France–Japan relations

Franco-Japanese relations

France	Japan

The history of relations between France and Japan goes back to the early 17th century, when a Japanese samurai and ambassador on his way to Rome landed for a few days in Saint-Tropez and created a sensation. France and Japan have enjoyed a very robust and progressive relationship spanning centuries through various contacts in each other's countries by senior representatives, strategic efforts, and cultural exchanges.

After nearly two centuries of seclusion by "Sakoku" in Japan, the two countries became very important partners from the second half of the 19th century in the military, economic, legal and artistic fields. The Bakufu modernized its army through the assistance of French military missions (Jules Brunet), and Japan later relied on France for several aspects of its modernization, particularly the development of a shipbuilding industry during the early years of the Imperial Japanese Navy (Émile Bertin), and the development of a Legal code.

France derived part of its modern artistic inspiration from Japanese art, essentially through Japonism and its influence on Impressionism, and almost completely relied on Japan for its prosperous silk industry.

Chronology of Franco-Japanese relations

17th–18th centuries

17th-century account of Hasekura's visit to France

• 1615. Hasekura Tsunenaga, a Japanese samurai and ambassador, sent to Rome by Date Masamune, lands at Saint-Tropez for a few days, initiating the first contacts between France and Japan.
• 1619. François Caron, son of French Huguenot refugees to the Netherlands enters the Dutch East India Company, and becomes the first person of French origin to set foot in Japan in 1619. He stays in Japan for 20 years, where he becomes a Director for the company. He later became the founding Director General of the French East India Company in 1664.
• 1636. Guillaume Courtet, a French Dominican priest, sets foot in Japan. He penetrates into Japan in clandestinity, against the 1613 interdiction of Christianity. He is caught, tortured, and dies in Nagasaki on September 29, 1637.
• No French people visit Japan between 1640 and 1780.
• Around 1700, the impostor known as George Psalmanazar claims to come from the Japanese tributary island of Formosa.
• 1787. La Pérouse (1741–1788) navigates in Japanese waters in 1787. He visits the Ryukyu Islands, and the strait between Hokkaidō and Sakhalin, giving it his name.

19th century

Main article: France-Japan relations (19th century)

• 1808. The French language is taught to five Japanese translators by the Dutch chief of Dejima, Hendrik Doeff.
• 1844. A French naval expedition under Captain Fornier-Duplan onboard Alcmène visits Okinawa on April 28, 1844. Trade is denied, but Father Forcade is left behind with a translator.

The First Japanese Embassy to Europe, in 1862

• 1846. Admiral Jean-Baptiste Cécille arrives in Nagasaki, but is denied landing.
• 1855. In an effort to find the Russian fleet in the Pacific Ocean during the Crimean War, a French-British naval force reaches the port of Hakodate, open to British ships as a result of the Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty of 1854, and sails further North, seizing the Russian-American Company's possessions on the island of Urup in the Kuril archipelago. The Treaty of Paris (1856) restitutes the island to Russia.^[1]
• 1855. Following the opening of Japan by the American Commodore Perry, France obtains a treaty with Okinawa on November 24, 1855.
• 1858. The Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan is signed in Edo on October 9, 1858, by Jean-Baptiste Louis Gros, opening diplomatic relations between the two countries.
• 1859. Arrival of Gustave Duchesne de Bellecourt.
• 1862. Shōgun Tokugawa Iemochi sends First Japanese Embassy to Europe, led by Takenouchi Yasunori.
• 1863. Second Japanese Embassy to Europe

Leonce Verny directed the construction of Japan's first modern arsenal at Yokosuka from 1865.

• 1864. Arrival of Leon Roches in Japan.
• 1864. Bombardment of Shimonoseki by allied ships (9 British, 3 French, 4 Dutch, 1 American).
• 1864. In November Leonce Verny arrives in Japan for the construction of the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal.
• 1865. Shibata Takenaka visits France to prepare for the construction of the Yokosuka arsenal and organize a French military mission to Japan.
• 1865. On September 12, 1865, the Messageries Maritimes passenger liner ship Dupleix was the first to call at a Japanese port to start a new service with France, both for passengers as well as for cargoes such as Japanese silk.

