Costa Rican general election, 2018

Costa Rican general election, 2018
4 February 2018 (2018-02-04) (first round)
1 April 2018 (2018-04-01) (second round)

 
Nominee Carlos Alvarado Fabricio Alvarado
Party Citizens' Action National Restoration
Home state San José San José
Running mate Epsy Campbell
Marvin Rodríguez		 Ivonne Acuña
Francisco J. Prendas
Popular vote 1,322,908 860,388
Percentage 60.59% 39.41%
Map on the left shows the seats won by each party by province. The map on the right shows which party won the plurality in each province in both rounds of the Presidential election.
President before election

Luis Guillermo Solís
Citizens' Action

 President-elect

Carlos Alvarado Quesada
Citizens' Action

Costa Rica
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Costa Rica

General elections were held in Costa Rica in 2018 to elect both the President and Legislative Assembly. The first round of the presidential election was held on February 4, 2018, with the two highest-ranked candidates being Christian singer and Congressman Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz from the conservative National Restoration Party and writer and former Minister Carlos Alvarado Quesada from the progressive Citizens’ Action Party, gaining 24% and 21% of the votes respectively. As no candidate received more than 40% of the first round vote, a second round run-off election was held on April 1, 2018 and was won by Carlos Alvarado Quesada, with a landslide victory of 60.6% of the vote.[1][2]

The previously dominant National Liberation Party suffered its worst results to date, ending third in the presidential run for the first time in its history with its candidate former Legislative Assembly President Antonio Álvarez Desanti winning only 18%. Other notable candidates were lawyer and entrepreneur Rodolfo Piza from the center-right Social Christian Unity Party with 16% and right-wing populist Juan Diego Castro with 9%.

In the 57-seat Legislative Assembly, the National Liberation Party won 17 seats, the National Restoration Party won 14 seats, the Citizens' Action Party won 10 seats, the Social Christian Unity Party won 9 seats, the National Integration Party won 4 seats, the Social Christian Republican Party (an offshoot of PUSC) won 2 seats and left-wing Broad Front won 1 seat.

Electoral system

The President of Costa Rica is elected using a modified two-round system in which a candidate must receive at least 40% of the vote to win in the first round; if no candidate wins in the first round, a runoff will be held between the two candidates with the biggest quantity of votes.[3]

The 57 members of the Legislative Assembly are elected using closed list proportional representation through the largest remainder method from seven multi-member constituencies with between four and 19 seats, which are based on the seven provinces.[4]

Presidential primaries

Citizens' Action Party

The internal elections for the Citizens' Action Party were held on July 9, 2017.[5] The candidates were two former ministers of the Solís Rivera administration; writer Carlos Alvarado, former Minister of Labour and Social Issues, and economist Welmer Ramos, former Economy Minister. Alvarado won by 56% of the votes. Deputies Epsy Campbell, Ottón Solis and Vicepresident Ana Helena Chacón declined a potential run.[6]

Carlos Alvarado was the first one of the party to announce his intention to run under the slogan of "I choose the future" (Elijo el futuro) and ran under a progressive platform, which sought to exalt the achievements of Luis Guillermo Solis's government and promised to continue with it. Meanwhile, Welmer Ramos's campaign focused more on a moderate and conservative campaign, under the slogan "A citizen like you" (Un ciudadano como usted) and openly criticized the current government in order to appeal to those who were upset with the administration.

Libertarian Movement

The Libertarian Movement had its first primaries on June 30, 2017.

Candidates were deputy Natalia Diaz,[7] and historic leader and deputy Otto Guevara Guth, who will attempt to run for presidency for the fifth time. Guevara won the primary over Diaz by a 10% margin. Otto Guevara's primary campaign was based under a right-wing populist inclination, stating that Donald Trump's presidential campaign had given him new inspiration to run, while Natalia Diaz's campaign promised to bring a new face to the party and offer a new alternative to the party's establishment.

After the 2016 municipal elections, the party lost its only mayor and 258 aldermen, leaving it with little power. Plus, due to Guevara's turnabout from libertarianism to religious conservatism, many party adherents created a new party: the Liberal Progressive Party, under former transport minister Eliécer Feinzag's leadership; or joined Social Christian Unity Party because of its new liberal stance on politics.

National Liberation Party

The internal elections for the National Liberation Party were held on April 2, 2017. The candidates were Sigifredo Aiza Campos, former deputy for the Guanacaste province, current deputy and radio host Rolando González Ulloa, Antonio Álvarez Desanti president of the Legislative Assembly, former minister and presidential candidate who was supported by former president Óscar Arias Sánchez, and former president José María Figueres Olsen.[8] Álvarez Desanti was chosen as the party's candidate.

Social Christian Unity Party

The Social Christian primary was held on 4 June 2017 with former president of the Health System and previous candidate Rodolfo Piza winning over current deputy Rafael Ortiz.[9]

Other candidates

Former Public Safety Minister Juan Diego Castro launched his unexpected presidential campaign presenting himself as a political outsider and with a strong anti-establishment and anti-corruption speech.[10] Promising to "rule by decree" and with a very loud "hard hand" rhetoric (uncommon in Costa Rican politics as the country is famous for its political centrism), Castro has been compared with figures like Donald Trump and Rodrigo Duterte,[11][12] and accused of right-wing populism[13] and far-right positions,[10] albeit he rejects the comparisons.[14] He ran as the National Integration Party's nominee.

