George Gilbert Scott

Sir George Gilbert Scott
Sir George Gilbert Scott
Born (1811-07-13)13 July 1811
Parsonage, Gawcott, Buckinghamshire
Died 27 March 1878(1878-03-27) (aged 66)
39 Courtfield Gardens, South Kensington, London
Occupation Architect
Awards Royal Gold Medal (1859)
Buildings Wakefield Cathedral
Albert Memorial
Foreign and Commonwealth Office
Midland Grand Hotel, St Pancras railway station
Main building of the University of Glasgow
St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow
St Mary's Cathedral, Edinburgh (Episcopal)
King's College London Chapel

Sir George Gilbert Scott RA (13 July 1811 – 27 March 1878), styled Sir Gilbert Scott, was a prolific English Gothic revival architect, chiefly associated with the design, building and renovation of churches and cathedrals, although he started his career as a leading designer of workhouses. Over 800 buildings were designed or altered by him.[1]

Scott was the architect of many iconic buildings, including the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras Station, the Albert Memorial, and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office, all in London, St Mary's Cathedral, Glasgow, the main building of the University of Glasgow, St Mary's Cathedral in Edinburgh and King's College London Chapel.

Life and career

Born in Gawcott, Buckingham, Buckinghamshire, Scott was the son of a cleric and grandson of the biblical commentator Thomas Scott. He studied architecture as a pupil of James Edmeston and, from 1832 to 1834, worked as an assistant to Henry Roberts. He also worked as an assistant for his friend, Sampson Kempthorne, who specialised in the design of workhouses,[2] a field in which Scott was to begin his independent career.[3]

Early work

Parish Church of St John in Wall, Staffordshire

Scott's first work was built in 1833. It was a vicarage for his father, a clergyman, in the village of Wappenham, Northamptonshire. It replaced the previous vicarage occupied by other relatives of Scott. Scott went on to design several other buildings in the village.

In about 1835, Scott took on William Bonython Moffatt as his assistant and later (1838–1845) as his partner. Over ten years or so, Scott and Moffatt designed more than forty workhouses, during the boom in building such institutions brought about by the Poor Law of 1834.[3] In 1837 they built the Parish Church of St John in Wall, Staffordshire. At Reading, they built the prison (1841–42) in a picturesque, castellated style.[4] Scott's first church, St Nicholas', was built at Lincoln, after winning a competition in 1838.[3] With Moffat he built the Neo-Norman church of St Peter at Norbiton, Surrey (1841).[5]

Gothic Revival

Nikolaikirche, Hamburg, Germany (1845–80), bombed during World War II and now a ruin

Meanwhile, he was inspired by Augustus Pugin to participate in the Gothic revival.[3] While still in partnership with Moffat.[6] he designed the Martyrs' Memorial on St Giles', Oxford (1841),[7] and St Giles' Church, Camberwell (1844), both of which helped establish his reputation within the movement.

Commemorating three Protestants burnt during the reign of Queen Mary, the Martyrs' Memorial was intended as a rebuke to those very high church tendencies which had been instrumental in promoting the new authentic approach to Gothic architecture.[8] St Giles', was in plan, with its long chancel, of the type advocated by the Ecclesiological Society: Charles Locke Eastlake said that "in the neighbourhood of London no church of its time was considered in purer style or more orthodox in its arrangement".[9] It did, however, like many churches of the time, incorporate wooden galleries, not used in medieval churches[10] and highly disapproved of by the high church ecclesiological movement.

In 1844 he received the commission to rebuild the Nikolaikirche in Hamburg (completed 1863), following an international competition.[11] Scott's design had originally been placed third in the competition, the winner being one in a Florentine inspired style by Gottfried Semper, but the decision was overturned by a faction who favoured a Gothic design.[12] Scott's entry had been the only design in the Gothic style.[3]

In 1854 he remodelled the Camden Chapel in Camberwell, a project in which the critic John Ruskin took a close interest and made many suggestions. He added an apse, in a Byzantine style, integrating it to the existing plain structure by substituting a waggon roof for the existing flat ceiling.[13]

Scott was appointed architect to Westminster Abbey in 1849. In 1853 he built a Gothic terraced block adjoining the abbey in Broad Sanctuary. In 1858 he designed Christchurch Cathedral, Christchurch, New Zealand which now lies partly ruined following the earthquake in 2011 and subsequent attempts to demolish the cathedral by the Anglican Church authorities. Demolition was blocked after appeals by the population of Christchurch but the future of this historic building is still in dispute[14][11]

The choir stalls at Lancing College in Sussex, which Scott designed with Walter Tower, were among many examples of his work that incorporated green men.[15]

Later, Scott went beyond copying mediaeval English gothic for his Victorian Gothic or Gothic Revival buildings, and began to introduce features from other styles and European countries as evidenced in his Midland red-brick construction, the Midland Grand Hotel at London's St Pancras Station, from which approach Scott believed a new style might emerge.

