Mimiviridae

Mimiviridae
Virus classification
Group: Group I (dsDNA)
Order: NCLDV
Family: Mimiviridae
Genera

Mimiviridae is a family of viruses. Amoeba and other protists serve as natural hosts. The family is divided in up to 4 subfamilies.[1][2][3][4] Viruses in this family belong to the nucleocytoplasmic large DNA virus clade (NCLDV).

History

The first member of this family—the Mimivirus—was discovered in 2003.[5]

Taxonomy

Group: dsDNA

The genus is currently divided into three subfamilies.[2][3][6]

  • One subfamily (Mimivirus) is divided into three "lineages":
    • A - Mimivirus group: includes Acanthamoeba polyphaga Mimivirus, Hirudovirus, Mamavirus, Kroon virus, Lentille virus, Terra2, Niemeyer virus, Samba virus.[7][8]
    • B - Moumouvirus group: includes Moumouvirus, Saudi moumouvirus, Moumouvirus goulette, Monve virus (aka Moumouvirus monve), and Ochan virus.[9][7][10][8]
    • C - Courdo11 virus group: includes Mont1,[7] Courdo7, Courdo11, Megavirus chilensis, LBA111, Powai lake megavirus and Terra1.[11][12]
The majority of Mimiviridae appear to belong to this subfamily (Mimiviruses).[6]
It is sometimes also referred to as Mimiviridae group I.[13]
  • The second subfamily (Cafeteriavirus or Mimiviridae group II) includes the Cafeteria roenbergensis virus (CroV).[14]
  • The Klosneuvirinae have been proposed as a third subfamily and are divided into four "lineages": Klosneuvirus, Indivirus, Catovirus and Hokovirus.[3] They seem to be closely related to the Mimivirus subfamily rather than the Cafeteriavirus subfamily (and so might be summarized in Mimivirus group I as well).[15]
  • Tupanvirus strains have been discussed to comprise a sister group of mimiviruses.[4]

Furthermore, it has been proposed to extend Mimiviridae by an additional tentative group III (aka OLPG, Organic Lake Phycodna Group) that may consist of the following:

  • Phaeocystis globosa virus (PgV, represented by PgV-16T strain) and Phaeocystis pouchetii virus (PpV, e. g. PpV 01)
  • "Organic Lake Phycodnavirus" 1 and 2 (OLV1, OLV2, hosts of Organic Lake virophage)
  • "Yellowstone Lake Mimivirus"[16][17] aka "Yellowstone Lake Phycodnavirus" 4 (YSLGV4)
  • Chrysochromulina ericina virus (CeV, e. g. CeV 01)
  • Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV)
  • Pyramimonas orientalis virus (PoV)
  • Tetraselmis virus (TetV-1)[18][19]

This group seems to be closely related to Mimiviridae rather than to Phycodnaviridae and therefore is sometimes referred to as a further subfamily candidate Mesomimivirinae. Sometimes the extended family Mimiviridae is referred to as Megaviridae although this has not been recognized by ICTV; alternatively the extended group may be referred to just as Mimiviridae. The conventional Mimiviridae groups listed as subfamilies above may then be summarized in a single subfamily Megavirinae, being a single sister taxon to Mesomimivirinae.[20][21][22][23][24][13]

Although only a couple of members of this family have been described in detail it seems likely there are many more awaiting description and assignment,[25][26] For example, Terra2, and Aureococcus anophagefferens virus (AaV).

