List of busiest passenger air routes

The following are lists of the world's busiest passenger air routes, based on number of passengers, seat capacity, or aircraft movements.

By number of passengers

World

The world's twelve busiest air routes by origin-and-destination passenger volume:[1] [2] [3][4]

Rank City 1 City 2 Distance[5] 2015 Passengers
(in millions)[6]
2014 Passengers
(in millions)[7]
2012 Passengers
(in millions)
2011 Passengers
(in millions)
Note
1South Korea Seoul-Gimpo Jeju 450 km 11.1 10.5 10.156 9.9 Domestic
2Japan Tokyo* Sapporo 819 km 7.8 7.0 8.211 7.0+ Domestic
3 Tokyo* Fukuoka 883 km 7.6 8.3 6.640 6.6+ Domestic
4India Delhi Mumbai 1150 km 7.3 6.8 6.1 5.6 Domestic
6China Beijing* Shanghai 1075 km 6.1 5.8 7.246 6.6+ Domestic
7Brazil São Paulo Rio de Janeiro 366 km 7.716 7.6+ Domestic
8 Tokyo* Osaka 405 km 6.744 7.5 Domestic
9Hong Kong Hong KongTaiwan Taipei 780 km 5.1 5.1 5.513 6.2+ Regional
10 Dublin London* 440 km 4.7 International
11 Tokyo* Naha 1554 km 4.584 4.1 Domestic
12 Sydney Brisbane 800 km 4.45 Domestic
13South Africa Johannesburg Cape Town 1271 km 4.407 4.5 Domestic

* (All Airports)

The world's five busiest international air routes by origin-and-destination passenger volume (airport pairs):

Rank City/Airport 1 City/Airport 2 2015 Passengers

(in millions)[8]

1 Hong Kong Taipei 5.1
2 Indonesia Jakarta Singapore Singapore 3.4
3 Thailand Bangkok Hong Kong 3
4 Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Singapore 2.7
5 Hong Kong Singapore 2.7

Europe

Busiest air routes inside the EU, Switzerland, Iceland and Norway *

Data retrieved from Eurostat[4]
RankAirport 1Airport 2201120122013201420152016
1France Toulouse/Blagnac Paris/Orly2,322,4562,330,2242,379,1002,330,9492,318,0152,358,917
2Spain Madrid/Barajas Barcelona/El Prat3,102,4362,550,4622,213,2002,204,7652,253,3872,328,726
3 Nice/Côte d'Azur Paris/Orly2,236,4362,175,7732,160,3002,072,1382,113,5062,124,792
4Italy Catania/Fontanarossa Rome/Fiumicino1,842,9401,694,4001,566,8001,869,8811,979,6481,998,352
5Norway Oslo/Gardermoen Trondheim1,749,5451,818,8771,873,9441,912,1411,942,9591,988,105
6Germany Berlin/Tegel Munich1,667,4081,731,1451,831,7001,868,8771,974,9291,939,820
7 Frankfurt Berlin/Tegel1,792,6551,813,0631,845,6001,792,0061,907,2181,935,465
8 Oslo/Gardermoen Bergen1,691,8871,729,0761,722,3981,819,2791,810,8261,881,960
9 Munich Hamburg1,717,7341,719,3511,713,2001,756,9901,811,4251,805,211
10Greece Athens Thessaloniki997,2001,543,9931,633,0451,803,733
11 Barcelona/El Prat Palma de Mallorca/Son Sant Joan1,639,4231,460,6841,388,9001,410,1721,576,0631,772,613
12United Kingdom London/HeathrowRepublic of Ireland Dublin1,556,1111,577,6491,663,9001,650,3941,682,8551,751,689
13 Madrid/Barajas Palma de Mallorca/Son Sant Joan1,604,8531,442,4101,224,7001,283,4041,411,3141,687,547
14Netherlands Amsterdam/Schiphol London/Heathrow1,406,9641,429,8001,443,4001,486,7831,587,6051,617,170
15 Munich Düsseldorf1,569,3641,553,3611,558,2001,527,4161,557,4421,565,997
16 Oslo/Gardermoen Stavanger1,434,0431,517,1951,536,0321,564,6311,515,8701,564,127
17Sweden StockholmDenmark Copenhagen1,166,0001,269,2001,325,7001,444,4291,461,1661,553,276
18 Rome/Fiumicino Palermo/Falcone Borsellino1,499,9331,360,4001,264,1001,475,9571,481,1741,543,462
19 Madrid/Barajas Gran Canaria1,438,3771,301,5391,152,6691,181,4421,305,6701,508,972
20 Copenhagen Oslo/Gardermoen1,206,4801,291,0181,322,9481,402,7531,427,6181,506,326
21 London/Heathrow Frankfurt1,459,9091,482,6491,488,6001,506,8261,530,9861,486,291
22 Stockholm Oslo/Gardermoen1,153,2321,187,1641,204,3511,354,7301,338,1631,387,885
23 Frankfurt Hamburg1,587,5931,385,8671,362,4001,343,8571,361,0271,372,185
24 London/Gatwick Barcelona/El Prat517,820741,7351,131,3501,273,8501,354,1931,362,488
25 London/Heathrow Madrid/Barajas1,093,4001,197,7001,264,8001,274,7141,320,8341,317,511
26 Barcelona/El Prat Rome/Fiumicino1,184,5061,315,868
27 London/Gatwick Dublin1,086,7011,309,524
28 Barcelona/El Prat Amsterdam1,204,8141,307,902
29 Madrid/Barajas Tenerife North1,337,0501,167,7311,102,7011,094,8151,149,4501,305,110
30 Madrid/BarajasPortugal Lisbon1,169,7141,108,931975,3891,026,7861,174,1161,299,412

