Worcester Cathedral

Worcester Cathedral
Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Mary the Virgin, of Worcester
Worcester Cathedral
Worcester Cathedral
Location within Worcestershire
Coordinates: 52°11′20″N 2°13′15″W / 52.18889°N 2.22083°W / 52.18889; -2.22083
Location Worcester (Worcestershire)
Country England
Denomination Church of England
Website worcestercathedral.co.uk
History
Former name(s) Worcester Priory
Architecture
Functional status Active
Style Norman, Gothic
Years built 1084-1504
Specifications
Length 130 m (426.51 ft)
Nave length 53 m (173.88 ft)
Width 44 m (144.36 ft)
Nave width 9 m (29.53 ft)
Nave height 20 m (65.62 ft)
Tower height 62 m (203.41 ft)
Administration
Diocese Worcester (since 670)
Province Canterbury
Clergy
Bishop(s) John Inge
Dean Peter Atkinson
Precentor Michael Brierley
Canon(s) Alvyn Pettersen (Canon Theologian)
Georgina Byrne
Laity
Organist(s) Peter Nardone

Worcester Cathedral, is an Anglican cathedral in Worcester, England, situated on a bank overlooking the River Severn. It is the seat of the Bishop of Worcester. Its official name is the Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Mary the Virgin of Worcester. The present cathedral church was built between 1084 and 1504, and represents every style of English architecture from Norman to Perpendicular Gothic. It is famous for its Norman crypt and unique chapter house, its unusual Transitional Gothic bays, its fine woodwork and its "exquisite" central tower,[1] which is of particularly fine proportions.[1][2]

The cathedral's west facade appeared, with a portrait of Sir Edward Elgar, on the reverse of £20 note issued by the Bank of England between 1999 and 2007, remaining in circulation as legal tender until 30 June 2010.[3][4]

History

Early history

The Cathedral was founded in 680, with a Northumbrian priest, Tatwine, appointed as its first bishop. Tatwine died before he could be consecrated, however, so his successor Bishop Bosel may be regarded as Worcester's first serving bishop.[5] The first cathedral church, dedicated to Ss. Peter and Paul, was built in this period, but no remains of its architecture survive. The crypt of the present-day cathedral dates from the 10th century and the time of St Oswald, Bishop of Worcester.

The community associated with the cathedral the early eighth century included members of various clerical orders.[6] The cathedral community was regulated along formal monastic lines as a consequence of the Benedictine reforms in the second half of the tenth century (one author gives the time range 974-977, another considers 969 more likely). There is an important connection with Fleury Abbey in France, as Oswald, bishop of Worcester from 961 to 992, was professed at Fleury and introduced the monastic rule of Fleury to the monastery that he established at Worcester around the year 966, which was dedicated — as the present cathedral church is — to St. Mary.[7]

Medieval

The medieval cloisters

The last Anglo-Saxon bishop of Worcester, Wulstan, unusually remained bishop after the Norman Conquest until his death in 1095. He was later made a saint.

The Priory Cathedral was a major landowner and economic force, both in Worcester and the county. Its properties for instance included the priory manor of Bromsgrove.[8] It was a centre of learning and provided schooling. It was associated with hospitals. The Church received a portion of local taxations and ecclesiastical law applied to Christian morals and could result in punishments. It had close political associations with leading gentry and aristocracy. As such, Worcester's Cathedral had a central role in the medieval life of the city and county.[9]

The Cathedral was one of a number of religious institutions in the city.[10]

Relations with the Jewish community of Worcester

The Diocese was notably hostile to the small Jewish community which was established in Worcester. Peter of Blois was commissioned by a Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances, to write a significant anti-Judaic treatise Against the Perfidy of Jews around 1190.[11]

William de Blois, as Bishop of Worcester, imposed particularly strict rules on Jews within the diocese in 1219.[12] As elsewhere in England, Jews were officially compelled to wear rectangular white badges, supposedly representing tabulae.[13] In most places, this requirement was relinquished as long as fines were paid. In addition to enforcing the church laws on wearing badges, Blois tried to impose additional restrictions on usury, and wrote to Pope Gregory in 1229 to ask for better enforcement and further, harsher measures. In response, the Papacy demanded that Christians be prevented from working in Jewish homes, "lest temporal profit be preferred to the zeal of Christ", and enforcement of the wearing of badges.[14]