Structure

Viruses in Mimiviridae have icosahedral and round geometries, with between T=972 and T=1141, or T=1200 symmetry. The diameter is around 400 nm, with a length of 125 nm. Genomes are linear and non-segmented, around 1200kb in length. The genome has 911 open reading frames.[1]

GenusStructureSymmetryGenomic arrangementGenomic segmentation
MimivirusIcosahedralT=972-1141 or T=1200 (H=19 +/- 1, K=19 +/- 1)LinearMonopartite
Klosneuvirus
CafeteriavirusIcosahedralT=499LinearMonopartite
TupanvirusTailed

Life cycle

Replication follows the DNA strand displacement model. DNA-templated transcription is the method of transcription. Amoeba serve as the natural host.[1]

GenusHost detailsTissue tropismEntry detailsRelease detailsReplication siteAssembly siteTransmission
MimivirusZooplanktonNoneUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownPassive diffusion
KlosneuvirusUnknownNoneUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknown
CafeteriavirusAmoebaNoneUnknownUnknownUnknownUnknownPassive diffusion

Molecular biology

Within the genome of Lentille virus integrated genome of a virophage (Sputnik 2) and a transpoviron—a mobile genetic element—have been reported. Transpovirons are linear DNA elements of about 7 kilobases that encompass six to eight protein coding genes, two of which are homologous to virophage genes. Broad spectrum of mimiviridae virophage allows its isolation using a mimivirus reporter.[11]

