List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes

Hurricane Isabel, as seen from the International Space Station in September 2003.

This is a List of Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes. A total of 33 recorded tropical cyclones have reached Category 5 strength on the Saffir–Simpson hurricane wind scale in the Atlantic Ocean north of the equator, the Caribbean Sea, and the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes of such intensity occur once every three years in this region on average.

Only in six seasons—1932, 1933, 1961, 2005, 2007, and 2017—has more than one Category 5 hurricane formed. Only in 2005 have more than two Category 5 hurricanes formed, and only in 2007 and 2017 did more than one make landfall at Category 5 strength.[1]

Background

Saffir–Simpson scale
TD TS C1 C2 C3 C4 C5
Tracks of all known Category 5 Atlantic hurricanes between 1851 and 2014

A Category 5 Atlantic hurricane is one that is considered by the United States National Hurricane Center (NHC), to have had sustained wind speeds greater than 136 knots (157 mph; 252 km/h; 70 m/s) on the Saffir–Simpson scale. The NHC considers sustained wind speeds to be those that occur over a one-minute period at 10 metres (32.8 ft) above ground. These wind speeds are estimated by using a blend of data from a variety of sources, which include observations from nearby ships, reconnaissance aircraft, or automatic weather stations and pictures from various satellites.

Officially, from 1924 to 2017, 33 Category 5 hurricanes have been recorded. No Category 5 hurricanes were observed officially before 1924. It can be presumed that earlier storms reached Category 5 strength over open waters, but the strongest winds were not measured. The anemometer, a device used for measuring wind speed, was invented in 1846. However, during major hurricane strikes, the instruments as a whole were often blown away, leaving the hurricane's peak intensity unrecorded. For example, as the Great Beaufort Hurricane of 1879 struck North Carolina, the anemometer cups were blown away when indicating 138 mph (222 km/h).[2]

A reanalysis of weather data is ongoing by researchers who may upgrade or downgrade other Atlantic hurricanes currently listed at Categories 4 and 5.[3] For example, the 1825 Santa Ana hurricane is suspected to have reached Category 5 strength.[4] Furthermore, paleotempestological research aims to identify past major hurricanes by comparing sedimentary evidence of recent and past hurricane strikes. For example, a "giant hurricane" significantly more powerful than Hurricane Hattie (Category 5) has been identified in Belizean sediment, having struck the region sometime before 1500.[5]

An October Category 5 that hit Cuba in 1924

Officially, the decade with the most Category 5 hurricanes is 2000–2009, with eight Category 5 hurricanes having occurred: Isabel (2003), Ivan (2004), Emily (2005), Katrina (2005), Rita (2005), Wilma (2005), Dean (2007), and Felix (2007). The previous decades with the most Category 5 hurricanes were the 1930s and 1960s, with six occurring between 1930 and 1939 (before naming began).[1]

Nine Atlantic hurricanes—Camille, Allen, Andrew, Isabel, Ivan, Dean, Felix, Irma and Maria—reached Category 5 intensity on more than one occasion; that is, by reaching Category 5 intensity, weakening to a Category 4 status or lower, and then becoming a Category 5 hurricane again. Such hurricanes have their dates shown together. Camille, Andrew, Dean, Felix, Irma, and Maria each attained Category 5 status twice during their lifespans. Allen, Isabel, and Ivan reached Category 5 intensity on three separate occasions. However, no Atlantic hurricane has reached Category 5 intensity more than three times during its lifespan. The 1932 Cuba hurricane holds the record for the most time spent as a Category 5 hurricane (although it took place before satellite or aircraft reconnaissance, so this record may be somewhat suspect). Irma holds the record for the longest continuous span as a Category 5 storm in the satellite era.[1][6]

Thirty-three Category 5 hurricanes have been recorded in the Atlantic basin since 1851, when records began. Only one Category 5 has been recorded in July, eight in August, nineteen in September, five in October, and one in November. There have been no officially recorded June or off-season Category 5 hurricanes.[1]

The July and August Category 5 hurricanes reached their high intensities in both the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. These are the areas most favorable for tropical cyclone development in those months.[1][7]

September sees the most Category 5 hurricanes. This coincides with the climatological peak of the Atlantic hurricane season, which occurs in early September.[8] September Category 5s reached their strengths in any of the Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean Sea, and open Atlantic. These places are where September tropical cyclones are likely to form.[7] Many of these hurricanes are either Cape Verde-type storms, which develop their strength by having a great deal of open water; or so-called Bahama busters, which intensify over the warm Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico.[9]

All six Category 5 hurricanes in October and November reached their intensities in the western Caribbean, a region that Atlantic hurricanes strongly gravitate toward late in the season.[7] This is due to the climatology of the area, which sometimes has a high-altitude anticyclone that promotes rapid intensification late in the season, as well as warm waters.