Four of the minor candidates lean towards the conservative evangelical community. These are former journalist and San José deputy Fabricio Alvarado for National Restoration Party, journalist Stephanie Campos for Costa Rican Renewal Party, perennial candidate and San José deputy Óscar López for Accessibility without Exclusion, and lawyer and Cartago deputy Mario Redondo for Christian Democratic Alliance a former Cartaginese provincial party but which expanded to the national level. The left-wing Broad Front nominated Heredia deputy Edgardo Araya (es:Edgardo Araya Sibaja). The far-left Workers' Party chose the trade unionist and high school professor Jhon Vega as its candidate. The centrist and youth oriented New Generation Party chose its founder Sergio Mena as the presidential nominee. Finally, former Social Christian Unity Party's presidential nominee Rodolfo Hernández (es:Rodolfo Hernández Gómez) launched his presidential campaign with the newly formed Social Christian Republican Party, a party formed by former PUSC members dissatisfied with the liberal-controlled Social Christian Central Committee, who claimed the party had lost its Calderonist origins

Presidential candidates

Citizens' Action Party
Carlos Alvarado Quesada Epsy Campbell and Marvin Rodríguez
for President for Vice Presidents
Labor Minister
(2014-2016)
Executive President of the Joint Social Welfare Institute
(2016-2017)		 Deputy
in the Legislative Assembly
(2002-2006 and 2014-2018)		 Labor Union Leader
National Restoration Party
Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz Ivonne Acuña and Francisco Prendas
for President for Vice Presidents
Deputy
in the Legislative Assembly
(2014-2018)

Other presidential candidates

Candidates included in this section have received more than 2% support in popular vote.
Antonio Álvarez Rodolfo Piza Juan Diego Castro Rodolfo Hernández
Minister of Farming
(1987-1988)
Minister of Governance
(1988-1999)
Deputy
(1994-1998 and 2014–2017)		 Justice
of the Supreme Court
(2009-2013)
Executive President
Costa Rican Social Security Fund
(1998-2002)		 Minister of Public Safety
(1994–1996)
Minister of Justice
(1997–1998)		 Director
Costa Rica's Children's Hospital
(2001–2014)
National Liberation Party Social Christian Unity Party National Integration Party Social Christian Republican Party

Campaign

Several topics like unemployment, corruption, economics, insecurity and poverty are among the main issues that concern the electorate according to polls.[15]

But one particular event that cause uproar in the campaign was the “Cementazo” (lit. cement hit) scandal. A corruption scandal involving political figures of all the main parties,[10] including candidate Otto Guevara, whose properties and parliamentary office were raided by the General Attorney investigating the case. Some analysts point to the Cementazo scandal as one of the reasons for the unexpected ascension in polls of hardline anti-establishment candidate Castro.[10]

During the campaign Castro made a series of highly controversial statements that often caused polemic reactions. Among other things, he accused the Judiciary of having some of its female members ascending due to sexual favors,[16][17] something that sprang harsh responses from female judges and judicial workers.[18] Political figures from other parties reacted with outrage including Desanti's wife Nuria Marin and PAC's vice-president nominee Epsy Campbell.[19][20] He later clarified that he was referring to one particular case of a known female friend of his. He also called for the removal of the prohibition on oil exploitation and gold mining calling those who opposed it "eco-terrorists and extremists".[21] Desanti also said that “extremists should not dictate environmental policies” but mentioned that he opposes oil exploitation. Both Alvarado Quesada and Araya are staunch opponents of all forms of oil exploration and exploitation.[22]

A surprising ruling from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights extending all rights enjoyed by heterosexual couples to same-sex couples made after Costa Rica's government lodged a motion for clarification also had an impact on the campaign. The ruling may require up to 22 signatory countries of the Pact of San José that recognize the contentious authority of the IACHR to change their laws in order to legalize same-sex marriage (whether by legislative or judicial methods, or both). Most polls show that most Costa Ricans oppose gay marriage albeit with large numbers supporting it (in a general ratio of 60-40%).[23][24][25][26] Opponents of gay marriage were outraged by the ruling, causing an increase in social media support for Christian singer and journalist Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz[27] from the staunchly conservative National Restoration Party (a normally small party with testimonial results mostly supported by the Evangelical Christian minority). Alvarado Muñoz was, for the first time for an Evangelical candidate, attracting Catholic voters.[27] Nevertheless, Alvarado Muñoz' gain also saw a counter-reaction. Social media support for progressive pro-gay marriage candidate Carlos Alvarado Quesada was also notable, particularly among millennials and centennials who mostly support socially liberal policies.[27] Some analysts point to a possible polarization between conservative and progressive voters, or among religious and secular or older and younger generations depending on the measure, which pushed both Alvarados into the second round.[27] At least two homophobic attacks have been reported.[28][29]

During the run-off campaign, Alvarado Muñoz’ strategy focused on linking his rival with the somewhat unpopular government at the time by pointing out its flaws, errors and scandals.[30] On the contrary, Alvarado Quesada tried to distance himself from Luis Guillermo Solís’ Administration, but at the same time highlighted its achievements.[31] Muñoz also reinforced his idea of defending "pro-life and family" values, whilst Quesada insisted in wanting an inclusive country with no "second class citizens". Quesada’s strategy focused in presenting Muñoz as unexperienced and unprepared, pointing out his delay in presenting his second government program as promised and contradictions between him and some of his close collaborators.[32]

A series of controversies affected Muñoz' presidential run, including accusations of plagiarism on his government program,[33] a delay in the presentation of his party's financial reports, high payments to him and some other high-ranking party members for services during the campaign,[34] etc. But probably one of the most damaging was the content of a book written by pastor and tele-evangelist Ronny Chaves (close collaborator of Fabricio and described by him as "spiritual father") calling "La Negrita" or Virgen de los Angeles (Costa Rica's patron saint) a demon. Something that some analysts highlight as hurtful to many Catholics' feelings causing many of them to switch towards Carlos Alvarado.[35] In fact, the Cartago Province which is Costa Rica's Catholic epicenter and see of the Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles is where Quesada's support was higher (75%), on the contrary Fabricio won by wide margin in the mostly Protestant province of Limón.