Dissolution and Reformation

The priory came to an end with King Henry VIII's Dissolution of the Monasteries. Shortly beforehand, in 1535, the prior William More resigned, and was replaced by Henry Holbeach. More had a reputation for fine living, although his standards seem in line with other senior ecclesiasts of the time. However, there certainly were problems with the administration of the priory, including divisions within the community.[15]

The Protestant Hugh Latimer was bishop from 1535, and preached for reform and iconoclasm. He resigned as bishop in 1539, as a result of a theological turn by Henry VIII towards Roman Catholicism, in the Six Articles. John Bell, a moderate reformer, was bishop from 1539 to 1543, during the period of the priory's dissolution.

In the early 16th century, Worcester had around 40 monks. This declined slightly in the years immediately before 1540, as recruitment seems to have halted. There were 35 Benedictine monks plus the Prior Holbeach at the time of dissolution, probably 16 January 1540; eleven were immediately given pensions, while the remainder became secular canons in the new Royal College. Holbeach was re-appointed as the first Dean. A further five former monks were pensioned from the college in July 1540.[16]

The former monastic library of Worcester contained a considerable number of manuscripts which are, among other libraries, now scattered over Cambridge, London (British Library), Oxford Bodleian, and the Cathedral library at Worcester of today.[17] Remains of the priory dating from the 12th and 13th centuries can still be seen.

John Bell's successor as Bishop, Nicholas Heath, was religiously much more conservative and Catholic.

Civil War

During the Civil War, the Cathedral was used to store arms, possibly as early as September 1642.[18] While Worcester declared itself for Parliament, it was swiftly occupied by the Royalists, who were using the building to store munitions when Essex briefly retook the city after a skirmish on its outskirts. The Parliamentary troops then ransacked the Cathedral building. Stained glass was smashed and the organ destroyed, along with library books and monuments.[19]

The See was abolished during the Commonwealth and the Protectorate, approximately 1646–60.[20]

Victorian to present

In the 1860s, the cathedral was subject to major restoration work planned by Sir George Gilbert Scott and A. E. Perkins. The belltower was demolished in 1647 and the building used as a prison in the aftermath of the 1651 battle.[21]

An image of the cathedral's west facade appeared on the reverse of the Series E British £20 note commemorating Sir Edward Elgar, issued between 1999 and 2007.[22]

Architecture

The nave

Worcester Cathedral embodies many features that are highly typical of an English medieval cathedral. Like the cathedrals of Salisbury and Lincoln, it has two transepts crossing the nave, rather than the single transept usual on the Continent. This feature of English Cathedrals was to facilitate the private saying of the Holy Office by many clergy or monks. Worcester is also typical of English cathedrals in having a chapter house and cloister. To the north side of the cathedral is an entrance porch, a feature designed to eliminate the draught which, prior to the installation of modern swing doors, would blow through cathedrals whenever the western doors were open.

Worcester Cathedral has important parts of the building dating from every century from the 11th to the 16th. Its tower in the perpendicular style is described by Alec Clifton-Taylor as "exquisite"[1] and is seen best across the River Severn.[2]

The earliest part of the building at Worcester is the multi-columned Norman crypt with cushion capitals remaining from the original monastic church begun by bishop Saint Wulfstan of Worcester in 1084. Also from the Norman period is the circular chapter house of 1120, made octagonal on the outside when the walls were reinforced in the 14th century. The nave was built and rebuilt piecemeal and in different styles by several different architects over a period of 200 years, from 1170 to 1374, some bays being a unique and decorative transition between Norman and Gothic.[1][23] The oldest parts show alternate layers of green sandstone from Highley in Shropshire and yellow Cotswold limestone.[24]

The lady chapel and east window
The Norman crypt

The east end was rebuilt over the Norman crypt by Alexander Mason between 1224 and 1269, coinciding with, and in a very similar Early English style to, Salisbury Cathedral. From 1360, John Clyve finished off the nave, built its vault, the west front, the north porch and the eastern range of the cloister. He also strengthened the Norman chapter house, added buttresses and changed its vault. His masterpiece is the central tower of 1374, originally supporting a timber, lead-covered spire, now gone. Between 1404 and 1432, an unknown architect added the north and south ranges to the cloister, which was eventually closed by the western range by John Chapman, 1435–38. The last important addition is Prince Arthur’s Chantry Chapel to the right of the south choir aisle, 1502–04.[1][23]