Systems

Name Dates as a
Category 5		 Duration
(hours)		 Sustained
wind speeds		 Pressure Areas affected Deaths Damage
(USD)		 Refs
"Cuba"October 19, 192412165 mph (270 km/h)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)Central America, Mexico, Cuba
Florida, The Bahamas		90[10]
"San Felipe II
Okeechobee"		September 13–14, 192812160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Lesser Antilles, The Bahamas
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada		4,000$100 million
"Bahamas"September 5–6, 193224160 mph (260 km/h)921 hPa (27.20 inHg)The Bahamas, Northeastern United States16
"Cuba"November 5–8, 193278175 mph (280 km/h)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Lesser Antilles, Jamaica, Cayman Islands
Cuba, The Bahamas, Bermuda		3,103$40 million
"Cuba–Brownsville"August 30, 193312160 mph (260 km/h)930 hPa (27.46 inHg)The Bahamas, Cuba, Florida
Texas, Tamaulipas		179$27.9 million
"Tampico"September 21, 193312160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Jamaica, Yucatán Peninsula184$5 million
"Labor Day"September 3, 193518185 mph (295 km/h)892 hPa (26.34 inHg)The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, The Carolinas, Virginia408
"New England"September 19–20, 193818160 mph (260 km/h)940 hPa (27.76 inHg)Southeastern United States, Northeastern United States, Southwestern Quebec682$306 million
CarolSeptember 3, 195312160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Bermuda, New England, Atlantic Canada5$2 million
JanetSeptember 27–28, 195518175 mph (280 km/h)914 hPa (26.99 inHg)Lesser Antilles, Central America1,023$65.8 million[11]
CarlaSeptember 11, 196118175 mph (280 km/h)931 hPa (27.49 inHg)Texas, Louisiana, Midwestern United States43$326 million[12][13]
HattieOctober 30–31, 196118160 mph (260 km/h)920 hPa (27.17 inHg)Central America319$60.3 million[14][15]
BeulahSeptember 20, 196718160 mph (260 km/h)923 hPa (27.26 inHg)The Caribbean, Mexico, Texas688$208 million[16]
CamilleAugust 16–18, 1969 †30175 mph (280 km/h)900 hPa (26.58 inHg)Cuba, United States Gulf Coast259$1.42 billion[12][17]
EdithSeptember 9, 19716160 mph (260 km/h)943 hPa (27.85 inHg)The Caribbean, Central America, Mexico, United States Gulf Coast37$25.4 million
AnitaSeptember 2, 197712175 mph (280 km/h)926 hPa (27.34 inHg)Mexico11 Extensive[18]
DavidAugust 30–31, 197942175 mph (280 km/h)924 hPa (27.29 inHg)The Caribbean, United States East coast2,068$1.54 billion[19][20]
AllenAugust 5–9, 1980 †72190 mph (305 km/h)899 hPa (26.55 inHg)The Caribbean, Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico, South Texas269$1.24 billion[19][21][22]
GilbertSeptember 13–14, 198824185 mph (295 km/h)888 hPa (26.22 inHg)Jamaica, Venezuela, Central America, Hispaniola, Mexico318$7.1 billion[23][24]
HugoSeptember 15, 19896160 mph (260 km/h)918 hPa (27.11 inHg)The Caribbean, United States East Coast107$10 billion[17][25][26]
AndrewAugust 23–24, 1992 †16175 mph (280 km/h)922 hPa (27.23 inHg)The Bahamas, Florida, United States Gulf Coast65$26.5 billion[17][27]
MitchOctober 26–28, 199842180 mph (285 km/h)905 hPa (26.72 inHg)Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida19,325$6.2 billion[28][29][30][31]
IsabelSeptember 11–14, 2003 †42165 mph (270 km/h)915 hPa (27.02 inHg)Greater Antilles, Bahamas, Eastern United States, Ontario51$5.37 billion[17][32]
IvanSeptember 9–14, 2004 †60165 mph (270 km/h)910 hPa (26.87 inHg)The Caribbean, Venezuela, United States Gulf Coast124$23.3 billion[17][33]
EmilyJuly 16, 20056160 mph (260 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Windward Islands, Jamaica, Mexico, Texas17$1.01 billion[34]
KatrinaAugust 28–29, 200518175 mph (280 km/h)902 hPa (26.64 inHg)Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast1,836$125 billion[35]
RitaSeptember 21–22, 200524180 mph (285 km/h)895 hPa (26.43 inHg)Cuba, United States Gulf Coast125$12 billion[36]
WilmaOctober 19, 200518185 mph (295 km/h)882 hPa (26.05 inHg)Greater Antilles, Central America, Florida87$29.4 billion[37][38][39][40]
DeanAugust 18–21, 2007 †24175 mph (280 km/h)905 hPa (26.72 inHg)The Caribbean, Central America45$1.76 billion[19][41][42]
FelixSeptember 3–4, 2007 †24175 mph (280 km/h)929 hPa (27.43 inHg)Nicaragua, Honduras133$720 million[43][44][45][46]
MatthewOctober 1, 201612165 mph (270 km/h)934 hPa (27.58 inHg)Antilles, Venezuela, Colombia
United States East Coast, Atlantic Canada		603$15.1 billion[47]
IrmaSeptember 5–9, 2017 †72180 mph (285 km/h)914 hPa (26.99 inHg)Cape Verde, The Caribbean, British Virgin Islands
U.S. Virgin Islands, Cuba, Florida		138>$64.8 billion[48]
MariaSeptember 18–20, 2017 †30175 mph (280 km/h)908 hPa (26.81 inHg)Lesser Antilles, Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic, Turks and Caicos Islands3,057>$91.6 billion[49]
Overall reference for Name, dates, duration, winds and pressure:[1]
†Discontinuous duration (weakened below Category 5 then restrengthened to that classification at least once)