The first French military mission to Japan in 1867. Jules Brunet in front, second from right.

• 1867. The first French Military Mission to Japan arrives in Yokohama January 13, 1867. Among them is Captain Jules Brunet.
• 1867. Japan sends a delegation to the 1867 World Fair in Paris.
• 1867. The French mining engineer Jean Francisque Coignet is sent to Satsuma Domain and is put in charge of the silver mines of Ikuno in 1868.
• 1868. Kobe incident (February 4). A fight erupts in Kobe between 450 samurai of Okayama Domain and French sailors, leading to the occupation of central Kobe by foreign troops.^[2]
• 1868. Eleven French sailors from the Dupleix are killed in the Sakai incident, in Sakai, near Osaka, by southern rebel forces.
• 1869. Former French advisors under Jules Brunet fight alongside the last Tokugawa shogunate loyalists of Enomoto Takeaki, against Imperial troops in the Battle of Hakodate.
• 1870. Henri Pelegrin directs the construction of Japan's first gas-lighting system in the streets of Nihonbashi, Ginza and Yokohama.
• 1872. Paul Brunat opens the first modern Japanese silk spinning factory at Tomioka. Three craftsmen from the Nishijin weaving district in Kyoto travel to Lyon. They travel back to Japan in 1873, importing a Jacquard loom.
• 1872. Start of the second French Military Mission to Japan (1872-1880).
• 1873. The legal expert Gustave Emile Boissonade arrives in Japan to help build a modern legal system.
• 1874. The Second French Military Mission is sent to Japan, and builds the military school of Ichigaya, the start of the Imperial Japanese Army Academy.
• 1882. The first tramways are introduced from France and start functioning at Asakusa, and between Shinbashi and Ueno.
• 1884. Third French Military Mission to Japan (1884-1889).
• 1886. The French naval engineer Emile Bertin reinforces the Imperial Japanese Navy, and directs the construction of the arsenals of Kure and Sasebo, contributing to the Japanese victory in the First Sino-Japanese War. He was special adviser to Emperor Mutsuhito for naval development and was awarded by the Japanese government with the titles of Takaku Yaku nin et Chokunin.

The first automobile in Japan, a French Panhard-Levassor, in 1898

• 1898. The first automobile (a Panhard-Levassor) is introduced in Japan.

Franco-Japanese relations today

French embassy in Tokyo, Japan

Japanese embassy in Paris, France

Recently France has been very involved in trade and cultural exchange initiatives with Japan. Some people see this as a result of former French president Jacques Chirac being a Japanophile. Chirac has visited Japan over 40 times, probably more than any other world leader outside Japan, and is an expert on the country. France has started the export promotion campaign Le Japon, c'est possible and the international liaison personnel exchange program JET.

In June 1996, in Lyon, as part of the G7 summit which took place thanks to the crucial role played by the Consul General of Japan, Louis Michallet, Ryutaro Hashimoto and Jacques Chirac decided to organize "The Year of Japan in France", from April 1997 to March 1998 in order to correct the superficial and sometimes inaccurate understanding of Japanese culture.^[7] The start of that year coincided with the inauguration of the House of Culture of Japan in Paris. "The Year of France in Japan" followed "the Year of Japan", the combination of these two events inaugurating Franco-Japanese relations for the 21st century.^[8]

France and Japan have also worked together to improve dire health situations from HIV and underdevelopment in Djibouti, Madagascar, Uganda, and other countries.

