List of Atlantic hurricane records

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Since the reliable record keeping of tropical cyclone data within the North Atlantic Ocean began in 1851,[1] there have been 1,560 systems of at least tropical storm intensity and 905 of at least hurricane intensity. Though a majority of these tropical depressions have fallen within climatological averages, prevailing atmospheric conditions occasionally lead to anomalous tropical systems which at times reach extremes in statistical record-keeping including in duration and intensity.[2] The scope of this list is limited to tropical cyclone records solely within the Atlantic Ocean and is subdivided by their reason for notability.

Tropical cyclogenesis

Earliest/latest formations for each category

Monochrome radar image of a hurricane. Rain, which the radar detects, is shown as white regions. Concentric circles denote distances from the radar site, located slightly offset from the center of the image.
Hurricane Alice was both the latest and earliest recorded hurricane to exist in any given calendar year.

Climatologically speaking, approximately 97 percent of tropical cyclones that form in the North Atlantic develop between the dates of June 1 and November 30 – dates which delimit the modern-day Atlantic hurricane season. Though the beginning of the annual hurricane season has historically remained the same, the official end of the hurricane season has shifted from its initial date of October 31. Regardless, on average once every few years a tropical cyclone develops outside the limits of the season;[3] as of June 2018 there have been 89 tropical cyclones in the off-season, with the most recent being Subtropical Storm Alberto in 2018.[1] The first tropical cyclone of the 1938 Atlantic hurricane season, which formed on January 3, became the earliest forming tropical storm and hurricane after reanalysis concluded on the storm in December 2012.[4] Hurricane Able in 1951 was initially thought to be the earliest forming major hurricane – a tropical cyclone with winds exceeding 115 mph (185 km/h)[nb 1] – however following post-storm analysis it was determined that Able only reached Category 1 strength which made Hurricane Alma of 1966 the new record holder; as it became a major hurricane on June 8.[1] Though it developed within the bounds of the Atlantic hurricane season,[3][1] Hurricane Audrey in 1957 was the earliest developing Category 4 hurricane on record after it reached the intensity on June 27.[6] However, reanalysis from 1956 to 1960 by NOAA downgraded Audrey to a Category 3, making Hurricane Dennis of 2005 the earliest Category 4 on record on July 8, 2005.[7] The earliest-forming Category 5 hurricane, Emily, reached the highest intensity on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale on July 17, 2005.[8]

Though the official end of the Atlantic hurricane season occurs on November 30, the dates of October 31 and November 15 have also historically marked the official end date for the hurricane season.[3] December, the only month of the year after the hurricane season, has featured the cyclogenesis of fourteen tropical cyclones.[1] Tropical Storm Zeta in 2005 was the latest tropical cyclone to attain tropical storm intensity as it did so on December 30. However, the second Hurricane Alice in 1954 was the latest forming tropical cyclone to attain hurricane intensity. Both Alice and Zeta were the only two storms to exist in two calendar years – the former from 1954 to 1955 and the latter from 2005 to 2006.[9] No storms have been recorded to exceed Category 1 hurricane intensity in December.[1] In 1999, Hurricane Lenny reached Category 4 intensity on November 17 as it took an unprecedented west to east track across the Caribbean; its intensity made it the latest developing Category 4 hurricane, though this was well within the bounds of the hurricane season.[10] Hurricane Hattie (October 27-November 1, 1961) was initially thought to have been the latest forming Category 5 hurricane ever documented,[11] though reanalysis indicated that a devastating hurricane in 1932 reached such an intensity at a later date.[1][4] Consequently, this made the hurricane the latest developing tropical cyclone to reach all four Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale classifications past Category 1 intensity.[1]

