Navais " GRUMEC – as Forças Especiais da Marinha do Brasil". Defesa Aérea & Naval. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  34. ↑ Brunei Special Forces Regiment Joint Exercise with 1st Commando Regiment Australia
  35. ↑ http://www.chernomore.bg/varna/2015-10-02/45-g-ot-morskiya-spetsialen-razuznavatelen-otryad-snimki
  36. ↑ http://www.navy.mod.bg/?s=Тихина
  37. ↑ "อวดขีปนาวุธ..สอย F16 ได้จริง ฮุนเซน ไม่ได้โม้!! - IndoChina - Manager Online". Manager.co.th. Retrieved 2015-02-20.
  38. ↑ Khy Sovuthy (29 January 2014). "Another Military Official Accuses Opposition Party of Causing Chaos". Cambodian Daily.
  39. ↑ "Canadian Special Operations Forces Command". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 30 September 2011. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012.
  40. ↑ "Joint Task Force Two (JTF 2)". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. 14 September 2014. Archived from the original on 1 July 2013.
  41. ↑ "Joint Task Force 2 (JTF 2)". National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. 1 October 2014. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  42. ↑ "Canadian Special Operations Regiment". National Defence and the Canadian Forces. Archived from the original on 2 July 2013.
  43. ↑ "Canadian Special Operations Regiment (CSOR)". National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. 11 December 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  44. ↑ "CANSOFCOM: Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit".
  45. ↑ "427 Special Operations Aviation Squadron". Royal Canadian Air Force. 9 December 2008. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012.
  46. ↑ "427 Aviation Special Operations Squadron (in French)". The Department of National Defence and the Canadian Armed Forces. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
  47. ↑ IISS Military Balance 2013, 291
  48. ↑ PLA Special Operations Forces. SinoDefence.com (30 August 2008). Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  49. ↑ Eric Elliott (20 September 2010). "750 Congolese Soldiers Graduate from U.S.-led Military Training, Form Light Infantry Battalion". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  50. ↑ "102. pzpr aktuálně - 102. průzkumný prapor Prostějov". Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  51. 1 2 "Facts and Figures - The Danish Armed Forces" (PDF). Danish Defence. February 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
  52. ↑ Hjemmeværnet – SSR – Særlig Støtte og Rekognoscering. Hjv.dk. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  53. ↑ Hjemmeværnet – SSR – Særlig Støtte og Rekognoscering. Hjv.dk. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  54. ↑ Ethiopia: Commando Division Officer Dupes 1.2 Mil. Br., http://allafrica.com/stories/200508180226.html
  55. 1 2 Suomen erikoisjoukot pidetään piilossa julkisuudelta – tällaisia taistelijat ovat Helsingin Sanomat 2015-03-07. Retrieved 2015-06-09. ((in Finnish))
  56. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Ministère de la Défense, Les unités des forces spéciales" (in French). 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014. .
  57. ↑ "საქართველოს შეიარაღებული ძალების გენერალური შტაბის სპეციალური ოპერაციების ძალების დებულების დამტკიცების შესახებ". LEPL Legislative Herald of Georgia. Retrieved 11 May 2015.
  58. ↑ https://mod.gov.ge/ge/page/24/specialuri-operaciebis-dzalebi
  59. ↑ Einheiten – KSK – Kommando Spezialkräfte (KSK) Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Sondereinheiten.de. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  60. ↑ http://www.deutschesheer.de/portal/a/heer/start/dienstst/ausbkdo/ausbeinrichtungen/auszso/gliedrg/!ut/p/z1/hU67DoIwFP0WB9bemyK-tuqmmJBgInQxFWrB1JaUCn6-NU4mGs92njnAoQBuxNAq4VtrhA685LPTepEeUrqkNNlkiGy3zymdbxCnUzj-C_Bg4w8whLyWUIaN-e-NGHLgwK9iEA_SWee19ERUr4dQNsLUWma2Ym9hC1xpe35fZ-YcLxRwJy_SSUfuLsiN912_ijDCcRyJslZpSWoZ4bdGY3sPxUcQulsxYpzoIWWTJ6nYGBA!/dz/d5/L2dBISEvZ0FBIS9nQSEh/#par4
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  63. ↑ Greek Raiders, Special Weapons Magazine, October 2013
  64. ↑ Special Operation Forces Of Hungary: Is A Transformation Necessary? p. 47 Retrieved on 2015-03-16.
  65. ↑ Special Operation Forces Of Hungary: Is A Transformation Necessary? p. 57 Retrieved on 2015-03-16.
  66. ↑ Special Operation Forces Of Hungary: Is A Transformation Necessary? p. 66 Retrieved on 2015-03-16.
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  80. ↑ D.J. Elliot, Iraqi Counter Terrorism Bureau Archived 26 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine., Montrose Toast, 30 June 2009
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  82. ↑ ARW | Organisation | Army | Defence Forces Archived 17 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine.. Military.ie. Retrieved on 8 September 2011.
  83. ↑ https://www.idf.il/אתרים/חטיבת-הקומנדו/טקס-סגירת-רימון/
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  86. 1 2 3 http://www.difesa.it/smd/casmd /investiresicurezza/moltiplicatori_strategici.htm
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  90. ↑ Vespa, Stefano (13 March 2018). "Il buio di quel 16 marzo 1978 e la nascita dell'antiterrorismo italiano". Formiche (in Italian). Retrieved 12 October 2018.
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  92. ↑ "Special MSDF unit eyed to fight piracy". Satellite.TMCnet.com. Archived from the original on 25 January 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2015.
  93. ↑ http://www.jambonewspot.com/licensed-to-kill-the-world-of-kenyas-elite-forces/
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