Between 1864 and 1876, the Albert Memorial, designed by Scott, was constructed in Hyde Park. It was a commission on behalf of Queen Victoria in memory of her husband, Prince Albert.

Scott advocated the use of Gothic architecture for secular buildings, rejecting what he called "the absurd supposition that Gothic architecture is exclusively and intrinsically ecclesiastical."[10] He was the winner of a competition to design new buildings in Whitehall to house the Foreign Office and War Office. Before work began, however, the administration which had approved his plans went out of office. Palmerston, the new Prime Minister, objected to Scott's use of the Gothic, and the architect, after some resistance drew up new plans in a more acceptable style.[16]

Honours

Scott was awarded the RIBA's Royal Gold Medal in 1859. He was appointed an Honorary Liveryman of the Turners' Company and in 1872, he was knighted. He died in 1878 and is buried in Westminster Abbey.

A London County Council blue plaque marks Scott's residence at the Admiral's House on Admiral's Walk in Hampstead.[17][18]

Family

Scott married Caroline Oldrid of Boston in 1838. Two of his sons George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (founder of Watts & Company] in 1874) and John Oldrid Scott, and his grandson Giles Gilbert Scott, were also prominent architects.[19] His third son, photographer, Albert Henry Scott (1844–65) died at the age of twenty-one. George Gilbert designed his funerary monument in St Peter's Church, Petersham.[20] His fifth and youngest son was the botanist Dukinfield Henry Scott.[21] He was also great-uncle of the architect Elisabeth Scott.[22]

Pupils

Scott's success attracted a large number of pupils, many would go on to have successful careers of their own, not always as architects. In the following list, the year next to the pupil's name denotes their time in Scott's office, some of the more famous were: Hubert Austin (1868), Joseph Maltby Bignell (1859–78), George Frederick Bodley (1845–56), Charles Buckeridge (1856–57), Somers Clarke (1865), William Henry Crossland (dates uncertain), C. Hodgson Fowler (1856–60), Thomas Gardner (1856–61), Thomas Graham Jackson (1858–61), John T. Micklethwaite (1862–69), Benjamin Mountfort (1841–46), John Norton (1870–78), George Gilbert Scott, Jr. (1856–63), John Oldrid Scott (1858–78), J. J. Stevenson (1858–60), George Henry Stokes (1843–47), George Edmund Street (1844–49), William White (1845–47).

Books

  • Remarks on secular & domestic architecture, present & future. London: John Murray. 1857.
  • A Plea for the Faithful Restoration of our Ancient Churches. Oxford: James Parker. 1859.
  • Gleanings from Westminster Abbey / by George Gilbert Scott, with Appendices Supplying Further Particulars, and Completing the History of the Abbey Buildings, by W. Burges (2nd enlarged ed.). Oxford: John Henry and James Parker. 1863 [1861].
  • Personal and Professional Recollections. London: Sampson Low & Co. 1879.
  • Lectures on the Rise and Development of Medieval Architecture. I. London: John Murray. 1879.
  • Lectures on the Rise and Development of Medieval Architecture. II. London: John Murray. 1879. online texts for vols. I & II

Additionally he wrote over forty pamphlets and reports. As well as publishing articles, letters, lectures and reports in The Builder, The Ecclesiologist, The Building News, The British Architect, The Civil Engineer's and Architect's Journal, The Illustrated London News, The Times and Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects.

Architectural work

Although he is best known for his Gothic revival churches, Scott felt that the Midland Grand Hotel at St Pancras station was his most successful project.

His projects include:

Public buildings

Sandbach Literary Institution (1857) Grade II Listed Building
The University of Glasgow's main building (1870)

Domestic buildings

Church buildings

University of Cambridge, St John's College Chapel, by George Gilbert Scott, 1866–1869
The chapel of St John's College, Cambridge is characteristic of Scott's many church designs

Restorations

Churches

Scott was involved in major restorations of medieval church architecture, all across England.