Listed by month

Landfalls

Hurricane Camille, a landfalling Category 5 hurricane

All Atlantic Category 5 hurricanes have made landfall at some location at hurricane strength. Most Category 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic make landfall because of their proximity to land in the Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico, where the usual synoptic weather patterns carry them towards land, as opposed to the westward, oceanic mean track of Eastern Pacific hurricanes.[50] Sixteen of the storms made landfall while at Category 5 intensity;[1] 2007 and 2017 are the only years in which two storms made landfall at this intensity.[1]

Many of these systems made landfall shortly after weakening from a Category 5 hurricane. This weakening can be caused by dry air near land, shallower waters due to shelving, interaction with land, or cooler waters near shore.[35] In southern Florida, the return period for a Category 5 hurricane is roughly once every 50 years.[51]

The following table lists these hurricanes by landfall intensity.

Name Year
Category 5
Category 4
Category 3
Category 2
Category 1
Tropical storm
Tropical depression
 References
"Cuba"1924CubaFloridaThe Bahamas[1][52]
"Okeechobee"1928Puerto RicoGuadeloupe, Turks and Caicos Islands, The Bahamas, & FloridaSouth Carolina
"Bahamas"1932The Bahamas
"Cuba"1932Little Cayman & CubaThe BahamasMartinique
"Cuba–Brownsville"1933The BahamasCuba & Texas
"Tampico"1933Yucatán PeninsulaMainland Mexico
"Labor Day"1935Florida KeysNorthwest FloridaThe Bahamas
"New England"1938New York & Connecticut
Carol1953Canada
Janet1955Yucatán PeninsulaMainland Mexico
Carla1961Texas
Hattie1961BelizeMexico
Beulah1967TexasYucatán Peninsula
Camille1969MississippiCuba
Edith1971NicaraguaLouisianaBelize & Mexico
Anita1977Mexico
David1979Dominican RepublicDominicaFloridaCuba, The Bahamas, & Georgia
Allen1980Texas
Gilbert1988Quintana RooJamaica & Tamaulipas[23]
Hugo1989Guadeloupe, Saint Croix, & South CarolinaPuerto Rico[25]
Andrew1992Eleuthera & FloridaBerry IslandsLouisiana[27]
Mitch1998GuanajaHondurasCampeche & Florida[28]
Isabel2003North Carolina[32]
Ivan2004AlabamaLouisiana[33]
Emily2005Quintana RooTamaulipasGrenada[34]
Katrina2005Louisiana & MississippiFlorida[35]
Rita2005Louisiana[36]
Wilma2005Cozumel & Quintana RooFlorida[37]
Dean2007Quintana RooVeracruz[41]
Felix2007NicaraguaGrenada[43]
Matthew2016Haiti, Cuba & Grand BahamaSouth Carolina[47]
Irma2017Barbuda, Saint Martin, British Virgin Islands & CubaLittle Inagua & Florida KeysSouthwest Florida[48]
Maria2017DominicaPuerto Rico[53]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)". Hurricane Research Division (Database). National Hurricane Center. May 1, 2018. Retrieved October 16, 2018.
  2. ↑ Hudgins, James E. (2000). "Tropical cyclones affecting North Carolina since 1586" (PDF). National Weather Service Office Blacksburg, Virginia. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-11. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  3. ↑ Staff writer (2010-06-08). "Re-analysis Project". Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Project. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  4. ↑ Donnelly, J. P. (2005). "Evidence of Past Intense Tropical Cyclones from Backbarrier Salt Pond Sediments: A Case Study from Isla de Culebrita, Puerto Rico, USA" (PDF). Journal of Coastal Research. SI42: 201–210. ISSN 0749-0208. Retrieved 2010-11-26.
  5. ↑ Mccloskey, T. A.; Keller, G. (2009). "5000 year sedimentary record of hurricane strikes on the central coast of Belize". Quaternary International. 195 (1–2): 53–68. Bibcode:2009QuInt.195...53M. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.03.003. ISSN 1040-6182.
  6. ↑ Rappaport, Edward N. "Addendum Hurricane Andrew". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  7. 1 2 3 Staff writer (2010). "Tropical Cyclone Climatology". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  8. ↑ Dorst, Neal (2010-06-10). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G1) When is hurricane season ?". National Hurricane Center. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 2006-07-18. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  9. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W. (2010-06-08). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ A2) What is a "Cape Verde" hurricane?". Hurricane Research Division — Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  10. ↑ Steve Feuer; Ramon Perez Suarez; Ricardo Prieto; Jorge Sanchez-Sesma (March 2009). "Documentation of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones Changes in HURDAT: Hurricane #10 in 1924". Hurricane Research Division. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  11. ↑ Dunn, Gordon E.; Davies, Walter R; Moore, Paul L (1955). "Hurricanes of 1955". Monthly Weather Review (PDF)|format= requires |url= (help). United States Weather Bureau. 83 (12): 315–326. Bibcode:1955MWRv...83..315D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1955)083<0315:HO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  12. 1 2