Earliest and latest forming Atlantic tropical cyclones by Saffir–Simpson classification
Earliest FormationLatest Formation
CategoryYearStormDate ReachedNotesYearStormDate ReachedNotes
Tropical storm 1938 Unnamed January 3 [1][nb 2] 2005–06 Tropical Storm Zeta December 30 [1]
Category 1 1938 Unnamed January 4 [1] 1954–55 Hurricane Alice December 30 [1]
Category 2 1908 Unnamed March 7 [1] 2016 Hurricane Otto November 24 [12][nb 3]
Category 3 1966 Hurricane Alma June 8 [1] 2016 Hurricane Otto November 24 [12]
Category 4 2005 Hurricane Dennis July 8 1999 Hurricane Lenny November 17 [1]
Category 5 2005 Hurricane Emily July 17 [8][13] 1932 1932 Cuba hurricane November 5 [1]

Earliest formation records by storm number

  Indicates a tie for the earliest/next earliest formation date
Earliest formation of north Atlantic tropical cyclones by storm number
Storm # Earliest Next earliest
Name Date of formation Name Date of formation
1 Unnamed January 3, 1938 Unnamed January 4, 1951
2 Unnamed May 17, 1887 Unnamed May 26, 1908
Beryl May 26, 2012
3 Colin June 5, 2016 Unnamed June 12, 1887
4 Danielle June 20, 2016 Debby June 23, 2012
5 Emily July 11, 2005 Danny July 16, 1997
6 Franklin July 21, 2005 Unnamed August 2, 1959
7 Gert July 24, 2005 Unnamed August 7, 1936
8 Harvey August 3, 2005 Unnamed August 15, 1936
9 Irene August 7, 2005 Unnamed August 20, 1936
10 Jose August 22, 2005 Jerry August 23, 1995
Joyce August 23, 2012
11 Katrina August 24, 2005 Unnamed August 28, 1936
Karen August 28, 1995
12 Luis August 29, 1995 Leslie August 30, 2012
13 Maria September 2, 2005 Michael September 4, 2012
Lee September 2, 2011
14 Nate September 5, 2005 Maria September 7, 2011
15 Ophelia September 7, 2005 (06z) Unnamed September 19, 1936
16 Philippe September 17, 2005 Ophelia September 21, 2011
17 Rita September 18, 2005 Philippe September 24, 2011
18 Stan October 2, 2005 Sebastien October 21, 1995
19 Unnamed October 4, 2005 Tony October 24, 2012
20 Tammy October 5, 2005 Unnamed November 15, 1933
21 Vince October 9, 2005 N/A
22 Wilma October 17, 2005 N/A
23 Alpha October 22, 2005 N/A
24 Beta October 27, 2005 N/A
25 Gamma November 18, 2005 N/A
26 Delta November 23, 2005 N/A
27 Epsilon November 29, 2005 N/A
28 Zeta December 30, 2005 N/A
Based on data from: U.S. NOAA Coastal Service Center - Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool
  • Note: Storms that originally form as a tropical depression will not be posted unless they reach tropical storm status (for example, Hurricane Michael in 2012 formed on September 3 as a tropical depression, but was not named until it reached tropical storm status, on September 4, thus putting Hurricane Michael on the list with the date September 4).

Intensity

Most intense

By pressure

Most intense Atlantic hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Pressure
hPa inHg
1 Wilma 2005 882 26.05
2 Gilbert 1988 888 26.23
3 "Labor Day" 1935 892 26.34
4 Rita 2005 895 26.43
5 Allen 1980 899 26.55
6 Camille 1969 900 26.58
7 Katrina 2005 902 26.64
8 Mitch 1998 905 26.73
Dean 2007
10 Maria 2017 908 26.81
Source: HURDAT[1]

Generally speaking, the intensity of a tropical cyclone is determined by either the storm's maximum sustained winds or lowest barometric pressure. The following table lists the most intense Atlantic hurricanes in terms of their lowest barometric pressure. In terms of wind speed, Allen from 1980 was the strongest Atlantic tropical cyclone on record, with maximum sustained winds of 190 mph (310 km/h). For many years, it was thought that Hurricane Camille also attained this intensity, but this conclusion was changed in 2014. The original measurements of Camille are suspect since wind speed instrumentation used at the time would likely be damaged by winds of such intensity.[14] Nonetheless, their central pressures are low enough to rank them among the strongest recorded Atlantic hurricanes.[1]