The West Front of Lichfield Cathedral

Cathedrals

Additionally Scott designed the Mason and Dixon monument in York Minster (1860), prepared plans for the restoration of Bristol Cathedral in 1859 and Norwich Cathedral in 1860 neither of which resulted in a commission, and designed a pulpit for Lincoln Cathedral in 1863.

Abbeys, priories and collegiate churches

Other restoration work

Scott restored the Inner Gateway (also known as the Abbey Gateway) of Reading Abbey in 1860 – 1861 after its partial collapse.[66] St Mary's of Charity in Faversham, which was restored (and transformed, with an unusual spire and unexpected interior) by Scott in 1874, and Dundee Parish Church, and designed the chapels of Exeter College, Oxford, St John's College, Cambridge and King's College London. He also designed St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee.

Lichfield Cathedral's ornate West Front was extensively renovated by Scott from 1855 to 1878. He restored the cathedral to the form he believed it took in the Middle Ages, working with original materials where possible and creating imitations when the originals were not available. It is recognised as some of his finest work.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cole, 1980, p. 1.
  2. ↑ "George Gilbert Scott (1811–1878) and William Bonython Moffatt (−1887)". The Workhouse. 23 April 2007. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 29 April 2011.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Bayley 1983, p.43
  4. ↑ Hitchcock 1977, p.146
  5. ↑ Cherry and Pevsner 1990, p.313
  6. ↑ Hitchcock 1977, p.152
  7. ↑ Eastlake 1872, p.219
  8. ↑ Whiting, R. C. (1993). Oxford Studies in the History of a University Town Since 1800. Manchester University Press. p. 56. ISBN 9780719030574. The terms of the commission had stipulated that it should be based on the Eleanor Cross at Waltham
  9. ↑ Eastlake 1872, p.220
  10. 1 2 Eastlake 1872, p.221
  11. 1 2 Hitchcock 1977, p.153
  12. ↑ Mallgrave, Harry Francis (2005). Modern Architectural Theory: A Historical Survey, 1673–1968. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521793063.
  13. ↑ Blanch, William Harnett (1875). Y parish of Camberwell. A brief account of the parish of Camberwell, its history and antiquities. G.W. Allen.
  14. ↑ Cathedral, Restore Christchurch. "Restore Christchurch Cathedral - Cathedral Report Delivered to Government". restorechristchurchcathedral.co.nz. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  15. ↑ Hayman, Richard (April 2010). "Ballad of the Green Man". History Today. 60 (4).
  16. ↑ Eastlake 1872, pp.311– 2
  17. ↑ "SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811–1878)". English Heritage. Retrieved 9 January 2012.
  18. ↑ "Sir George Gilbert Scott". Flickr.
  19. ↑ Allinson, Kenneth (24 September 2008). Architects and Architecture of London. Routledge. p. 164. ISBN 9781136429644.
  20. ↑ Historic England. "Tomb of Albert Henry Scott in the Churchyard of St Peter's Church (1380183)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  21. ↑ Arber, Agnes; Goldbloom, Alexander. "Scott, Dukinfield Henry". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35984. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  22. ↑ Stamp, Gavin (2004). "Scott, Elisabeth Whitworth (1898–1972), architect". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/24869. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  23. ↑
  24. ↑ Higginbotham, Peter. "The Workhouse in Williton, Somerset". www.workhouses.org.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  25. ↑ Sutton, James C, ed. (1999). Alsager the Place and its People. Alsager: Alsager History Research Group. p. not cited. ISBN 0-9536363-0-5.
  26. ↑ John Parsons Earwaker, "The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach", 1890, (page 86)
  27. ↑ "Cemetery Chapels, Ramsgate". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  28. ↑ "Gate House to Cemetery About 50 Metres South of Cemetery Chapel, with Side Walls, Ramsgate". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 21 February 2014.
  29. ↑ "Sandbach Almshouses Foundation Plaque", Wikipedia Commons
  30. ↑ "Vicarage, Jarrom Street". Flickr.
  31. ↑ Reynolds, Susan, ed. (1962). A History of the County of Middlesex: Volume 3: Shepperton, Staines, Stanwell, Sunbury, Teddington, Heston and Isleworth, Twickenham, Cowley, Cranford, West Drayton, Greenford, Hanwell, Harefield and Harlington. Victoria County History. pp. 230–33. Retrieved 21 July 2007.
  32. ↑ Bridges, Tim (2005). Churches of Worcestershire (2nd ed.). Logaston Press. p. 157. ISBN 1-904396-39-9.