* Figures are only available for EU countries, Switzerland, Iceland and Norway. Among other European countries, based on airport statistics, no other country than Russia, Ukraine and Turkey can have domestic routes with more than 1 million passengers.

Based on aircraft movements statistics, Istanbul/Atatürk - Izmir/Adnan Menderes is in 2012 possibly busier than Barcelona/El Prat - Madrid/Barajas route and Istanbul/Atatürk - Antalya route is busier than Toulouse/Blagnac - Paris/Orly route.[9]

The St-Petersburg Pulkovo Airport - Moscow (three airports) route was used by 2,965,331 passengers in 2013.[10]

**Madrid-Barcelona had 4,627,000 passengers in 2007, meaning a reduction by 34% in 2010, partly because of a new high-speed railway. The decline has continued from 560 weekly flights in 2010 to 380 in 2012.[9]

Busiest air routes between an airport in Europe (EU, Switzerland, Iceland and Norway) and outside Europe

Eurostat[4]
RankAirport 1Airport 2Passengers (2010)2012201420152016
1 London/HeathrowUnited Arab Emirates Dubai/Intl1,974,0982,067,2272,838,7172,862,8523,038,958
2 London/HeathrowUnited States New York/John F Kennedy2,551,2762,881,3903,002,0243,078,6932,960,268
3 London/Heathrow Los Angeles/Intl1,419,1441,428,0401,481,0231,645,0021,565,992
4 London/HeathrowHong Kong Hong Kong/Chek Lap Kok1,801,5201,638,8341,608,9801,584,4861,574,741
5France Paris/Charles De Gaulle New York/John F Kennedy1,190,9141,422,2591,367,8821,501,4161,424,611
6 Paris/OrlyGuadeloupe Guadeloupe/Pointe-à-Pitre1,098,3221,077,2541,135,9451,166,8501,214,916
7 Paris/Charles De GaulleCanada Montreal/Pierre Elliott Trudeau1,158,3811,092,0841,107,7381,147,5981,148,800
8 Paris/Charles De Gaulle Dubai/Intl716,865843,2051,063,5591,076,8751,101,546
9 London/Heathrow Chicago/O'Hare1,138,5791,188,3261,161,2501,060,3321,073,522
10 London/Heathrow New York/Newark Liberty1,091,8041,167,8281,168,3571,000,189952,310
London/HeathrowSingapore Singapore/Changi1,507,032