Owing to their intensity, the strongest Atlantic hurricanes have all attained Category 5 classification. Hurricane Opal, the strongest Category 4 hurricane recorded, intensified to reach a minimum pressure of 916 mbar (hPa; 27.05 inHg),[15] a pressure typical of Category 5 hurricanes.[16] Nonetheless, the pressure remains too high to list Opal as one of the ten strongest Atlantic tropical cyclones.[1] Presently, Hurricane Wilma is the strongest Atlantic hurricane ever recorded, after reaching an intensity of 882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg) in October 2005;[14] this also made Wilma the strongest tropical cyclone worldwide outside of the West Pacific,[17][18][19][20][21] where seven tropical cyclones have been recorded to intensify to lower pressures.[22] However, this was later superseded by Hurricane Patricia in 2015 in the east Pacific, which had a pressure reading of 872 mbar. Preceding Wilma is Hurricane Gilbert, which had also held the record for most intense Atlantic hurricane for 17 years.[23] The 1935 Labor Day hurricane, with a pressure of 892 mbar (hPa; 26.34 inHg), is the third strongest Atlantic hurricane and the strongest documented tropical cyclone prior to 1950.[1] Since the measurements taken during Wilma and Gilbert were documented using dropsonde, this pressure remains the lowest measured over land.[24]

Hurricane Rita is the fourth strongest Atlantic hurricane in terms of barometric pressure and one of three tropical cyclones from 2005 on the list, with the others being Wilma and Katrina at first and seventh, respectively.[1] However, with a barometric pressure of 895 mbar (hPa; 26.43 inHg), Rita is the strongest tropical cyclone ever recorded in the Gulf of Mexico.[25]

Most intense landfalling Atlantic hurricanes
Intensity is measured solely by central pressure
Rank Hurricane Season Landfall pressure
1 "Labor Day" 1935 892 mbar (hPa)
2 Camille 1969 900 mbar (hPa)
Gilbert 1988
4 Dean 2007 905 mbar (hPa)
5 "Cuba" 1924 910 mbar (hPa)
6 Janet 1955 914 mbar (hPa)
Irma 2017
8 "Cuba" 1932 918 mbar (hPa)
9 Michael 2018 919 mbar (hPa)
10 Katrina 2005 920 mbar (hPa)
Maria 2017
Sources: Atlantic Hurricane Best Track Data
Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
National Hurricane Center

In between Rita and Katrina is Hurricane Allen. Allen's pressure was measured at 899 mbar. Hurricane Camille is the sixth strongest hurricane on record. Camille is the only storm to have been moved down the list due to post-storm analysis. Camille was originally recognized as the fifth strongest hurricane on record, but was dropped to the seventh strongest in 2014, with an estimated pressure at 905 mbars, tying it with Hurricanes Mitch, and Dean. Camille then was recategorized with a new pressure of 900 mbars. Currently, Mitch and Dean share intensities for the eighth strongest Atlantic hurricane at 905 mbar (hPa; 26.73 inHg).[24] Hurricane Maria is in tenth place for most intense Atlantic tropical cyclone, with a pressure as low as 908 mbar (hPa; 26.81 inHg).[26] In addition, the most intense Atlantic hurricane outside of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is Hurricane Irma of 2017, with a pressure of 914 mbar (hPa; 27.0 inHg).[27]

Many of the strongest recorded tropical cyclones weakened prior to their eventual landfall or demise. However, six of the storms remained intense enough at landfall to be considered some of the strongest landfalling hurricanes – six of the ten hurricanes on the list constitute six of the most intense Atlantic landfalls in recorded history. The 1935 Labor Day hurricane made landfall at peak intensity, the most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.[28] Hurricane Camille made landfall in Waveland, Mississippi with a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg), making it the second most intense Atlantic hurricane landfall.[29] Though it weakened slightly before its eventual landfall on the Yucatán Peninsula, Hurricane Gilbert maintained a pressure of 900 mbar (hPa; 26.58 inHg) at landfall, making its landfall the second strongest, tied with Camille. Similarly, Hurricane Dean made landfall on the peninsula, though it did so at peak intensity and with a higher barometric pressure; its landfall marked the fourth strongest in Atlantic hurricane history.[24] Hurricane Maria made landfall in Puerto Rico shortly after its peak intensity, with a pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg). In addition, despite being well past its peak intensity, Hurricane Katrina made landfall in Buras-Triumph, Louisiana with a pressure of 920 mbar (hPa; 27.17 inHg), thus making it the ninth-strongest landfall, tied with Maria.[30]