Worcester Cathedral was extensively restored from 1857 to 1874 by W. A. Perkins and Sir George Gilbert Scott. Most of the fittings and the stained glass date from this time. Some early 17th century screens and panelling, removed from the choir and organ casing in 1864, are now at Holy Trinity Church, Sutton Coldfield.[25]

Dean and chapter

As of 7 January 2018:[26]

Burials and memorials

The interior, looking east.
Tomb chest in the nave.
The Cloister gardens.
Grave of Stanley Baldwin and his wife Lucy

The Cathedral contains the tomb of King John in its chancel. Before his death in Newark in 1216, John had requested to be buried at Worcester. He is buried between the shrines of St Wulstan and St Oswald (now destroyed).

The cathedral has a memorial, Prince Arthur's Chantry, to the young prince Arthur Tudor, who is buried here. Arthur's younger brother and next in line for the throne was Henry VIII. Worcester Cathedral suffered badly from Iconoclasm but was spared total destruction by Henry VIII during the English Reformation because of his brother's chantry in the cathedral.

An epitaph in Latin to a headmaster Henry Bright of King's College, Worcester, can be found near the north porch.[29] Other notable burials include:

Library

The Cathedral Library at Worcester, located since the 19th century in the loft above the South Nave, contains nearly 300 medieval manuscripts, 55 incunabula, and 5500 post-medieval printed books. Of particular note are the Worcester Antiphoner (the only book of its kind to survive the Reformation), the will of King John and a 1225 copy of Magna Carta.[39] The large scriptorium at Worcester produced many manuscripts and was a place of work for many famous scribes, such as the chronicler John of Worcester and the unnamed monk identified by his distinctive handwriting as The Tremulous Hand of Worcester.[40]

Misericords

Thirty nine of the misericords date from 1379 and include a complete set of the Labours of the Months. The subject matter includes biblical stories, mythology and folklore including N-07, The Clever Daughter which shows a naked woman draped in a net, riding a goat and carrying a rabbit under her arm. Three of the misericords are Victorian replacements such as N-02, Judas in the jaws of Satan.

Bells

The tower has a ring of twelve bells plus three semitone bells and a non-swinging bourdon.[41] The current peal of 15 ringing bells were cast in 1928 by John Taylor & Co., of Loughborough, from the metal of the original ring cast in 1869. The ring is the fifth heaviest ring of twelve in the world, only the bells in the cathedrals of Liverpool, Exeter, York and St Paul's, London are heavier. The bells are also considered to be one of the finest toned rings ever cast. The bells hang in a wooden frame that was constructed in 1869 for the previous ring. Worcester Cathedral is unique in having a purpose-built teaching centre equipped with eight special training bells, linked to computers.[41]

Music

The transept organ-case
The choir

Worcester Cathedral has three choirs: Worcester Cathedral Choir (the principal choir which has both boys' and girls' sections, normally working independently), Worcester Cathedral Voluntary Choir, and Worcester Cathedral Chamber Choir. All three were involved in the BBC broadcast of the midnight and Christmas morning services in 2007, with the boys and the girls of the Cathedral Choir, respectively, taking the lead in the two services.[42] Since the 18th century, Worcester Cathedral Choir has taken part in the Three Choirs Festival, the oldest music festival in the world.

The composer Edward Elgar spent most of his life in Worcestershire. The first performance of the revised version of his Enigma Variations – the version usually performed – took place at the cathedral during the 1899 Three Choirs Festival. He is commemorated in a stained glass window which contains his portrait.

Worcester Cathedral has a long history of organs dating back to at least 1417. There have been many re-builds and new organs in the intervening period, including work by Thomas Dallam, William Hill and most famously Robert Hope-Jones in 1896. The Hope-Jones organ was heavily re-built in 1925 by Harrison & Harrison, and then regular minor works kept it in working order until Wood Wordsworth and Co. were called in 1978. It was a large four-manual organ with 61 speaking stops. It had a large Gothic Revival case with heavily decorated front pipes as well as two smaller cases either side of the quire.[43]

This organ (apart from the large transept case and pedal pipes) was removed in 2006 in order to make way for a new instrument by Kenneth Tickell, which was completed in the summer of 2008.[44] The nave has a separate three-manual Rodgers organ.[45]

Notable organists at Worcester have included Thomas Tomkins (from 1596), Hugh Blair (from 1895), Ivor Atkins (from 1897) and David Willcocks (from 1950). From 2012-2018 the Director of Music and Organist was Peter Nardone.

