Flaviviridae
Flaviviridae | |
---|---|
Virus classification | |
Group: | Group IV ((+)ssRNA) |
Family: | Flaviviridae |
Genera | |
Flaviviridae is a family of viruses. Humans and other mammals serve as natural hosts. They are primarily spread through arthropod vectors (mainly ticks and mosquitoes). The family gets its name from the yellow fever virus, the type virus of Flaviviridae; flavus means yellow in Latin, and Yellow fever in turn was named because of its propensity to cause jaundice in victims.[1] There are currently over 100 species in this family, divided among four genera.[2][3] Diseases associated with this family include: hepatitis (hepaciviruses), hemorrhagic syndromes, fatal mucosal disease (pestiviruses), hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and the birth defect microcephaly (flaviviruses).[3][4]
Taxonomy
This family has four genera and a number of unclassified species.[2][3]
- Genus Flavivirus (type species Yellow fever virus, others include West Nile virus, Dengue Fever and Zika virus).
- Genus Hepacivirus (type species Hepacivirus C (hepatitis C virus), also includes Hepacivirus B (GB virus B)
- Genus Pegivirus (includes Pegivirus A (GB virus A), Pegivirus C (GB virus C), and Pegivirus B (GB virus D)
- Genus Pestivirus (type species Bovine virus diarrhea virus 1, others include Classical swine fever virus (previously hog cholera virus)—contains viruses infecting non-human mammals
Group: ssRNA(+)
- Family: Flaviviridae
- Genus: Flavivirus
- Apoi virus
- Aroa virus
- Bagaza virus
- Banzi virus
- Bouboui virus
- Bukalasa bat virus
- Cacipacore virus
- Carey Island virus
- Cowbone Ridge virus
- Dakar bat virus
- Dengue virus
- Edge Hill virus
- Entebbe bat virus
- Gadgets Gully virus
- Ilheus virus
- Israel turkey meningoencephalomyelitis virus
- Japanese encephalitis virus
- Jugra virus
- Jutiapa virus
- Kadam virus
- Kedougou virus
- Kokobera virus
- Koutango virus
- Kyasanur Forest disease virus
- Langat virus
- Louping ill virus
- Meaban virus
- Modoc virus
- Montana myotis leukoencephalitis virus
- Murray Valley encephalitis virus
- Ntaya virus
- Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus
- Phnom Penh bat virus
- Powassan virus
- Rio Bravo virus
- Royal Farm virus
- Saboya virus
- Sal Vieja virus
- San Perlita virus
- Saumarez Reef virus
- Sepik virus
- St. Louis encephalitis virus
- Tembusu virus
- Tick-borne encephalitis virus
- Tyuleniy virus
- Uganda S virus
- Usutu virus
- Wesselsbron virus
- West Nile virus
- Yaounde virus
- Yellow fever virus
- Yokose virus
- Zika virus
- Genus: Hepacivirus
- Genus: Pegivirus
- Pegivirus A
- Pegivirus B
- Genus: Pestivirus
- Border disease virus
- Bovine viral diarrhea virus 1
- Bovine viral diarrhea virus 2
- Classical swine fever virus
- Unclassified
Other flaviviruses are known that have yet to be classified. These include the Wenling shark virus.
There are a number of viruses that may be related to the flaviviruses but have features that are atypical of the flaviviruses. These include Citrus jingmen-like virus, Guaico Culex virus, Jingmen tick virus, Mogiana tick virus, Soybean cyst nematode virus 5, Toxocara canis larva agent, Wuhan cricket virus and possibly Gentian Kobu-sho-associated virus.
Genome
Flaviviridae have monopartite, linear, single-stranded RNA genomes of positive polarity, 9.6 to 12.3 kilobase in length. The 5'-termini of flaviviruses carry a methylated nucleotide cap, while other members of this family are uncapped and encode an internal ribosome entry site.
The genome encodes a single polyprotein with multiple transmembrane domains that is cleaved, by both host and viral proteases, into structural and non-structural proteins. Among the non-structural protein products (NS), the locations and sequences of NS3 and NS5, which contain motifs essential for polyprotein processing and RNA replication respectively, are relatively well conserved across the family and may be useful for phylogenetic analysis.
Virion structure
Virus particles are enveloped, with icosahedral and spherical geometries, about 40–60 nm in diameter.[3][4]
Genus | Structure | Symmetry | Capsid | Genomic arrangement | Genomic segmentation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hepacivirus | Icosahedral-like | Pseudo T=3 | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Flavivirus | Icosahedral-like | Pseudo T=3 | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Pegivirus | Icosahedral-like | Pseudo T=3 | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Pestivirus | Icosahedral-like | Pseudo T=3 | Enveloped | Linear | Monopartite |
Life cycle
Viral replication is cytoplasmic. Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral envelope protein E to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows the positive stranded RNA virus replication model. Positive stranded RNA virus transcription is the method of transcription. Translation takes place by viral initiation. The virus exits the host cell by budding. Humans and mammals serve as the natural host. The virus is transmitted via a vector (ticks and mosquitoes).[3][4]
Genus | Host details | Tissue tropism | Entry details | Release details | Replication site | Assembly site | Transmission |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hepacivirus | Humans | Epithelium: skin; epithelium: kidney; epithelium: intestine; epithelium: testes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Secretion | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Sex; blood |
Flavivirus | Humans; mammals; mosquitoes; ticks | Epithelium: skin; epithelium: kidney; epithelium: intestine; epithelium: testes | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Secretion | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Zoonosis; arthropod bite |
Pegivirus | Mammals | None | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Secretion | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Unknown |
Pestivirus | Mammals | None | Clathrin-mediated endocytosis | Secretion | Cytoplasm | Cytoplasm | Vertical: parental |
Clinical importance
Major diseases caused by the Flaviviridae family include:
References
- ↑ "Flaviviridae". Microbe Wiki. Retrieved July 22, 2008.
- 1 2 Simmonds, P; Becher, P; Bukh, J; Gould, E; Meyers, G; Monath, T; Muerhoff, S; Pletnev, A; Rico-Hesse, R; Smith, D; Stapleton, J; ICTV Report Consortium (2017). "ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Flaviviridae". Journal of General Virology. 98: 2–3. doi:10.1099/jgv.0.000672.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Flaviviridae". ICTV Online (10th) Report.
- 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
External links
- ICTV Online (10th) Report; Flaviviridae
- Flaviviridae Genomes database search results from the Viral Bioinformatics Resource Center
- Viralzone: Flaviviridae
- Virus Pathogen Database and Analysis Resource (ViPR): Flaviviridae
- "Flaviviridae". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 11050.