By highest sustained winds

Highest 1-minute sustained winds (175 mph or greater)
Rank Hurricane Season Winds
mph km/h
1 Allen 1980 190 305
2 "Labor Day" 1935 185 295
Gilbert 1988
Wilma 2005
5 Mitch 1998 180 285
Rita 2005
Irma 2017
8 "Cuba" 1932 175 280
Janet 1955
Carla 1961
Camille 1969
Anita 1977
David 1979
Andrew 1992
Katrina 2005
Dean 2007
Felix
Maria 2017

Most intense by month

Intensity is measured solely by central pressure.

Most intense Atlantic tropical cyclones by month
Month Storm Year Minimum pressure Maximum winds Category Notes
January Alice1955~980 mbar (hPa; 28.94 inHg)90 mph (150 km/h)Category 1[nb 4]
February "Groundhog Day"1952990 mbar (hPa; 29.23 inHg)70 mph (110 km/h)Tropical storm[nb 5]
March Unnamed1908<991 mbar (hPa; 29.27 inHg)100 mph (155 km/h)Category 2[nb 5]
April Arlene2017990 mbar (hPa; 29.23 inHg)50 mph (85 km/h)Tropical storm
May Able1951973 mbar (hPa; 28.74 inHg)90 mph (150 km/h)Category 1
June Audrey1957946 mbar (hPa; 27.94 inHg)125 mph (205 km/h)Category 3[nb 6]
Alex2010110 mph (175 km/h)Category 2
July Emily2005929 mbar (hPa; 27.44 inHg)160 mph (260 km/h)Category 5
August Allen1980899 mbar (hPa; 26.55 inHg)190 mph (305 km/h)Category 5
September Gilbert1988888 mbar (hPa; 26.23 inHg)185 mph (295 km/h)Category 5
October Wilma2005882 mbar (hPa; 26.05 inHg)185 mph (295 km/h)Category 5
November "Cuba"1932918 mbar (hPa; 27.11 inHg)175 mph (290 km/h)Category 5
December Nicole1998979 mbar (hPa; 28.91 inHg)85 mph (140 km/h)Category 1

Hurricane Severity Index

Most severe landfalling Atlantic hurricanes in the United States
Based on size and intensity for total points on the Hurricane Severity Index[31]
Rank Hurricane Year Intensity Size Total
1 Carla 1961 17 25 42
2 Betsy 1965 15 25 40
Hugo 1989 16 24 40
4 Wilma 2005 12 25 37
5 Camille 1969 22 14 36
Opal 1995 11 25 36
Katrina 2005 13 23 36
8 Miami 1926 15 19 34
9 Audrey 1957 17 16 33
Fran 1996 11 22 33

Fastest intensification

  • Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 12 hours
    Blanche 1969 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 85 mph (140 km/h) – from 0600 UTC to 1800 UTC August 11[1]
    Harvey 1981 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 80 mph (130 km/h) – from 1200 UTC September 12 to 0000 UTC September 13[1]
  • Fastest intensification from a tropical depression to a Category 5 hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 54 hours
    Wilma 2005 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 170 mph (275 km/h) – from 0000 UTC October 17 to 0600 UTC October 19[1]
    Maria 2017 – 35 mph (55 km/h) to 160 mph (258 km/h) – from 1800 UTC September 16 to 0000 UTC September 19[32]
  • Fastest intensification from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane (1-minute sustained surface winds) – 24 hours
    Wilma 2005 – 70 mph (110 km/h) to 170 mph (275 km/h) – from 0600 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19[1]
  • Maximum pressure drop in 12 hours – 83 mbar
    Wilma 2005 – 975 millibars (28.8 inHg) to 892 millibars (26.3 inHg) – from 1800 UTC October 18 to 0600 UTC October 19[1]
  • Maximum pressure drop in 24 hours – 97 mbar
    Wilma 2005 – 979 millibars (28.9 inHg) to 882 millibars (26.0 inHg) – from 1200 UTC October 18 to 1200 UTC October 19[1]