In the second round Carlos kept San José, Heredia and Cartago Provinces and all of the cantons he won in the first one, and managed to turn Alajuela and Guanacaste on his favor.[36] He also won, again, the foreign vote winning all ballot booths overseas except Singapore were there was a tie. Fabricio kept Puntarenas and Limón as his strongholds and won in all cantons of Limon, most of the Punteranas cantons, four of the northern cantons of Alajuela (San Carlos, Upala, Guatuso and Los Chiles) and Sarapiqui in Heredia.[36] Abstentionism was less during the second round for the first time in history.[36]

Polling and voters' behavior

During pre-campaign Juan Diego Castro emerged as one of the most popular political figures with around 51% of positive opinions, followed by Antonio Álvarez Desanti with 36%, with Libertarian deputy Otto Guevara and former president José María Figueres as the ones with more negative opinions.[37] After the PLN primary in which Desanti won over Figueres by slight margin, Desanti started the campaign as frontrunner for a while with up to 36% support in some early polls.[38] Castro was also among the favorites even before he had a party supporting his candidacy (something required by law in Costa Rica as independent candidates are not allowed). As the campaign continues Desanti suffered a constant decrease in voters' intent.[39] Castro remained as frontrunner for most of 2017, but an erratic and heavily controversial campaign begins to affect him losing support in January. PUSC's Rodolfo Piza remained as second in some polls, later replaced by Castro but still in third place.[40]

The "Cementazo" scandal affected heavily the parties involved (PAC, PLN, PUSC and ML) especially during November and December when the Parliamentary Committee investigating the issue made most of its hearings, with all parties facing a reduction on their support.[41]

The IACHR’s ruling on same-sex marriage caused a turmoil in the country, with conservative candidate and staunch opponent Fabricio Alvarado showing a rapid increase in support passing from marginal percentages of around 2-6% to be in the lead with up to 17%. However, Carlos Alvarado's support also started to grow unusually fast especially in mid and late January with the later polls showing him surpassing other candidates including Castro and Piza, passing from sixth to third in a couple of days, and even in a technical tie with Desanti showing possibilities to go into the run-off. Castro appeared in fourth and Piza in fifth place as of late January.[42] PAC's support historically tend to increase in January and after the debates, but it was also possible that its support came from more liberal voters fearful of a religious government.

According to polls Fabricio Alvarado Muñoz took most of his support from Evangelical Christian voters who represented around 70% of his supporters,[43] followed by 20% Roman Catholics and 8% with no religion. Carlos Alvarado Quesada, on the contrary, was mostly supported by Catholics with 52% of his voters belonging to that denomination,[43] followed by 29% non-religious and 13% Protestants.[43] Alvarado Quesada was most popular among urban voters with higher education,[44] whilst Alvarado Muñoz had strong support by those with only elementary or high school levels of education.[44] Also Alvarado Quesada was more popular among voters under 35, whilst Alvarado Muñoz was more popular among women under 35 and voters of both sexes over 55.[44]

A post-election study completed by the University of Costa Rica showed that Alvarado Quesada's success was in part due to his performance in the debates, his campaign and defense of the Rule of law.[45] Whilst Alvarado Muñoz' supporters mentioned defense of the traditional family, the fact that he was a believer and being an alternative to PAC.[45] Religion wasn't such an important factor as originally thought, but 71% of Alvarado Quesada's voters mentioned Ronny Chaves' anti-Catholic statements as something "bad or very bad", against 35% of Fabricio's voters expressing that such thing was indifferent to them.[45] Roman Catholics were 60% more likely to vote for Carlos Alvarado than non-Catholics that were only 30%.[45] Alvarado Quesada had also much more support from middle and high classes especially from the urban areas and the Central Valley whilst Fabricio's support came from the periphery and coastal areas with higher poverty levels and where the population is lower and less willing to vote at all.[45]

Polling tampering

The last poll of the second round scheduled for March 28 was canceled due to the fact that OPol Consultores' executives alleged that threats had been made against their collaborators. Shortly before this announcement, social media reported that a vehicle registered in the name of the private limited company to which the pollster belongs and led by the director of the company traveled with flags of National Restoration.[46]

Also the poll published by the Institute of Population Studies (IDESPO) of the National University, the only one that showed a wide advantage on the part of Carlos Alvarado over Fabricio, was questioned almost immediately by the digital newspaper El Mundo questioning its methodology.[47] The Supreme Electoral Tribunal and the University's Council reaffirmed the validity of the poll.[48][49] The IDESPO poll would be the closest to the electoral result of the second round together with an informal poll conducted by the Los Paleteros ice cream company.[50]

After the campaign it was made public that during the second round the Executive Committee of the National Restoration Party had made payments to the polling company OPol according to financial reports submitted to the Supreme Electoral Tribunal. Party officials reported that these were political consultancies unrelated to the polls, however, subsequent investigations by the newspaper La Nación discovered a contract for the payment of the six polls that were carried out during the second round campaign, of which five were published by El Mundo. In all of them Fabricio Alvarado appeared as the winner by a wide margin. They were immediately shared in the social media of the group and the candidate as well as party personalities and allies including deputy-elect and vice presidential candidate Jonathan Prendas and deputy Mario Redondo. Catherina Convertino, general manager of Opinión Política CyC, a private limited company that owns both OPol and El Mundo newspaper, confirmed to La Nación that the second round polls had been requested by Juan Carlos Campos, head of the National Restoration campaign and that they decided to make it public following the debt of the party in the total payment of the contract.[51]