Events

Worcester Cathedral is the host of the annual graduation ceremonies for the University of Worcester. These ceremonies are presided over by the vice chancellor of the university, and take place over four days in November.[46]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Clifton-Taylor 1967
  2. 1 2 Tim Tatton-Brown and John Crook, The English Cathedral
  3. ↑ "The Elgar notes are being withdrawn under authority given to the Bank by virtue of Section 1 (5) of the Currency and Banknotes Act 1954. The Elgar £20 banknote was first issued on 22 June 1999. Bank of England - News Release - Withdrawal of Elgar £20 Note" (PDF). Bank of England. 2010.
  4. ↑ "£20 Sir Edward Elgar (Introduction 22.06.1999 - Withdrawal 30.06.2010)". Withdrawn bank notes. Bank of England.
  5. ↑ Barrow 2013 electronic edition, loc. 22608
  6. ↑ Barrow 2013, electronic edition, loc. 22614
  7. ↑ Barrow 2013 electronic edition electronic edition, loc. 22626 and 22638; Knowles & Hadcock 1971, p. 81; Braunfels 1972, p. 154
  8. ↑ Dyer 2000
  9. ↑ Willis-Bund & Page 1971a
  10. ↑ Willis-Bund & Page 1971a; Willis-Bund & Page 1971b; Willis-Bund & Page 1971c
  11. ↑ de Blois 1194, Lazare 1903
  12. ↑ Vincent 1994, p. 217
  13. ↑ "Jewish Badge". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  14. ↑ Vincent 1994, p. 209
  15. ↑ Thornton 2018, pp. 7–8
  16. ↑ Thornton 2018
  17. ↑ Ker 1964, pp. 205–215
  18. ↑ Atkin 2004, p. 50
  19. ↑ Atkin 2004, pp. 52–53
  20. ↑ King 1968, pp. 523–537
  21. ↑ Atkin 2004, pp. 52–53 and Atkin 2004, p. 133
  22. ↑ "Current Banknotes: Old-style £20 Note (Sir Edward Elgar)". Bank of England. Retrieved 2008-10-30.
  23. 1 2 John Harvey, English Cathedrals
  24. ↑ "The Normans: A walk around Worcester Cathedral". BBC Online. 2010-08-02. Retrieved 2010-08-08.
  25. ↑ Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1319961)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  26. ↑ Worcester Cathedral — About Us (Accessed 7 January 2018)
  27. ↑ "Canon Precentor of Worcester Cathedral: Reverend Michael William Brierley". Prime Minister's Office, 10 Downing Street. Retrieved 16 December 2013.
  28. ↑ "Diocese of Worcester - Press Releases". 2013-07-24. Retrieved 2018-02-19.
  29. ↑ Anna Sander (1993-08-18). "Balliol Gazetteer". Archives.balliol.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  30. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral UK, Sir Ivor Atkins.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  31. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral Baldwin of Bewdley grave.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  32. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral UK 16052015 Bishop Alfred Barry.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  33. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral UK, Sir Ernest Bird.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  34. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral UK 16052015 Davies Agra.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  35. ↑ by worcestercl1 (2014-08-19). "The 'Eikon Basilikie' and how to climb a 17th Career Ladder | Worcester Cathedral Library and Archive Blog". Worcestercathedrallibrary.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  36. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral UK 16052015 Bishop Philip Goodrich.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  37. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral UK, William Henry Reed.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  38. ↑ "File:Worcester Cathedral UK 16052015 Bishop Robin Woods.jpg - Wikimedia Commons". Commons.wikimedia.org. Retrieved 2016-10-08.
  39. ↑ About Worcester Cathedral Library Retrieved 19 August 2014
  40. ↑ Thomson, R. M. (2001). A Descriptive Catalogue of the Medieval Manuscripts in Worcester Cathedral Library (First ed.). Woodbridge: D. S. Brewer. pp. xvii–xlvii. ISBN 0859916189.
  41. 1 2 Worcester Cathedral church bells Retrieved 4 July 2009
  42. ↑ "BBC will broadcast Christmas services live from Worcester Cathedral". 2007-11-14. Retrieved 28 December 2010.
  43. ↑ "Worcester Cathedral". National Pipe Organ Register (NPOR). Retrieved 2007-12-27.
  44. ↑ The specification and drawings were on Kenneth Tickell's website.
  45. ↑ "Rodgers UK ► a tradition of excellence in classical organs". 2005-03-11. Retrieved 2018-09-20.
  46. ↑ "Graduation 2015 - University of Worcester". Worcester.ac.uk. 2016-06-28. Retrieved 2016-10-08.