Seasonal records

Highest number of named storms

Number of named storm occurrences by month
Month
Storms Season
January 11938, 1951, 1978, 2016
February 11952†
March 11908†
April 11992, 2003, 2017
May 21887, 2012
June 31886, 1936, 1968
July 52005
August 82004, 2012
September 82002, 2010
October 81950
November 32005
December 21887, 2003
Based on data from: U.S. NOAA Coastal Service Center - Historical Hurricane Tracks Tool
† – Highest number for month by virtue of being only known season to see a storm form

Seasonal activity

From 1981 to 2010, there were on average 12.1 storms in the Atlantic Basin.[33] Each hurricane season may be impacted by an El Niño or La Niña which contributes to the amount of storms in any given year, and a hurricane with a peak intensity of Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is classified as major. Most Atlantic hurricane seasons between 1851, and 1930 included 7 or fewer recorded tropical storms or hurricanes, as well as many seasons between 1930 and 1965. The usage of satellite data was not available until the mid-1960s, which makes early storm counts less reliable.

The most active Atlantic hurricane season in recorded history took place in 2005, when a total of 28 storms were counted. The storm count includes 15 hurricanes, of which 7 strengthened to major hurricane status.

Most storms
Total
storms		 Year Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Notes
Hurricanes Major
28 2005281574 Category 5s, 1 subtropical storm
20 1933201162 Category 5s
19 188719112
199519115
201019125
201119741 unnamed storm
201219102
18 1969181251 subtropical storm, 1 Category 5
17 19361771
2017171062 Category 5s
16 19491672
195016116
19541673
200316731 Category 5
20081685
Fewest storms[nb 7]
Total
storms		 Year Tropical
storms		 Hurricanes Notes
Hurricanes Major
1 1914100before accurate satellite data in mid-1960's
3 1930322before accurate satellite data in mid-1960's
4 1983431
6 1965641
19776511 Category 5
19826211 subtropical storm
1986640
7 19727303 subtropical storms
1987731
19927411 subtropical storm, 1 Category 5
1994730

Number of tropical storms and hurricanes per season

This bar chart shows the number of named storms and hurricanes per year from 1851-2017. Data is incomplete prior to the advent of satellite tracking in the mid-1960s.[34]

Effects

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes

Hurricane Katrina 2005
Hurricane Harvey 2017
Hurricanes Katrina (left) and Harvey (right) both caused $125 billion in damage, more than any other tropical cyclone worldwide.

Costliest Atlantic hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Damage[nb 8]
1 Katrina 2005 $125 billion
Harvey 2017
3 Maria 2017 $91.6 billion
4 Sandy 2012 $68.7 billion
5 Irma 2017 $64.8 billion
6 Florence 2018 >$45 billion
7 Ike 2008 $38 billion
8 Wilma 2005 $27.4 billion
9 Andrew 1992 $27.3 billion
10 Ivan 2004 $26.1 billion

Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes

Hurricane Mitch killed at least 11,374 people in Central America in October 1998.
Deadliest Atlantic hurricanes
Rank Hurricane Season Fatalities
1 "Great Hurricane" 1780 22,000+
2 Mitch 1998 11,374+
3 "Galveston" 1900 8,000 – 12,000
4 Fifi 1974 8,000 – 10,000
5 Flora 1963 7,186 – 8,000
6 "Dominican Republic" 1930 2,000 – 8,000
7 "Pointe-à-Pitre" 1776 6,000+
8 "Newfoundland" 1775 4,000 – 4,163
9 "Okeechobee" 1928 4,075+
10 "Monterrey" 1909 4,000