  13. ↑ Hebert, Paul J; Taylor, Glenn; National Hurricane Center (January 1983). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Hurricanes of This Century (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC-18). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 5. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2012. Retrieved December 2, 2012.
  14. ↑ Dunn, Gordon E (1962). "The Hurricane Season of 1961". Monthly Weather Review. United States Weather Bureau. 89 (3): 107–108. Bibcode:1962MWRv...90..107D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1962)090<0107:THSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644.
  15. ↑ National Meteorological Services of Belize (November 2, 2006). "Belize Marked 45th Anniversary of Deadly Hurricane Hattie". Belize National Emergency Management Organization. Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  16. ↑ Sugg, Arnold L; Peliser, Joseph M (1967). "The Hurricane Season of 1967". Monthly Weather Review. United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 96 (4): 242–243. Bibcode:1968MWRv...96..242S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1968)096<0242:THSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0027-0644.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 National Hurricane Center (April 1, 2014). "Re-analysis of 1969's Hurricane Camille Completed — Catastrophic hurricane now ranks as second strongest on record" (PDF) (Press release). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved April 1, 2014.
  18. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B (1978). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1977". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 106 (4): 536–540. Bibcode:1978MWRv..106..534L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1978)106<0534:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  19. 1 2 3 Université Catholique de Louvain (2007). "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database for the Caribbean". Archived from the original on June 21, 2007. Retrieved September 7, 2007.
  20. ↑ Hebert, Paul J (1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 108 (7): 973–990. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  21. ↑ Lawrence, Miles B; Pelissier, Joseph M (1981). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1980". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 109 (7): 1567–1582. Bibcode:1981MWRv..109.1567L. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1981)109<1567:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  22. ↑ National Hurricane Center. Hurricane Allen July 31 – August 11 (Preliminary Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. pp. 1–6. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
  23. 1 2 Clark, Gilbert B (October 26, 1988). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Gilbert (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. p. 9. Retrieved May 6, 2017.
  24. ↑ Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 47. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved August 16, 2014.
  25. 1 2 Lawrence, Miles B (November 15, 1989). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hugo (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. pp. 1–2, 7. Retrieved April 25, 2017.
  26. ↑ Case, Bob; Mayfield, Max (1990). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1989". Monthly Weather Review. American Meteorological Society. 118 (5): 1165–1177. Bibcode:1990MWRv..118.1165C. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1990)118<1165:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493.
  27. 1 2 Rappaport, Edward N (December 10, 1993). Hurricane Andrew: August 16 – 28 (Preliminary Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved January 1, 2013.