Busiest air routes in or from Europe by city pairs

Eurostat[4]
RankCity 1City 2Passengers (2016)
1United Kingdom LondonRepublic of Ireland Dublin4,771,614
2 LondonNetherlands Amsterdam4,344,935
3 LondonUnited States New York4,243,687
4 LondonUnited Arab Emirates Dubai3,960,389
5Russia Moscow Saint Petersburg3,836,588 [11]
6 London Edinburgh3,393,013
7France Paris Toulouse3,260,074
8 LondonSpain Barcelona3,125,080
9Germany Berlin Cologne+Düsseldorf3,017,845
10 Paris Nice2,975,405
  • London includes City, Gatwick, Heathrow, Luton, Stansted and Southend airports
  • New York includes Kennedy and Newark airports
  • Paris includes Charles De Gaulle and Orly airports
  • Barcelona includes El Prat and Girona airports
  • Berlin includes Schönefeld and Tegel airports
  • Moscow includes Domodedovo, Sheremetyevo and Vnukovo airports

United States (September 2014 - August 2015)

Busiest air routes by city pairs within the United States [12]
RankCity 1City 2Passengers
(Sep 2014-Aug 2015)
1Illinois Chicago, IL (Metro Area)New York (state) New York, NY (Metro Area)4,020,000
2California Los Angeles, CA (Metro Area)California San Francisco, CA (Metro Area)3,660,000
3California Los Angeles, CA (Metro Area)New York (state) New York, NY (Metro Area)3,420,000
4Illinois Chicago, IL (Metro Area)California Los Angeles, CA (Metro Area)3,010,000
5Florida Miami, FL (Metro Area)New York (state) New York, NY (Metro Area)2,750,000
6Georgia (U.S. state) Atlanta, GA (Metro Area)Illinois Chicago, IL (Metro Area)2,720,000
7Illinois Chicago, IL (Metro Area)Minnesota Minneapolis, MN (Metro Area)2,720,000
8Georgia (U.S. state) Atlanta, GA (Metro Area)New York (state) New York, NY (Metro Area)2,600,000
9Georgia (U.S. state) Atlanta, GA (Metro Area)Florida Orlando, FL (Metro Area)2,620,000
10Illinois Chicago, IL (Metro Area)Washington, D.C. Washington, DC (Metro Area)2,620,000

Australia (2016-17)

Busiest domestic air routes in Australia[13] (all passengers including connecting)
RankAirport 1Airport 2Passengers (2016–17)
1Victoria (Australia) MelbourneNew South Wales Sydney8,974,400
2Queensland BrisbaneNew South Wales Sydney4,695,700
3Queensland BrisbaneVictoria (Australia) Melbourne3,500,500
4Queensland Gold CoastNew South Wales Sydney2,712,700
5South Australia AdelaideVictoria (Australia) Melbourne2,413,200
6Victoria (Australia) MelbourneWestern Australia Perth2,048,100
7Queensland Gold CoastVictoria (Australia) Melbourne1,992,200
8South Australia AdelaideNew South Wales Sydney1,886,500
9Western Australia PerthNew South Wales Sydney1,737,800
10Victoria (Australia) MelbourneTasmania Hobart1,598,700

India (2016-17)

Busiest domestic air routes in India:[14]

RankAirport 1Airport 2Passengers (2017)
1DelhiMumbai7,198,506
2DelhiBangalore4,395,726
3MumbaiBangalore3,915,738
4DelhiKolkata3,218,976
5DelhiPune2,746,584
6MumbaiGoa2,615,778
7DelhiHyderabad2,574,612
8DelhiChennai2,496,752
9MumbaiChennai2,415,672
10MumbaiHyderabad2,330,557

Busiest international air routes from India(2017):[14]

RankAirport in IndiaForeign airportPassengers (2016–17)
1MumbaiUnited Arab Emirates Dubai2,432,260
2Delhi Dubai2,072,847
3ChennaiSingapore Singapore1,194,124
4DelhiUnited Kingdom London1,010,439
5Hyderabad Dubai993,961
6Chennai Dubai976,026
7DelhiThailand Bangkok960,205
8Mumbai London957,814
9ChennaiThailand Bangkok848,217
10Mumbai Bangkok824,751

México (2017)