Most tornadoes spawned

Hurricane Ivan spawned 120 tornadoes, more tornadoes than any other tropical cyclone on record.
Number of tornadoes spawned[35]
Rank Count Name Year
1 120 Hurricane Ivan 2004
2 115 Hurricane Beulah 1967
3 103[36] Hurricane Frances 2004
4 101 Hurricane Rita 2005
5 57 Hurricane Katrina 2005
6 54 Hurricane Harvey 2017
7 50 Tropical Storm Fay 2008
8 49 Hurricane Gustav 2008
9 47 Hurricane Georges 1998
10 44 Hurricane Cindy 2005

Miscellaneous records

Distance traveled

Greatest Travels
Sources: NOAA[37][38]
Rank Distance
(Miles)		 Name Date
1 6,850 Hurricane Faith1966
2 6,000 Hurricane Carrie1957
3 5,760 Hurricane Alberto2000
4 5,210 Hurricane Cleo1964
Hurricane Chloe1967
6 4,990 Hurricane Flora1963

Highest forward speed

Highest forward speed
Rank Speed Name Year Day Time ref(s)
1 69 mph (111 km/h) Tropical Storm Six 1961 September 15 1200 UTC [1][39]
2 68 mph (109 km/h) Hurricane Emily 1987 September 26 1200 UTC [1][39]
3 67 mph (108 km/h) Tropical Storm Eight 1970 August 18 1200 UTC [1]
4 66 mph (106 km/h) Hurricane Luis 1995 September 11 0600 UTC [1]
5 63 mph (101 km/h) Hurricane Lisa 1998 October 9 1800 UTC [1]
Hurricane Irene 1999 October 19 0000 UTC [1]
Tropical Storm Helene 2000 September 25 1200 UTC [1]
Notes
‡ These are the highest estimated forward speeds of any tropical system (including tropical depressions, tropical storms, and hurricanes) between 1851 and 2017. This list does not include extratropical systems, which routinely reach very high forward speeds.

Largest in diameter

Below are the largest hurricanes (by gale diameter) ever observed in the Atlantic basin.

Largest Atlantic hurricanes
By diameter of gale-force winds
Rank System Season Diameter
mi km
1 Olga 2001 990 1,595
2 Sandy 2012 855 1,380
3 Lili 1996 830 1,335
Igor 2010
5 Nicole 2016 800 1,285
6 Karl 2004 735 1,185
Sources:

Longest duration

Greatest duration
Sources: NOAA HRD,[40] NHC[41]
Rank Duration
(days, hours)		 Name Date
1 27d, 18h "San Ciriaco"August 1899
2 27d, 6h Hurricane GingerSeptember 1971
3 24d, 18h Hurricane IngaSeptember 1969
4 22d, 6h Hurricane NadineSeptember 2012
5 22d Hurricane KyleSeptember 2002
6 21d Hurricane FourSeptember 1926
7 20d, 18h Hurricane CarrieSeptember 1957
Hurricane NineSeptember 1893
9 20d, 6h Hurricane InezSeptember 1966
10 19d, 12h Hurricane Leslie September 2018
Notes
Fluctuated between tropical and post-tropical at some point in its existence, so the number of days is non-consecutive.

Longest duration as a Category 5 hurricane

Greatest duration as a Category 5
Sources: HURDAT2[42]
Rank Duration
(days, hours)		 Name Date
1 3d, 6h "Cuba"November 1932
2 3d Hurricane AllenAugust 1980
Hurricane IrmaSeptember 2017
4 2d, 12h Hurricane IvanSeptember 2004
5 1d, 18h Hurricane DavidAugust 1979
Hurricane MitchOctober 1998
Hurricane IsabelSeptember 2003
8 1d, 6h Hurricane CamilleAugust 1969
Hurricane MariaSeptember 2017
10 1d "Bahamas"September 1932
Hurricane GilbertSeptember 1988
Hurricane RitaSeptember 2005
Hurricane DeanAugust 2007
Hurricane FelixSeptember 2007
Notes
Was a Category 5 hurricane on more than one occasion, fluctuating between Category 5 strength and an inferior category, therefore the time period at Category 5 intensity is discontinuous.