Sources and further reading

General

  • John Noake (1866), The monastery and cathedral of Worcester., London: Longman, OL 7145051M
  • Thomas Dingley (1867), History from marble., [Westminster]: Printed for the Camden Society, LCCN 17001261, OL 14133074M
  • Worcester Cathedral (official guidebook), Scala Publishers Ltd. (2004) ISBN 1-85759-347-2
  • Tatton-Brown, Tim; John Crook (2002). The English Cathedral. New Holland Publishers. ISBN 1-84330-120-2.
  • R.K. Morris, ed. Medieval Art and Architecture at Worcester Cathedral, 1978
  • Clifton-Taylor, Alec (1967). The Cathedrals of England (2nd ed.). Thames and Hudson Ltd. ISBN 978-0500200629.
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus; Brookes, Alan (2007), "Worcester: Cathedral Church of Christ and the Blessed Virgin Mary", Worcestershire, The Buildings of England (Revised ed.), London: Yale University Press, pp. 672–702, ISBN 9780300112986, OL 10319229M

Medieval

  • Willis-Bund, JW; Page, William, eds. (1971a). "Houses of Benedictine monks: Priory of St Mary, Worcester". A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2. London: British History Online. pp. 94–112. Retrieved 17 June 2018. }
  • Willis-Bund, J W; Page, William, eds. (1971b). "Hospitals: Worcester". A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2. London: British History Online. pp. 175–179. Retrieved 20 May 2018.
  • Willis-Bund, J W; Page, William, eds. (1971c). "Friaries: Worcester". A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 2. London: British History Online. pp. 167–173. Retrieved 13 May 2018.
  • Ker, Neil Ripley, ed. (1964). Medieval Libraries of Great Britain. Royal Historical Society. pp. 205–215.
  • Vincent, Nicholas (1994). "Two Papal Letters on the Wearing of the Jewish Badge, 1221 and 1229". 34: 209–24. JSTOR 29779960.
  • Mundill, Robin R (2002). England's Jewish Solution: Experiment and Expulsion, 1262-1290. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-52026-3.
  • de Blois, Peter (1194). "Against the Perfidy of the Jews". Medieval Sourcebook. University of Fordham. A treatise addressed to John Bishop of Worcester, probably John of Coutances who held that See, 1194-8.
  • Lazare, Bernard (1903), Antisemitism, its history and causes., New York: The International library publishing co., LCCN 03015369, OCLC 3055229, OL 7137045M
  • Barrow, Julia (2013). "Worcester". In Lapidge, Michael; Blair, John; Keynes, Simon; Scragg, Donald. The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Anglo-Saxon England. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-0470656327.
  • Knowles, David; Hadcock, R. Neville (1971). Medieval Religious Houses: England & Wales. Longman. ISBN 0-582-11230-3.
  • Braunfels, Wolfgang (1972). Monasteries of Western Europe. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 0-691-00313-0.
  • Dyer, Christopher (2000). Bromsgrove: a small town in Worcestershire in the Middle Ages. Occassional Publications. 9. Worcestershire Historical Society. ISSN 0140-9913.

Dissolution and Civil War

  • Thornton, David E (2018). "The Last Monks of Worcester Cathedral Priory". Midland History. Routledge. 43 (1): 3–21. doi:10.1080/0047729X.2018.1461774.
  • More, William (1914), Fegan, Ethel S, ed., Journal of Prior William More., London: Printed for the Worcestershire Historical Society, by M. Hughes and Clarke, OL 23307603M
  • Atkin, Malcolm (2004). Worcestershire under arms. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. ISBN 1-84415-072-0. OL 11908594M.
  • King, Peter (July 1968). "The Episcopate during the Civil Wars, 1642–1649". The English Historical Review. Oxford University Press. 83 (328): 523–537. doi:10.1093/ehr/lxxxiii.cccxxviii.523. Retrieved 20 August 2011.
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