Busiest domestic air routes in Mexico
[15]
RankAirport 1Airport 2Passengers (2017)
1Mexico City Mexico CityQuintana Roo Cancun4,727,000
2Nuevo León MonterreyMexico City Mexico City3,202,000
3Mexico City Mexico CityJalisco Guadalajara2,995,000
4Baja California TijuanaMexico City Mexico City1,950,000
5Baja California TijuanaJalisco Guadalajara1,710,000
6Mexico City Mexico CityYucatán Mérida1,500,000
7Nuevo León MonterreyQuintana Roo Cancún1,103,000
8Chiapas Tuxtla GutierrezMexico City Mexico City929,000
9Jalisco Puerto VallartaMexico City Mexico City874,000
10Tabasco VillahermosaMexico City Mexico City791,000
Busiest international air routes from Mexico
RankAirport 1Airport 2Passengers (2017)
1Mexico CityUnited States Los Angeles1,243,000
2Mexico City HoustonIntercontinental1,013,000
3Mexico City New YorkJFK878,000
4Cancun HoustonIntercontinental855,000
5Guadalajara Los Angeles812,000
6Cancún ChicagoO'Hare797,000
7CancúnCanada TorontoPearson744,000
8Cancún New YorkJFK743,000
9Cancún Atlanta742,000
10Cancún Los Angeles742,000

By seat capacity

The following lists the world's top 10 busiest routes based on total number of seats per year flown in each direction.[16][17]

RankAirport 1Airport 2December 2016 Seats
(in millions)
August 2015 Seats
(in millions)
Airlines Serving
1South Korea SeoulGimpo Jeju6.5616.8Air Busan, Asiana Airlines, T'way Airlines, Eastar Jet, Jeju Air, Jin Air, Korean Air
2Japan TokyoHaneda SapporoNew Chitose6.2096.2Japan Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Air Do, Skymark Airlines
3 TokyoHaneda Fukuoka5.9615.8All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Skymark Airlines
4Australia Sydney Melbourne5.0675.0Jetstar Airways, Qantas, Tigerair Australia, Virgin Australia
5Hong Kong Hong KongTaiwan TaipeiTaoyuan4.1464.2Cathay Pacific, Cathay Dragon, China Airlines, EVA Air, Hong Kong Airlines
6India Delhi Mumbai4.1433.9Air India, Air India Regional, GoAir, IndiGo, Jet Airways, SpiceJet, Vistara
7Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Hanoi4.141Vietnam Airlines, Jetstar Pacific, Vietjet Air
8China BeijingCapital ShanghaiHongqiao3.9623.8Air China, China Eastern, China Southern, Hainan Airlines, Shanghai Airlines, Juneyao Airlines, Xiamen Airlines
9Indonesia Surabaya Jakarta Soekarno–Hatta3.850Airfast Indonesia, Batik Air, Citilink, Garuda Indonesia, Indonesia AirAsia, Indonesia AirAsia X, Lion Air, Sriwijaya Air
10 TokyoHaneda Okinawa3.7853.8All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines

The following lists the world's top 10 busiest routes based on total number of seat kilometers per year flown as of 2015.[16]

RankAirport 1Airport 2Seat kilometers
(in billions)
1United Kingdom LondonHeathrowUnited States New YorkJFK10.92
2 LondonHeathrowUnited Arab Emirates DubaiInternational9.37
3 LondonHeathrowHong Kong Hong Kong8.75
4 LondonHeathrow Los Angeles8.53
5 LondonHeathrowSingapore Singapore8.21
6 Los Angeles New YorkJFK8.12
7 Los AngelesAustralia Sydney7.68
8 Sydney DubaiInternational6.65
9Taiwan TaipeiTaoyuan Los Angeles6.44
10 Los Angeles SeoulIncheon6.43

By aircraft movements

The following is a list of the world's busiest air routes based on the number of scheduled flights in both directions. Note that these statistics do not consider the number of passengers carried.