Worldwide cyclone records set by Atlantic storms

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ A major hurricane is a storm that ranks as Category 3 or higher on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale.[5]
  2. ↑ The first storm of 1938 was the earliest instance of a tropical cyclone reaching tropical storm intensity during the year. However, an unnamed tropical storm in 1951 was the earliest instance of a tropical cyclone to have peaked at tropical storm intensity; it did so on January 4.[1]
  3. ↑ Hurricane Otto of 2016 was the latest instance of a tropical cyclone reaching Category 2 intensity during the year. However, a hurricane in 1879 was the latest instance of a tropical cyclone to have peaked at Category 2 intensity; it did so on November 20.[1]
  4. ↑ Alice formed in December 1954 but persisted into January 1955.
  5. 1 2 These are the strongest systems in their respective months by virtue of being the only known systems.
  6. ↑ Hurricanes Audrey (1957) and Alex (2010) had the same minimum pressure, though Audrey was a Category 3 hurricane at peak strength while Alex peaked as a high-end Category 2.
  7. ↑ Most Atlantic hurricane seasons between 1851, the first year of the Atlantic tropical cyclone record, and 1930, as well as many seasons between 1930 and 1965, included 7 or less recorded tropical storms or hurricanes, but are not included on this chart since they were before the inauguration of satellite data in the mid-1960s.
  8. ↑ All damage figures are in United States dollars, and are not adjusted for inflation.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". Hurricane Research Division (Database). National Hurricane Center. May 1, 2018. Retrieved October 20, 2018.
  2. ↑ National Hurricane Center. "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  3. 1 2 3 Dorst, Neal (January 21, 2010). "G1) When is hurricane season?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  4. 1 2 Landsea, Chris; et al. (June 2013). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT" (TXT). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  5. ↑ Goldenburg, Stan (June 1, 2012). "A3) What is a super-typhoon? What is a major hurricane? What is an intense hurricane?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.5. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  6. ↑ Hurricanes: Science and Society. "1957 – Hurricane Audrey". Storms in the 1950s. University of Rhode Island. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  7. ↑ http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/news/20160720_pa_1956to1960Reanalysis.pdf
  8. 1 2 Franklin, James L.; Brown, Daniel P. (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily (PDF). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). Miami, Florida: United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 April 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  9. ↑ Hurricane.com. "Atlantic Hurricane and Tropical Storm Records". Hurricane.com. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  10. ↑ Chambers, Gillan (December 1999). "Late Hurricanes: a Message for the Regio". Environment and development in coastal regions and in small islands. Coast and Beach Stability in the Lesser Antilles. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  11. ↑ Paolino, JJ; Myrie, Donovan (2011). "Category Five Notables". Stormfacts.net. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  12. 1 2 http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL162016_Otto.pdf
  13. ↑ Beven, John L.; Avila, Lixion A.; Blake, Eric S.; Brown, Daniel P.; Franklin, James L.; Knabb, Richard D.; Pasch, Richard J.; Rhome, Jamie R.; Stewart, Stacy R. (March 2008). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 2005" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Monthly Weather Review Atlantic Hurricane Season Summary. Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. 136 (3): 1109–1173. Bibcode:2008MWRv..136.1109B. doi:10.1175/2007MWR2074.1. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  14. 1 2 Landsea, Chris (April 21, 2010). "E1) Which is the most intense tropical cyclone on record?". Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). 4.6. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  15. ↑ Mayfield, Max (November 29, 1995). Hurricane Opal Preliminary Report (Preliminary Report). National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  16. ↑ Louisiana Geographic Information Center. "The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale". Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  17. ↑ National Hurricane Center; Hurricane Research Division; Central Pacific Hurricane Center. "The Northeast and North Central Pacific hurricane database 1949–2017". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. A guide on how to read the database is available here.