  28. 1 2 Guiney, John L; Lawrence, Miles B (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Mitch: October 22 – November 5, 1998 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  29. ↑ "Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780". United States National Climatic Data Center. 2004. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  30. ↑ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  31. ↑ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- El Salvador". Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  32. 1 2 Beven, John L; Cobb, Hugh (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Isabel: September 6–19, 2003 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  33. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy R (December 16, 2004). Hurricane Ivan September 2 – 24, 2004 (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 28, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  34. 1 2 Franklin, James L; Brown, Daniel P (March 10, 2006). Hurricane Emily July 11 – 21, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2017. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  35. 1 2 3 Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R; Brown, Daniel P (December 20, 2005). Hurricane Katrina: August 23 – 30, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  36. 1 2 Knabb, Richard D; Brown, Daniel P; Rhome, Jamie R (March 17, 2006). Hurricane Rita: September 18 - 26, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  37. 1 2 Pasch, Richard J; Blake, Eric S; Cobb III, Hugh D; Roberts, David P (January 12, 2006). Tropical Cyclone Report: Hurricane Wilma: October 15 – 26, 2005 (PDF) (Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved September 13, 2014.
  38. ↑ Comisión Nacional del Agua (2006). "Resumen del Huracán "Wilma"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 27, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  39. ↑ Royster, Amy (December 4, 2005). "Wilma's Waves Devastate Grand Bahama Communities". Palm Beach Post. (subscription required)
  40. ↑ "Hurricane Wilma exacts losses of 704 million dollars: Cuban government". Relief Web. Agence France-Presse. December 4, 2005. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  41. 1 2 Franklin, James L (January 31, 2008). Hurricane Dean: August 13 – 23, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  42. ↑ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Nicaragua (2007). "Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  43. 1 2 Beven, John L (January 16, 2008). Hurricane Felix: August 31 – September 5, 2007 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  44. ↑ Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación (FAO), Nicaragua (2007). "Evaluación de Daños Causados por el Huracán Félix en el Caribe de Nicaragua" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  45. ↑ Silva, José A (January 29, 2008). "Huracán los terminó de hundir en la pobreza" (in Spanish). El Nuevo Diario. Archived from the original on January 22, 2009. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  46. ↑ Comisión Permanente de Contingencias, Government of Honduras (September 7, 2007). "Honduras: Informe preliminar de daños por Huracán Félix y últimas lluvias — Copeco — Boletín #53 – 07 de Septiembre 2007" (in Spanish). Reliefweb. Archived from the original on February 17, 2008. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  47. 1 2 Stewart, Stacy R (April 7, 2017). Hurricane Matthew: September 28 – October 9, 2016 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 24, 2017.
  48. 1 2 Cangialosi, Jong P, Layton, Andrew S and Berg, Robbie (March 9, 2018). Hurricane Irma: August 30 – September 12, 2017 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
  49. ↑ Richard J. Pasch; Andrew B. Penny; Robbie J. Berg (April 5, 2018). Hurricane Maria (AL152017) (PDF) (Report). Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved April 9, 2018.
  50. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W (2010-06-08). "Tropical Cyclone FAQ G8) Why do hurricanes hit the East coast of the U.S., but never the West coast?". Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  51. ↑ Landsea, Christopher W.; Franklin, James L.; McAdie, Colin J.; Beven, John L.; Gross, James M.; Jarvinen, Brian R.; Pasch, Richard J.; Rappaport, Edward N.; Dunion, Jason P.; Dodge, Peter P. (2004). "A Reanalysis of Hurricane Andrew's Intensity" (PDF). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 85 (11): 1699. Bibcode:2004BAMS...85.1699L. doi:10.1175/BAMS-85-11-1699. ISSN 0003-0007. Retrieved 2010-11-30.
  52. ↑ Mitchell, Charles L (October 1924). "Notes on the West Indian Hurricane of October 14–23, 1924" (PDF). U.S. Weather Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2009. Retrieved 2009-03-21.
  53. ↑ Brown, Daniel. "Hurricane Maria Tropical Cyclone Update". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 19 September 2017.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.