Opinion polls

Date Source
Carlos Alvarado
(PAC)
Fabricio Alvarado
(PREN)
Antonio Álvarez
(PLN)
Juan Diego Castro
(PIN)
Rodolfo Hernández
(PRSC)
Rodolfo Piza
(PUSC)		 Others None NA Lead
19–27 April 2017 Cid Gallup[38] 2% - 29% 24% 4% 11% - - 22% 5%
25–27 May 2017 Opol[52] 0.3% - 20.3% 9.6% 4.4% 9.1% 7.9% 27.5% 16.3% 11%
22–24 June 2017 Opol[53] 2.55% - 15.35% 9.99% 4.92% 10.76% 5.55% 25.7% 22.2% 5%
25–27 July 2017 Opol[54] 5.71% - 16.52% 7.66% 5.10% 9.30% 3.81% 25.44% 21.62% 7%
17–26 July 2017 CIEP[55] 8.0% 5.83% 25.2% 5.8% 1.1% 11.5% 3.2% 0.1% 42.2% 14%
29–31 August 2017 Opol[56] 2.90% - 18.20% 10.06% 3.19% 6.23% 3.81% 27.48% 23.01% 8%
27 August–2 September 2017 Enfoques[57] 2.0% - 23.7% 11.4% 2.9% 10.5% 4.7% 14.6% 22.4% 12%
5–13 September 2017 Cid Gallup[58] 6% - 23% 16% 2% 13% 1% - 30% 7%
25–28 September 2017 Opol[59] 3.89% 3% 17.13% 10.28% 4.38% 9.70% 4.07% 31.3% 14.4% 7%
3–11 October 2017 CIEP[60] 6.3% - 19.6% 12.6% 1.9% 11% 3.2% - 40.3% 7%
27–29 October 2017 Opol[61] 3.32% 2% 15.65% 11.87% 4.67% 6.46% 4.50% 28.43% 21.61% 4%
13–15 November 2017 Opol[62] 3.7% 3% 15.1% 12.3% 4.8% 6.0% 5.6% 18.8% 31.0% 3%
4–16 November 2017 CIEP[63] 4% 2% 15% 15% 5% 11% 8% - 37% Tied
19–24 November 2017 Cid Gallup[64] 4% 4% 15% 17% 7% 9% 11% - 33% 2%
28–29 November 2017 Opol[65] 3.6% 0.1% 13.4% 13.3% 3.9% 5.7% 3.30% 23.6% 31.0% Tied
20–30 November 2017 Idespo[66] 5.8% 2.6% 12.5% 16.4% 4.7% 11.5% 4.10% 2.6% 41.7% 4%
December 2017 CIEP[67] 5% 3% 14% 18% 8% 13% 7% - 42% 4%
12-19 December 2017 Opol[68] 2.6% 3.3% 17.2% 16.1% 5.9% 10.0% 4.7% 21.0% 19.2% 1.1%
2–4 January 2018 Opol[69] 2.1% 2.9% 12.2% 12.8% 4.9% 5.6% 4.1% 28.7% 26.7% 0.6%
9–11 January 2018 Opol[70] 3.1% 4.4% 14.0% 13.5% 6.0% 8.2% 4.3% 18.3% 28.2% 0.5%
9–14 January 2018 Cid Gallup[71] 5.3% 9.6% 15.5% 16.5% 7.7% 12.2% 15.7% - - 1%
12–17 January 2018 Demoscopia[72] 4% 3.5% 16.7% 12.4% 9.1% 14.7% 5.7% 11.9% 35% 2%
15–17 January 2018 CIEP[73] 6% 17% 11% 16% 6% 9% - - 17% 1%
15–20 January 2018 CID Gallup[74] 6% 14% 16% 12% 7% 12% 3% 20% - 2%
22–24 January 2018 Opol 5.0% 13.8% 13.4% 10.7% 5.8% 8.1% 3.6% 14.5% 24.1% 0.4%
22–24 January 2018 Demoscopía[75] 8.3% 10.7% 12.7% 7.3% 4.0% 12.0% 2.0% 14.6% 28.3% 0.7%
24–26 January 2018 CIEP[76] 10.6% 16.9% 12.4% 8.6% 2.8% 8.2% 1% - 36.5% 4%
31 January 2018 Opol[77] 12.0% 17.4% 13.8% 8.5% 3.8% 8.3% 2.4% 14.1% 19.1% 4%
4 February 2018 First round
8–9 February 2018 Opol[78] 28.0% 37.6% 23.2% 11.3% 9%
6–8 February 2018 CIEP[79] 42% 45% - 13% 3%
15–16 February 2018 Opol[80] 29.4% 36.1% 19.7% 14.7% 6.7%
21–23 February 2018 Opol[81] 29.2% 39.2% 15.4% 16.3% 10%
6–17 February 2018 Idespo[82] 52% 29% 23%
28 February–2 March Opol[83] 31.1% 39.7% 14% 15.2% 8.6%
27–28 February 2018 CIEP[84] 41% 39% 20% 3%
8–9 March 2018 Opol[85] 31.4% 38.7% 15.1% 14.8% 7.3%
10–15 March 2018 CID Gallup[86] 28.4% 32.9% 38% 4.5%
12–16 March 2018 Opol[87] 27.7% 36.5% 22.2% 13.6% 8.8%
19-21 March 2018 CIEP[88] 42% 43% 15% 1%
19-23 March 2018 Opol[89] 28.5% 36.2% 20.9% 14.4% 7.7%

Results

President

Popular vote - First round
Nat. Restoration
 
 24.99%
Citizens' Action
 
 21.63%
Nat. Liberation
 
 18.63%
Soc. Christ. Unity
 
 15.99%
Nat. Integration
 
 9.54%
Republican
 
 4.94%
Lib. Movement
 
 1.02%
Broad Front
 
 0.78%
New Generation
 
 0.76%
Other
 
 1.72%
Popular vote - Runoff
Citizens' Action
 
 60.59%
Nat. Restoration
 
 39.41%
Candidate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Carlos AlvaradoCitizens' Action Party466,12921.631,322,90860.59
Fabricio AlvaradoNational Restoration Party538,50424.99860,38839.41
Antonio ÁlvarezNational Liberation Party401,50518.63
Rodolfo PizaSocial Christian Unity Party344,59515.99
Juan Diego CastroNational Integration Party205,6029.54
Rodolfo HernándezSocial Christian Republican Party106,4444.94
Otto GuevaraLibertarian Movement21,8901.02
Edgardo ArayaBroad Front16,8620.78
Sergio MenaNew Generation Party16,3290.76
Mario RedondoChristian Democratic Alliance12,6380.59
Stephanie CamposCosta Rican Renewal Party12,3090.57
Óscar LópezAccessibility without Exclusion7,5390.35
Jhon VegaWorkers' Party4,3510.20
Invalid/blank votes28,067–24,260–
Total2,182,7641002,207,556100
Registered voters/turnout3,322,32965.7066.45
Source: TSE, TSE

By province

First round

Province PREN % PAC % PLN % PUSC % PIN % PRSC % ML % FA % PNG % Other %
 San José Province 22.89 23.51 17.98 17.98 9.01 4.59 1.02 0.78 0.85 1.40
 Alajuela 26.76 21.83 18.16 15.23 8.85 5.44 0.91 0.75 0.72 1.34
 Cartago Province 15.02 26.43 20.17 15.06 10.87 6.36 1.03 0.76 0.86 3.45
 Heredia 21.18 27.28 17.68 18.08 8.07 3.72 1.02 0.80 0.93 1.23
 Puntarenas 35.54 12.02 18.50 13.64 11.51 4.85 1.07 0.80 0.56 1.50
 Limón 42.58 10.56 17.56 9.24 10.40 4.59 1.29 0.94 0.43 2.41
 Guanacaste 25.56 15.08 23.56 15.81 11.20 5.20 0.96 0.67 0.49 1.46
Total 24.99 21.63 18.63 15.99 9.54 4.94 1.02 0.78 0.76 1.72
Source: TSE