  18. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Best Track Information for the North Indian Ocean 1990-2008". India Meteorological Department. 2009. Archived from the original (XLS) on 16 November 2009. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  19. ↑ Royer, Stephane (7 February 2003). "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gafilo". Météo France. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  20. ↑ "Tropical Cyclone Information for the Australian Region". Bureau of Meteorology. 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
  21. ↑ MetService (May 22, 2009). "TCWC Wellington Best Track Data 1967–2006". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship.
  22. ↑ "Western North Pacific Typhoon best track file 1951-2018". Japan Meteorological Agency. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  23. ↑ Willoughby, H.E.; Masters, J. M.; Landsea, C. W. (December 1, 1989). "A Record Minimum Sea Level Pressure Observed in Hurricane Gilbert". Monthly Weather Review. Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. 117 (12): 2824–2828. Bibcode:1989MWRv..117.2824W. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1989)117<2824:ARMSLP>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  24. 1 2 3 Franklin, James L. (January 31, 2008). "Hurricane Dean" (PDF). National Hurricane Center Tropical Cyclone Reports. Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  25. ↑ National Weather Service (November 14, 2005). "Post Storm Data Acquisition – Hurricane Rita Peak Gust Analysis and Storm Surge Data" (PDF). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 23 September 2013.
  26. ↑ Brown, Daniel. "Hurricane Maria Intermediate Advisory Number 15A". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  27. ↑ Alessandra Potenza. "Irma is now one of the strongest hurricanes ever recorded in the Atlantic". The Verge. Retrieved September 10, 2017.
  28. ↑ Bob Henson (September 6, 2017). "Category 5 Irma Hits Leeward Islands at Peak Strength". Weather Underground. Retrieved September 6, 2017.
  29. ↑ R.H. Simpson; Arnold L. Sugg (April 1970). "The Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1969" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 98 (4): 293. Bibcode:1970MWRv...98..293S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-98.4.293. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  30. ↑ Knabb, Richard D.; Rhome, Jamie R. "Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Katrina." National Hurricane Center. December 20, 2005.
  31. ↑ Hurricane Severity Index
  32. ↑ "Hurricane Maria track". The Weather Channel. Retrieved 20 September 2017.
  33. ↑ "Background Information: The North Atlantic Hurricane Season". Climate Prediction Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. August 9, 2012. Retrieved January 8, 2018.
  34. ↑ "Global Warming and Hurricanes". August 30, 2017.
  35. ↑ Grazulis, Thomas P. (1993). "11". Significant Tornadoes 1680-1991, A Chronology and Analysis of Events. St. Johnsbury, VT: The Tornado Project of Environmental Films. pp. 124–127. ISBN 1-879362-03-1.
  36. ↑ John L. Beven II. Hurricane Frances. Retrieved on 2007-04-08.
  37. ↑ Neal Dorst; Sandy Delgado (May 20, 2011). "Subject: E7) What is the farthest a tropical cyclone has traveled ?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  38. ↑ Moore, Paul L. (December 1, 1957). "The Hurricane Season of 1957" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. Miami, Florida: American Meteorological Society. 85 (12): 401–408. Bibcode:1957MWRv...85..401M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1957)085<0401:THSO>2.0.CO;2. Retrieved February 22, 2013.
  39. 1 2 "What is the average forward speed of a hurricane?". Hurricane Research Division. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  40. ↑ Neal Dorst (January 26, 2010). "Subject: E6) Which tropical cyclone lasted the longest?". Hurricane Research Division. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008. Retrieved October 3, 2012.
  41. ↑ Lixion Avila & Robbie Berg (October 4, 2012). "Remnants of Nadine Discussion Eighty-Eight (Final)". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved October 4, 2012.
  42. ↑ Daniel Brown; Chris Landsea (September 5, 2017). Hurricane Irma Tropical Cyclone Update (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 5, 2017.
  43. ↑ "Hurricane Ivan Uncovered a 60,000 year old Cypress Forest in the Gulf of Mexico". WordPress.com. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  44. ↑ "Hurricane and Storm Shutters in Gulf Shores Alabama". Hurricane Shutters Florida. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  45. ↑ Staff Writer (2004). "Extremes of Weather: Horrifying hurricanes". The Canadian Atlas. Retrieved August 19, 2017.
  46. ↑ "What is the largest known outbreak of tropical cyclone tornadoes?". Central Pacific Hurricane Center. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
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