Japan and France are also known to share ideas with each other in the realms of art and cooking. Japan has been heavily influenced by French cuisine within the past few decades, as seen on the television show Iron Chef. Anime and manga are popular in France: manga represents 1,400 of the 4,300 annual book publications and 40% of the comics sales (95 Million € in 2008). The movie Interstella 5555 was a collaborative motion picture with Japanese anime writer, Leiji Matsumoto, and the French house band, Daft Punk. French historical figures and settings from medieval, Renaissance, Napoleonic, and World War eras have served as models for certain popular stories in Japanese entertainment. The purity of Japanese painting and illustration, and likewise the modernity and elegance of French visual arts has resulted in hybrid styles in those creative fields.

The two countries have been collaborating closely in the area of nuclear energy generation. In September 2013, two years after the nuclear disaster at Fukushima, Japan has officially accepted help from France for the decommission and dismantle of Fukushima's reactors.^[9] Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, a Japanese corporation, and France's Areva began cooperating on constructing a nuclear reactor in Turkey in 2013.^[10]

In June 2005, France and Japan announced a collaboration to build the next generation supersonic commercial aircraft, a successor to the Concorde. Commercial service is not expected until 2050.^[11][12]

Laurent Fabius, French Foreign Minister, met with Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe as a courtesy call during a visit to Japan from 5 October to 6 October 2014.^[13] The meeting included Abe expressing his condolences for the ISIL beheading of French backpacker Hervé Gourdel, and both agreed on future meetings on defense cooperation and tackling global warming.^[14]

On December 8th, 2014, during public ceremonies under the aegis and presence of authorities^[15] Japan recognised the Niten Ichi Ryu Memorial^[16] which recalls history and Japan-France link.^[17]

French in Japan

• Léon Roches
• Julie Dreyfus, actress
• Jules Brunet
• Léonce Verny
• Louis-Émile Bertin, naval engineer in Japan from 1886 to 1890
• Gustave Emile Boissonade in Japan from 1873 to 1895
• Paul Claudel French embassador in Tokyo from 1922 to 1928
• Pierre Barouh, singer
• Michael Ferrier, writer in Japan since 1992
• Maurice Pinguet, writer in Japan from 1958 to 1968 and from 1979 to 1989

Japanese in France

• Hasekura Tsunenaga
• Fukuzawa Yukichi as a translator in the 1862 mission
• Shibata Takenaka (1823–1878)
• Tsuguharu Foujita (in France from 1913 to 1931)
• Tetsumi Kudo
• Kenzo Takada
• Akira Mizubayashi

See also

• Foreign cemeteries in Japan
• Foreign relations of Japan
• France–Asia relations
• o-yatoi gaikokujin - foreign employees in Meiji era Japan
• Paris syndrome

Notes

References

• Maurice Pinguet, Voluntary Death in Japan (1984), Polity Press, 1993.
• Maurice Pinguet, Le Texte Japon, introuvables et inédits, Seuil, 2009.
• Polak, Christian. (2001). Soie et lumières: L'âge d'or des échanges franco-japonais (des origines aux années 1950). Tokyo: Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie Française du Japon, Hachette Fujin Gahōsha (アシェット婦人画報社).
• __________. (2002). 絹と光: 知られざる日仏交流100年の歴史 (江戶時代-1950年代) Kinu to hikariō: shirarezaru Nichi-Futsu kōryū 100-nen no rekishi (Edo jidai-1950-nendai). Tokyo: Ashetto Fujin Gahōsha, 2002. ISBN 978-4-573-06210-8; OCLC 50875162
• Michael Ferrier, La Tentation de la France, la Tentation du Japon : regards croisés, éd. Picquier, 2003 ISBN 2-87730-663-1
• Michael Ferrier, Japon, la Barrière des Rencontres, éd. Cécile Defaut, 2009 ISBN 9782350180748
• Michael Ferrier, France-Japan: The Coral Writers (From stereotype to prototype, in favor of rethinking a critical approach to Japan), Contemporary French & Francophone Studies, Volume 21, 2017 - Issue 1: France-Asia, pp. 8–27.

External links

• Japan-France Relations
• Niten Ichi Ryu Memorial