Abroad vote

Abroad vote

  PAC (37.67%)
  PUSC (22.73%)
  PLN (17.03%)
  PREN (11.66%)
  PIN (5.53%)
  FA (1.82%)
  PRSC (0.98%)
  PNG (0.73%)
  ML (0.71%)
Country PREN % PAC % PLN % PUSC % PIN % PRSC % ML % FA % PNG % Other %
 Germany 1.23 66.87 5.52 17.79 3.07 - - 3.68 1.84 -
 Argentina 3.75 55.00 8.75 15.00 5.00 - 1.25 10.00 1.25 -
 Austria 2.63 57.89 7.89 23.68 7.89 - - - - -
 Belgium - 49.02 21.57 21.57 3.92 1.96 - 1.96 - -
 Belize - 25.00 75.00 - - - - - - -
 Brazil 14.29 33.33 14.29 14.29 4.76 - 4.76 14.29 - -
 Canada 7.64 47.92 11.81 17.36 4.86 2.08 2.08 2.78 2.08 1.39
 Chile 3.70 48.15 19.44 24.07 0.93 - - 1.85 - 1.85
 China 2.27 45.45 22.73 22.73 - - 2.27 2.27 - 2.27
 Colombia 2.78 30.36 36.11 20.83 6.94 1.39 - 1.39 - -
 South Korea 14.29 50.00 14.29 14.29 7.14 - - - - -
 Cuba 4.17 45.83 4.17 - 12.50 - 4.17 8.33 4.17 16.67
 Ecuador 8.00 48.00 4.00 24.00 - - 4.00 12.00 - -
 United States 18.44 30.49 16.06 23.30 7.18 1.70 0.40 0.62 0.79 1.02
 El Salvador 5.97 26.87 23.88 22.39 14.93 1.49 1.49 1.49 - 1.49
 Spain 5.45 51.98 12.87 24.75 1.49 - 0.50 1.98 0.50 0.50
 France 0.71 63.83 14.18 12.77 2.84 - - 4.26 1.42 -
 Guatemala 15.63 23.13 20.63 25.00 10.00 0.63 - 3.13 1.25 0.63
 Honduras 11.84 25.00 19.74 28.95 7.89 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32 1.32
 Israel 11.84 15.38 30.77 38.46 15.38 - - - - -
 Italy 6.25 45.31 20.31 17.19 4.69 1.56 - - - 4.69
 Japan 7.69 53.85 - 26.92 7.69 - - 3.85 - -
 Mexico 7.45 35.64 12.23 36.17 3.19 - 0.53 2.13 0.53 2.13
 Nicaragua 12.85 20.59 25.49 27.45 3.92 - 2.94 0.98 - 5.88
 Netherlands 7.69 68.81 7.34 15.60 2.75 - 1.83 2.75 - -
 Panama 13.57 23.62 28.64 25.13 5.03 - 2.51 - 0.50 1.00
 Peru 16.28 37.21 20.93 18.60 6.98 - - - - -
 United Kingdom 1.67 44.17 25.83 23.33 0.83 - - 2.50 0.83 0.83
 Dominican Republic 19.15 21.28 17.02 38.30 - - - - 2.13 2.13
 Russia - 64.29 21.43 - 14.29 - - - - -
 Singapore 16.67 41.67 8.33 25.00 - - 8.33 - - -
  Switzerland 7.45 43.62 22.34 21.28 1.06 - - 4.26 - -
 Trinidad and Tobago 33.33 33.33 33.33 - - - - - - -
 Uruguay 14.29 57.14 - 14.29 14.29 - - - - -
 Venezuela 10.00 16.00 42.00 20.00 2.00 6.00 - 4.00 - -
 India - - 100.00 - - - - - - -
 Qatar - 18.75 25.00 43.75 12.50 - - - - -
 Bolivia - 75.00 - 25.00 - - - - - -
 Paraguay 28.57 14.29 28.57 14.29 - 7.14 - - - 7.14
 Australia 8.00 56.00 8.00 14.00 6.00 - 2.00 6.00 - -
 Jamaica - - - - - - - - - -
 Turkey - 100.00 - - - - - - - -
Total 11.66 37.67 17.03 22.73 5.53 0.98 0.71 1.82 0.73 1.12
Source: TSE

Runoff

Province PAC % PREN %
 San José Province 62.26 37.74
 Alajuela 59.77 40.23
 Cartago Province 74.62 25.38
 Heredia 67.28 32.72
 Puntarenas 45.04 54.96
 Limón 36.64 63.36
 Guanacaste 58.58 41.42
Total 60.59 39.41
Source: TSE

Abroad vote

Abroad vote, runoff

  PAC (77.62%)
  PREN (22.38%)
Country PAC % PREN %
 Germany 96.34 3.66
 Argentina 89.86 10.14
 Austria 95.00 5.00
 Belgium 87.23 12.77
 Belize 66.67 33.33
 Brazil 100.00 -
 Canada 83.77 16.23
 Chile 81.00 19.00
 China 90.38 9.62
 Colombia 85.48 14.52
 South Korea 64.29 35.71
 Cuba 78.95 21.04
 Ecuador 90.00 10.00
 United States 72.36 27.64
 El Salvador 76.39 23.61
 Spain 80.33 19.67
 France 94.41 5.59
 Guatemala 71.60 28.40
 Honduras 54.29 45.71
 Israel 66.67 33.33
 Italy 84.91 15.09
 Japan 87.50 12.50
 Mexico 82.67 17.33
 Nicaragua 67.44 32.56
 Netherlands 91.89 8.11
 Panama 73.27 26.73
 Peru 78.18 21.82
 United Kingdom 91.06 8.94
 Dominican Republic 70.00 30.00
 Russia 91.67 8.33
 Singapore 50.00 50.00
  Switzerland 90.24 9.76
 Trinidad and Tobago 66.67 33.33
 Uruguay 60.00 40.00
 Venezuela 67.74 32.36
 India 100.00 -
 Qatar 77.27 22.73
 Bolivia 83.33 16.67
 Paraguay 45.45 54.54
 Australia 79.49 20.51
 Jamaica - -
 Turkey 100.00 -
Total 77.62 22.38
Source: TSE