  33. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, pages 122–123
  34. ↑ "Sherbourne Park -". sherbournepark.com.
  35. ↑ Pevsner, 1968, page 113
  36. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, page 299
  37. ↑ Weinreb, Ben, and Hibbert, Christopher (1992). The London Encyclopaedia (reprint ed.). Macmillan. p. 610.
  38. ↑ Sherwood & Pevsner, 1974, page 682
  39. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, page 126
  40. ↑ John Parsons Earwaker, "The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach", 1890, (page 87)
  41. ↑ "Leicester St Andrew - Learn - FamilySearch.org". familysearch.org.
  42. ↑ "Error". leicester.gov.uk.
  43. ↑ "A Church on Jarrom Street: St Andrew's ,Leicester". www.kairos-press.co.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  44. ↑ "Chapel At Wellington College With Porch Colonnade And Gateway Adjoining West End". Historic England. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
  45. ↑ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1240546)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 23 March 2012.
  46. ↑ "St Andrew's Church, London Road, Litchurch". Derby Mercury. England. 30 March 1864. Retrieved 4 June 2017 – via British Newspaper Archive. (Subscription required (help)).
  47. ↑ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1386145)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 September 2014.
  48. ↑ "Lewisham, St Stephen with St Mark - East Lewisham Deanery - The Diocese of Southwark". anglican.org. Archived from the original on 13 May 2014.
  49. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, page 106
  50. ↑ A short history of our church building by Ian Thomas (Parish Magazine September 2010)
  51. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, page 226
  52. ↑ "St Mary's Episcopal Cathedral Glasgow". Glasgow Architecture. Retrieved 31 August 2012.
  53. ↑ visit Ayscoughfee Hall Museum, Spalding for further information
  54. ↑ "Church of St. Mary the Virgin". Images of England. Retrieved 29 September 2007.
  55. ↑ Pevsner, 1968, page 271
  56. ↑ "Cemetery Chapels, Ramsgate". www.britishlistedbuildings.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2013.
  57. ↑ John Parsons Earwaker, "The History of the Ancient Parish of Sandbach", 1890, (page 28)
  58. ↑ "The Building - Description - St John's Church, Glastonbury". www.stjohns-glastonbury.org.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
  59. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, page 63
  60. ↑ Pevsner, 1968, page 109
  61. ↑ Clarke, John (1984). The Book of Buckingham. Buckingham: Barracuda Books. p. 145. ISBN 0-86023-072-4.
  62. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, page 304
  63. ↑ Pevsner, 1963, page 327
  64. ↑ Church of All Saints, Winterton, Historic England, retrieved 13 August 2018
  65. ↑ "Church of St. Mary, causeway bridge, and gates". Images of England. Retrieved 20 November 2007.
  66. ↑ Tyack, Bradley and Pevsner, Geoffrey, Simon and Nikolaus (2010). The Buildings of England: Berkshire. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. p. 443. ISBN 978-0-300-12662-4.

Sources

  • Bayley, Stephen (1983). The Albert Memorial (paperback ed.). London: Scolar Press.
  • Cole, David (1980). The Work of Gilbert Scott. London: Architectural Press. ISBN 0-85139-723-9.
  • Eastlake, Charles Locke (1872). A History of the Gothic Revival. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
  • Hitchcock, Henry-Russell (1977). Architecture:Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. The Pelican History of Art. Harmonsworth: Penguin Books.
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus (1963). Herefordshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071025-6.
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus (1968). Worcestershire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
  • Sherwood, Jennifer; Pevsner, Nikolaus (1974). Oxfordshire. The Buildings of England. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071045-0.
  •  "Scott, George Gilbert". Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  • "Sir George Gilbert Scott". Metalwork. Victoria and Albert Museum. Archived from the original on 21 June 2008. Retrieved 18 August 2007.
  • "George Gilbert Scott's workhouse designs". The Workhouse. The Workhouse. Retrieved 9 September 2008.
  • St Johns Church Bromsgrove
  • Sir George Gilbert Scott, the unsung hero of British architecture
  • Profile on Royal Academy of Arts Collections
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