Domestic

Rank City 1 City 2 Flights in 2017[18] Top Carriers
1South Korea JejuSouth Korea SeoulGimpo64,991Asiana Airlines, Jeju Air, Korean Air
2Australia MelbourneAustralia Sydney54,519Jetstar Airways, Qantas, Virgin Australia, Tigerair Australia
3India DelhiIndia Mumbai49,752Air India, GoAir, IndiGo, Jet Airways, SpiceJet, Vistara
4Japan FukuokaJapan TokyoHaneda42,853All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Skymark Airlines
5Brazil Rio de JaneiroBrazil São Paulo39,325Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM Airlines Brasil, Avianca Brasil
6Japan SapporoJapan TokyoHaneda38,389All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines, Skymark Airlines
7United States Los AngelesUnited States San Francisco34,897American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Southwest Airlines, United Airlines, Alaska Airlines
8Australia BrisbaneAustralia Sydney33,765Jetstar Airways, Qantas, Virgin Australia, Tigerair Australia
9South Africa Cape TownSouth Africa Johannesburg31,914Comair, Mango, South African Airways, Safair
10China BeijingChina Shanghai-Hongqiao30,029Air China, China Eastern Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Hainan Airlines, Xiamen Airlines
11India DelhiIndia Bangalore29,427Air Asia India, Air India, GoAir, IndiGo, Jet Airways, SpiceJet, Air Vistara
12United States ChicagoUnited States New YorkLaGuardia29,163American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, Spirit Airlines, United Airlines
13Colombia BogotáColombia Medellin27,092Avianca, LATAM Airlines
14Australia BrisbaneAustralia Melbourne25,709Jetstar Airways, Qantas, Tigerair Australia, Virgin Australia
15India MumbaiIndia Bangalore25,614Air India, GoAir, IndiGo, Jet Airways, SpiceJet
16United States Los AngelesUnited States New YorkJFK25,258American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, JetBlue Airways, Alaska Airlines
17Japan OsakaJapan TokyoHaneda21,900All Nippon Airways, Japan Airlines
18Colombia BogotáColombia Cali21,792Avianica, LATAM Airlines
19China BeijingChina Shenzhen21,675Air China, China Southern Airlines, Hainan Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines
20China Shanghai-HongqiaoChina Shenzhen21,644Spring Airlines, China Southern Airlines, Xianmen Airlines, China Eastern Airlines, Shenzhen Airlines

International

Rank City 1 City 2 Flights in 2018[19] Flights in 2017[18] Top Carriers
1Malaysia Kuala LumpurSingapore Singapore 30,53729,383AirAsia, Malaysia Airlines, SilkAir, Jetstar Asia, Singapore Airlines, Malindo Airways, Scoot
2Hong Kong Hong KongTaiwan Taipei 28,88729,494Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, EVA Airlines, Hong Kong Airlines, Cathay Dragon
3Indonesia JakartaSingapore Singapore 27,30426,872Singapore Airlines, Garuda, Lion Air, Jetstar Asia, Indonesia AirAsia, Scoot, Batik Air
4 Hong Kong Hong Kong China Shanghai-Pudong 21,888 20,818 Cathay Dragon, China Eastern Airlines, Hong Kong Airlines, Cathay Pacific
5 Indonesia Jakarta Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 19.849 20,890 Malaysia Airlines, AirAsia, Lion Air, Indonesia AirAsia, Malindo Aiways, Garuda
6 South Korea Seoul-Incheon Japan Osaka 17,488 Asiana Airlines, Korean Air, Jin Air, Jeju Airlines, Peach Aviation, Easter Jet, T'way Air
7 Hong Kong Hong Kong South Korea Seoul-Incheon 17,075 16,366 Cathay Pacific, Korean Air, HK Express, Asiana Airlines, Jeju Airlines, Thai Airways
8 United States New York-LaGuardia Canada Toronto 16,956 17,116 Air Canada, Westjet, American Airlines
9 United Arab Emirates DubaiInternational Kuwait Kuwait 15,332 13,297 Emirates, Flydubai, Kuwait Airways, Jazeera Airways
10 Hong Kong Hong Kong Singapore Singapore 15,029 14,162 Cathay Pacific Airways, Singapore Airlines, Scoot, Jetstar Asia
11 Thailand Bangkok Singapore Singapore 14,859 14,455 Singapore Airlines, Thai Airways, Scoot, Jetstar Asia, Cathay Pacific
12 Thailand Bangkok Hong Kong Hong Kong 14,832 14,406 Cathay Pacific, Thai Airways, Hong Kong Airlines, Emirates
13 Hong Kong Hong Kong China Beijing 14,543 14,592 Cathay Dragon, Air China, Hong Kong Airlines, Cathay Pacific, China Southern Airlines
14 Republic of Ireland Dublin United Kingdom LondonHeathrow 14,390 14,556 Aer Lingus, British Airways
15 Japan Osaka Taiwan Taipei 14,186 China Airlines, EVA Airways, Peach Aviation, Tigerair Taiwan, Japan Airlines, Cathay Pacific
16 United States New YorkJFK United Kingdom LondonHeathrow 13,888 14,218 British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, American Airlines, Delta Air
17 Japan Osaka China Shanghai-Pudong 13,576 China Eastern Airlines, Air China, Juneyao Airlines, All Nippon Airways, Spring Airlines
18 South Korea Seoul-Incheon Japan Tokyo-Narita 13,517 Asiana Airlines, Korean Air, Jeju Airlines, Eastar Jet, Jin Air, T'way Air, Japan Airlines
19 Netherlands Amsterdam United Kingdom LondonHeathrow 13,170 13,220 KLM, British Airways
20 United States Chicago Canada Toronto 13,100 13,595 Air Canada, United Airlines, American Airlines
21 Hong Kong Hong Kong Philippines Manila 13,270 Cebu Pacific Air, Cathay Pacific, Philippine Airlines, Philippine AirAsia
22 Germany Frankfurt United Kingdom LondonHeathrow 13,208 British Airways, Lufthansa
23 Egypt Cairo Saudi Arabia Jeddah 12,896 Saudi Arabian Airlines, Egyptair, Flynas
24 Sweden Stockholm Norway Oslo 12,804 Norwegian Air Shuttle, SAS