Legislative Assembly

Popular vote
National Liberation
 
 19.49%
National Restoration
 
 18.15%
Citizens' Action
 
 16.26%
Social Christian Unity
 
 14.63%
National Integration
 
 7.67%
Republican
 
 4.21%
Broad Front
 
 3.95%
Christ. Dem. Alliance
 
 2.45%
Libertarian Movement
 
 2.32%
Acc. w/o Exclusion
 
 2.26%
New Generation
 
 2.15%
Other
 
 6.60%
Seat allocation
Nat. Liberation
 
 29.82%
Nat. Restoration
 
 24.56%
Citizens' Action
 
 17.54%
Soc. Christ. Unity
 
 15.79%
Nat. Integration
 
 7.02%
Republican
 
 3.51%
Broad Front
 
 1.75%
Party Votes % Seats +/–
National Liberation Party416,63819.4917–1
National Restoration Party388,08618.1514+13
Citizens' Action Party347,70316.2610–3
Social Christian Unity Party312,63714.639+1
National Integration Party163,9337.674+4
Social Christian Republican Party89,9694.212New
Broad Front84,4373.951–8
Christian Democratic Alliance52,3252.450–1
Libertarian Movement49,6592.320–4
Accessibility without Exclusion48,2562.260–1
New Generation Party45,8962.1500
Costa Rican Renewal Party41,8061.960–2
Authenthic Limonense Party13,6610.6400
Liberal Progressive Party es12,5370.590New
Workers' Party11,6150.5400
Let's Act Now (Actuemos Ya)9,8980.460New
Let's Go (Vamos) es8,2830.390New
United Forces for Change Party8,2370.390New
Everybody (Todos)8,0620.380New
Guanacastecan Union Party7,9940.370New
United Communal Party6,2700.290New
Transporters' Party es4,8680.2300
Recovering Values Party4,8400.230New
Homeland, Equality & Democracy Party es1,8810.0900
New Socialist Party es7900.0400
Invalid/blank votes40,540–––
Total2,178,096100570
Registered voters/turnout3,322,329-––
Source: TSE

By province

Province PLN PREN PAC PUSC PIN PRSC FA ADC ML PASE PNG Other
% S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S % S
 San José Province 17.96 4 17.59 4 17.45 4 15.21 3 6.90 2 4.09 1 4.97 1 1.67 0 2.24 0 1.93 0 2.02 0 7.97 0
 Alajuela 21.76 3 20.62 2 17.46 2 14.32 2 7.28 1 4.81 1 2.85 0 1.70 0 1.56 0 2.08 0 2.34 0 4.78 0
 Cartago Province 19.86 2 10.52 1 19.88 2 13.31 1 8.19 1 4.72 0 3.55 0 5.65 0 1.83 0 2.59 0 3.19 0 12.36 0
 Heredia 19.05 2 17.77 1 20.95 2 17.98 1 7.06 0 3.45 0 4.86 0 1.20 0 1.98 0 1.42 0 2.18 0 2.19 0
 Puntarenas 21.59 2 24.88 2 9.28 0 14.33 1 9.24 0 4.57 0 3.05 0 1.94 0 3.42 0 1.05 0 2.47 0 5.23 0
 Limón 14.91 2 23.28 3 6.83 0 9.64 0 6.59 0 3.61 0 3.81 0 5.70 0 4.25 0 4.25 0 0.62 0 16.51 0
 Guanacaste 23.36 2 15.72 1 9.94 0 14.85 1 12.29 0 3.51 0 2.27 0 1.83 0 3.21 0 3.03 0 1.41 0 8.56 0
Total 19.49 17 18.15 14 16.26 10 14.63 9 7.67 4 4.21 2 3.95 1 2.45 0 2.32 0 2.26 0 2.15 0 6.46 0
Source: TSE VozyVoto

Reactions

Domestic

  • Opponent candidate Fabricio Alvarado quickly acknowledge defeat and congratulated Carlos Alvarado who he called personally to his phone. He call for the Costa Rican family to be united and for families split by politics to embrace each other.[90]
  • President of the Electoral Court Antonio Sobrado expressed satisfaction with the electoral process and said that "sovereign people has spoken".[91]
  • President of Costa Rica Luis Guillermo Solís congratulated his successor and fellow party member and express his wish for Alvarado to accompany him to the Summits of the Americas in mid-April, yet Alvarado declined.[92]
  • Carlos Alvarado spoke to a crowd of followers in Plaza Roosevelt, San Pedro of Montes de Oca thanking the voluntary workers of his campaign, the members of the different parties that supported him and calling for a government of national unity, and for Congress to quickly solve issues like the tax reform and the Legislative bylaw.[93]

International

Supranational
  •  United Nations - Alice Shackelford on behalf of the United Nations congratulated Costa Rica describing the elections as "peaceful and in an environment of respect" and congratulated voters for choosing a more inclusive society.[94]
  •  Organization of American States - Secretary General Luis Almagro congratulated Alvarado Quesada as president elect and Costa Rica's people for what he called "the democratic festivity". [95]
States