Clinical

Mimiviruses have been associated with pneumonia but their significance if any is currently unknown.[27] The only virus of this family isolated from a human to date is LBA 111.[28] Mimivirus has also been implicated in rheumatoid arthritis.[29]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Viral Zone". ExPASy. Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  2. 1 2 ICTV. "Virus Taxonomy: 2014 Release". Retrieved 15 June 2015.
  3. 1 2 3 Schulz, Frederik; Yutin, Natalya; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Ortega, Davi R.; Lee, Tae Kwon; Vierheilig, Julia; Daims, Holger; Horn, Matthias; Wagner, Michael (2017-04-07). "Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components". Science. 356 (6333): 82–85. Bibcode:2017Sci...356...82S. doi:10.1126/science.aal4657. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28386012.
  4. 1 2 Abrahão, Jônatas; Silva, Lorena; Silva, Ludmila Santos; Khalil, Jacques Yaacoub Bou; Rodrigues, Rodrigo; Arantes, Thalita; Assis, Felipe; Boratto, Paulo; Andrade, Miguel; Kroon, Erna Geessien; Ribeiro, Bergmann; Bergier, Ivan; Seligmann, Herve; Ghigo, Eric; Colson, Philippe; Levasseur, Anthony; Kroemer, Guido; Raoult, Didier; Scola, Bernard La (27 February 2018). "Tailed giant Tupanvirus possesses the most complete translational apparatus of the known virosphere". Nature Communications. 9 (1). Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..749A. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03168-1. Fig. 4 and §Discussion: "Considering that tupanviruses comprise a sister group to amoebal mimiviruses…"
  5. ↑ Suzan-Monti M, La Scola B, Raoult D (2006) Genomic and evolutionary aspects of Mimivirus. Virus Res 117(1):145-155
  6. 1 2 Colson P, Fournous G, Diene SM, Raoult D (2013) Codon usage, amino acid usage, transfer RNA and amino-acyl-tRNA synthetases in mimiviruses. Intervirology 56(6):364-375. doi: 10.1159/000354557
  7. 1 2 3 Morgan Gaia et al.: Zamilon, a Novel Virophage with Mimiviridae Host Specificity, in: PLoS One. 2014; 9(4): e94923. Published online 2014 Apr 18. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094923
  8. 1 2 See also Abrahão et al. (2018), fig. 4 on p. 5
  9. ↑ Christelle Desnues et al.: Provirophages and transpovirons as the diverse mobilome of giant viruses, in: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(44), P. 18078–18083, 2012 Oct 30, doi: 10.1073/pnas.1208835109
  10. ↑ Natalya Yutin et al.: Origin of giant viruses from smaller DNA viruses not from a fourth domain of cellular life, in: Virology Volumes 466–467, October 2014, P. 38-52, doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.06.032
  11. 1 2 Gaia M, Pagnier I, Campocasso A, Fournous G, Raoult D, La Scola B: Broad Spectrum of Mimiviridae Virophage Allows Its Isolation Using a Mimivirus Reporter, in: PLoS One 8(4):e61912 (2013). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061912
  12. ↑ For LBA111 and Powai lake megavirus see also Abrahão, et al. (2018), fig 4 on p. 5
  13. 1 2 Weijia Zhang et al.: Four novel algal virus genomes discovered from Yellowstone Lake metagenomes, in: Scientific Reports 5, Article number: 15131 (2015), especially Figure 6, doi: 10.1038/srep15131
  14. ↑ Matthias G. Fischer; Michael J. Allen; William H. Wilson; Curtis A. Suttle (2010). "Giant virus with a remarkable complement of genes infects marine zooplankton". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (45): 19508–19513. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10719508F. doi:10.1073/pnas.1007615107. PMC 2984142. PMID 20974979.
  15. ↑ F. Schulz et al.: , in: Science 356, 82-85, July 4th 2017, UCPMS ID: 1889607, doi: 10.1126/science.aal4657, PDF, especially Fig. 2
  16. ↑ See Abrahão, et al. (2018), fig. 4 on page 5
  17. ↑ NCBI Complete genomes: Viruses, look for 'Yellowstone Lake'
  18. ↑ A new giant virus found in the waters of Oahu, Hawaii, ScienceDaily, May 3, 2018
  19. ↑ Christopher R. Schvarcz, Grieg F. Steward: A giant virus infecting green algae encodes key fermentation genes. Virology, 2018; 518: 423 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2018.03.010
  20. ↑ Schulz, Frederik; Yutin, Natalya; Ivanova, Natalia N.; Ortega, Davi R.; Lee, Tae Kwon; Vierheilig, Julia; Daims, Holger; Horn, Matthias; Wagner, Michael (2017-04-07). "Giant viruses with an expanded complement of translation system components". Science. 356 (6333): 82–85. Bibcode:2017Sci...356...82S. doi:10.1126/science.aal4657. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 28386012.
  21. ↑ Eugene V Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Natalya Yutin: Evolution of double-stranded DNA viruses of eukaryotes: From bacteriophages to transposons to giant viruses, in: ResearchGate Literature Review February 2015, doi: 10.1111/nyas.12728, Figure 3
  22. ↑ Natalya Yutin et al.: Mimiviridae: clusters of orthologous genes, reconstruction of gene repertoire evolution and proposed expansion of the giant virus family, in: Virol J. 2013; 10: 106, doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-106
  23. ↑ Blog of Carolina Reyes, Kenneth Stedman: Are Phaeocystis globosa viruses (OLPG) and Organic Lake phycodnavirus a part of the Phycodnaviridae or Mimiviridae?, on ResearchGate, Jan. 8, 2016
  24. ↑ Fumito Maruyama and Shoko Ueki: Evolution and Phylogeny of Large DNA Viruses, Mimiviridae and Phycodnaviridae Including Newly Characterized Heterosigma akashiwo Virus, in: Front. Microbiol., 30 November 2016, doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01942
  25. ↑ Ghedin E, Claverie JM (2005) Mimivirus relatives in the Sargasso sea. Virol J. 2:62
  26. ↑ Monier A, Claverie JM, Ogata H (2008) Taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses in the sea. Genome Biol. 9(7):R106.
  27. ↑ Saadi H, Pagnier I, Colson P, Cherif JK, Beji M, Boughalmi M, Azza S, Armstrong N, Robert C, Fournous G, La Scola B, Raoult D (2013) First isolation of Mimivirus in a patient with pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis
  28. ↑ Yoosuf N, Pagnier I, Fournous G, Robert C, La Scola B, Raoult D, Colson P (2013) Complete genome sequence of Courdo11 virus, a member of the family Mimiviridae. Virus Genes
  29. ↑ Shah, N.; Hulsmeier, A. J.; Hochhold, N.; Neidhart, M.; Gay, S.; Hennet, T. (2013). "Exposure to Mimivirus Collagen Promotes Arthritis". Journal of Virology. 88 (2): 838–45. doi:10.1128/JVI.03141-13. PMC 3911627. PMID 24173233.

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