See also

1 Includes very detailed statistics regarding busiest passenger air routes to/from and within this region

References

  1. "300 world 'super routes' attract 20% of all air travel, Amadeus reveals in new analysis of global trends". Amadeus. 16 April 2013.
  2. "Top flights". Daily chart. The Economist. May 14, 2012. Retrieved 2012-05-14. Jeju, on the South Korean island of the same name, is not one of the country's 20 biggest cities. Yet the island's allure as a domestic tourist destination resulted in 9.9m passengers flying between Gimpo and Jeju (in either direction) in 2011. This makes it the busiest airline route in the world, according to Amadeus, a company that provides technology to the travel industry.
  3. url=http://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2015-09-16-01.aspx
  4. 1 2 3 4 Eurostat>Transport>Data>Database Search the "avia_par_fr", "avia_par_no" etc datasets (accessed Oct 2017)
  5. "Airport Distance Calculator".
  6. "60th Edition of IATA World Air Transport Statistics".
  7. "59th Edition of IATA World Air Transport Statistics".
  8. "60th Edition of IATA World Air Transport Statistics".
  9. 1 2 West-to-East traffic shift continues for summer 2012 | EUROCONTROL. Eurocontrol.int. Retrieved on 2013-07-16.
  10. "Airport Indicators". Pulkovo Airport.
  11. Airport Indicators (refers to 2016)
  12. "Bureau of Transportation Statistics". United State Department of Transportation.
  13. "Australian Domestic Airline Activity 2016-2017" (PDF). Aviation Statistics. Bureau of Transport and Regional Economics. 2017. p. 3. Retrieved 2017-10-07.
  14. 1 2 Statistics - Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India) 8 March 2018
  15. "Estadística mensual por origen - destino 2017" (.exe). Aviation Statistics. Secretaría de Comunicaciones y Transporte. 2017. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  16. 1 2 "Top 15 routes in relation to capacity, ASKs and frequency revealed". Retrieved 26 August 2015.
  17. Travaller: World's busiest air routes: The busiest route in the world will surprise you
  18. 1 2 OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited (2018-01-03). On-time performance for airlines and airports and Top 20 busiest routes (PDF) (Report). OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-01-09. Retrieved 2018-01-09.
  19. OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited (2018-05-03). Key facts behind the world’s 20 busiest routes (PDF) (Report). OAG Aviation Worldwide Limited. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2018-08-09.
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