References

  1. ↑ Garcia, David Alire; Pretel, Enrique Andres. "Costa Rica center-left easily wins presidency in vote fought on gay rights". Reuters. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  2. ↑ Stanley, Katherine. "Carlos Alvarado wins Costa Rica's presidency in a landslide". The Tico Times. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  3. ↑ Costa Rica IFES
  4. ↑ Electoral system IPU
  5. ↑ Redacción (23 January 2017). "PAC elegirá su candidato a Presidente el próximo 9 de julio". elmundo.cr (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  6. ↑ "Carlos Alvarado lidera la votación de convención del PAC tras 78% de mesas escrutadas". Teletica. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
  7. ↑ Mora, Carlos (4 September 2016). "Otto Guevara: "Soy consciente que tengo anticuerpos"". CR Hoy. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  8. ↑ Muñoz, Mauricio (2 January 2017). "2017 año electoral, partidos definen candidatos a presidente y diputados". elmundo.cr (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  9. ↑ Arrieta, Esteban (28 November 2016). ""Guerra civil" en el PUSC". La República. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Presidential campaigns get under way". The Economist. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  11. ↑ Umaña, Carlos (March 29, 2017). "Juan Diego Castro y la oleada post-Trump en Costa Rica". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  12. ↑ May Grosser, Sebastian. "A Trump in the Tropics? Why a Demagogue became the Leading Contender in Costa Rica's Upcoming Election". Oxpol. 9 January 2018. Retrieved 11 January 2018.
  13. ↑ Madrigal, Luis. "El populismo como arma: el caso de Juan Diego Castro". MundoCR. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  14. ↑ Castillo, Brian (May 31, 2017). "Juan Diego Castro responde a comparaciones con Donald Trump". La Prensa Libre. Retrieved 1 December 2017.
  15. ↑ Alfaro Redondo, Ronald (October 2017). "Informe De Resultados De La Encuesta De Opinión Sociopolítica Realizada En Octubre De 2017" (PDF). CIEP. Retrieved 3 November 2017.
  16. ↑ "Declaración de Juan Diego Castro sobre supuestos viejos favores sexuales en la Corte generan rechazo". Teletica. 6 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  17. ↑ Fallas, Gustavo (2018). "Sobre corrupción en Corte, Castro denuncia sin pruebas que ascensos se hicieron a cambio de sexo oral". Amelia Rueda. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  18. ↑ Sequeira, Aarón; Chinchilla, Sofía (2018). "Profesionales judiciales repudian declaración de Juan Diego Castro sobre ascenso de mujeres en Corte". La Nación. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  19. ↑ López, Ronny (6 January 2018). "Nuria Marín exige disculpa pública a Juan Diego Castro por comentario sobre favores sexuales en la Corte". AM Prensa. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  20. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (6 January 2018). "Epsy Campbell llama "patán y acomplejado" a Castro por insinuar sobre favores sexuales en Poder Judicial". Mundo. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
  21. ↑ Cascante, Luis Fernando (16 January 2018). "Juan Diego Castro: "Si vivimos sobre un paraíso de petróleo, vamos a explotarlo como se debe"". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  22. ↑ Gutiérrez Wa-Chong, Tatiana (8 November 2017). "PAC y FA quieren a Recope compitiendo con combustibles limpios". La República. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  23. ↑ Ávalos, Ángela (February 12, 2012). "55% a favor de igualdad en derechos". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved February 13, 2012.
  24. ↑ Religion in Latin America Chapter 5: Social Attitudes
  25. ↑ Religion in Latin America Appendix A: Methodology
  26. ↑ (in Spanish) Se mantienen actitudes conservadoras en Costa Rica sobre matrimonio igualitario y Estado laico
  27. 1 2 3 4 Arrieta, Esteban (16 January 2018). "Derechos gais elevan acciones del PAC y Restauración". La República. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
  28. ↑ "#Video ¡Intolerancia total! Hombre recibió un machetazo en el cuello solo por ser homosexual, hechos ocurrieron en Turrialba". NCR. 18 January 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  29. ↑ Alfaro, Josué (16 January 2018). "Joven denuncia agresión por odio a la comunidad LGTBI". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  30. ↑ Cambronero, Natasha (24 March 2018). "Fabricio Alvarado finaliza su campaña con críticas al gobierno por seguridad, cemento y empleo". La Nación. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  31. ↑ "Carlos Alvarado, el exministro escritor y rockero que será el próximo presidente de Costa Rica". Teletica. 2 April 2018. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  32. ↑ Redacción (27 March 2018). "Estas fueron las frases más álgidas del #DebateTN7 entre Carlos y Fabricio Alvarado". Telenoticias. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  33. ↑ Martínez Roque, Valeria (29 March 2018). "Programa 2.0 de Fabricio Alvarado contiene plagios al plan de gobierno de Carlos Alvarado". Mundo. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  34. ↑ Cascante, Luis (2 April 2018). "Campaña plagada de tropiezos marcó derrota de Fabricio Alvarado". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  35. ↑ Castillo, Bryan (3 April 2018). "Ataque a la patrona fue un pecado". La Teja. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  36. 1 2 3 Alfaro, Josué; Salazar, Daniel (1 April 2018). "Carlos Alvarado gana con contundencia la segunda vuelta electoral". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  37. ↑ CID-Gallup. "LUIS GUILLERMO SOLÍS SIGUE COMO EL MÁS POPULAR; En segundo lugar está Juan Diego Castro y en tercero Antonio Álvarez". Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  38. 1 2 Quirós Navarro, Bharley (4 May 2017). "Juan Diego Castro se dispara en encuestas". Diario Extra. Retrieved 5 May 2017.
  39. ↑ Madrigal, Luis (29 May 2017). "ENCUESTA: Antonio Álvarez lidera intención de voto, pero no ganaría en una primera ronda". Mundo. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  40. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (26 June 2017). "ENCUESTA: Álvarez 15,35%, Piza 10,76%, Castro 9,99%, Hernández 4,92%". Mundo.
  41. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (28 September 2017). "Candidatos afectados por el "cementazo" recuperan intención de voto". elmundo.cr. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  42. ↑ Esteban Arrieta. "PAC amenaza con sacar al PLN de segunda ronda". La República. 31 January 2018. Retrieved 1 February 2018.
  43. 1 2 3 Murillo, Alvaro (16 February 2018). "Evangélicos aportaron 70% de votos de Fabricio Alvarado y 15% en el PAC". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 22 February 2018.
  44. 1 2 3 Murillo, Álvaro; Rodríguez, Frank (24 January 2018). "Shock religioso impacta apoyo a candidatos" [Religious shock impacts candidate support] (in Spanish). CIEP (UCR). Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 Chinchilla, Sofía (26 April 2018). "Estudio de UCR: Por estos factores Carlos Alvarado ganó las elecciones". La Nación. Retrieved 26 April 2018.
  46. ↑ Delfino, Diego (28 March 2018). "El Opolazo nos deja sin encuesta final". Delfino. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  47. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (27 February 2018). "UNA divulga encuesta que "representa el 42% de la población" y pone arriba a Carlos Alvarado". El Mundo. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  48. ↑ Solano, Hermes (7 March 2018). "TSE dice que polémica encuesta de la UNA está avalada". CRHoy. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  49. ↑ Pérez, Karla (6 March 2018). "Consejo Universitario de la UNA valida metodología en encuesta de IDESPO". Mundo. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  50. ↑ Cubero, Alexandra (2 April 2018). "¿Cómo la encuesta de Los Paleteros se acercó más a los resultados electorales?". La República. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  51. ↑ Cambronero, Natasha (25 May 2018). "Encuestas de Opol se hicieron por encargo de Restauración Nacional de cara a la segunda ronda". La Nación. Retrieved 25 May 2018.
  52. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (29 May 2017). "ENCUESTA: Antonio Álvarez lidera intención de voto, pero no ganaría en una primera ronda". elmundo.cr. Retrieved 31 May 2017.
  53. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (26 June 2017). "ENCUESTA: Álvarez 15,35%, Piza 10,76%, Castro 9,99%, Hernández 4,92%". elmundo.cr.
  54. ↑ Madrigal, Luis (28 July 2017). "ENCUESTA: Próximo presidente se definiría en segunda ronda". Mundo.
  55. ↑ Murillo, Álvaro (9 August 2017). "Se abre el telón electoral: la confusión". Semanario Universidad.
  56. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (1 September 2017). "Crece el número de indecisos y de quienes dicen que no votarán en elecciones del 2018". elmundo.cr. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  57. ↑ Mora, Carlos (12 September 2017). "Campaña electoral llegará sin un candidato favorito". Diario Extra. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  58. ↑ Siu, María (5 September 2017). "Juan Diego Castro y Antonio Álvarez encabezan intención de voto". Diario Extra. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  59. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (28 September 2017). "Candidatos afectados por el "cementazo" recuperan intención de voto". elmundo.cr. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  60. ↑ "Electorado costarricense cada vez más indeciso". CIEP (UCR). 18 October 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2017.
  61. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (30 October 2017). "ENCUESTA: Álvarez: 31,3%; Castro 23,7%; Piza: 12,9%". Retrieved 2 November 2017.
  62. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (16 November 2017). "ENCUESTA: Álvarez: 30%; Castro 24,5%; Piza: 11,9%". Retrieved 17 November 2017.
  63. ↑ "Nueva encuesta de la UCR muestra desplome de Desanti, empate y débil apoyo a candidatos". CIEP (UCR). 22 November 2017. Retrieved 22 November 2017.
  64. ↑ Solano, Jacqueline (28 November 2017). "Juan Diego Castro desbanca a Antonio Álvarez Desanti". Diario Extra. Retrieved 28 November 2017.
  65. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (30 November 2017). "Encuesta de OPol: Álvarez y Castro empatan en el primer lugar". Retrieved 4 December 2017.
  66. ↑ Ruiz, Gerardo (7 December 2017). "Encuesta de UNA muestra empate técnico entre Castro, Álvarez y Piza". Retrieved 7 December 2017.
  67. ↑ Murillo, Álvaro (20 December 2017). "Disputa por la Presidencia llega con leves cambios al "descanso"". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 21 December 2017.
  68. ↑ "El 2017 cierra con baja en los indecisos y empate entre Antonio Álvarez y Juan Diego Castro". El Mundo CR (in Spanish). 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2017-12-22.
  69. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (5 January 2018). "ENCUESTA: Castro: 28,8% – Álvarez: 27,4% – Piza: 12,5% – Hernández: 11,1%". Retrieved 6 January 2018.
  70. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (12 January 2018). "ENCUESTA: Álvarez 26,2%; Castro 25,3%; Piza 15,3%; Hernández 11,1%".
  71. ↑ Cubero, Alexandra. "Fabricio Alvarado se suma entre los cinco favoritos, según encuesta". LaRepublica.net. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  72. ↑ Redacción (19 January 2018). "Piza sube al segundo lugar". La República. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
  73. ↑ Murillo, Álvaro; Rodríguez, Frank (23 January 2018). "Fabricio Alvarado empata a Juan Diego Castro cerca de una segunda ronda". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
  74. ↑ Aronne, Esteban (23 January 2018). "Encuesta de CID GALLUP refleja empate técnico en primer lugar entre Antonio Alvarez y Fabricio Alvarado". Radio Monumental. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  75. ↑ Redacción (26 January 2018). "Piza y Desanti codo a codo, Castro cae". La República. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
  76. ↑ Murillo, Alvaro (31 January 2018). "Carlos Alvarado e indecisos son los únicos que crecen en incierto cierre electoral". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  77. ↑ Madrigal, Luis Manuel (31 January 2018). "LA ENCUESTA FINAL: F. Alvarado: 26,0%; Álvarez: 20,6%, C. Alvarado: 17,9%, Castro: 12,6%, Piza: 12,4%". El mundo. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  78. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (2018-02-09). "Encuesta: Fabricio Alvarado 57,35% – Carlos Alvarado 42,65%". Retrieved 2018-02-09.
  79. ↑ Murillo, Álvaro (2018-02-14). "Candidatos arrancan parejo hacia segunda ronda". Retrieved 2018-02-14.
  80. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (2018-02-16). "ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 55,1% – Carlos Alvarado 44,9%". Elmundo.cr. p. Elmundo.cr. Retrieved 2018-02-16.
  81. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (February 23, 2018). "ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 57,3% – Carlos Alvarado 42,7%". elmundo.cr.
  82. ↑ González, Marco (27 February 2018). "UNA: Carlos Alvarado 52%, Fabricio Alvarado 29%". La Prensa Libre. Retrieved 27 February 2018.
  83. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (2018-03-02). "ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 56,1% – Carlos Alvarado 43,9%".
  84. ↑ Murillo, Álvaro (5 March 2018). "A un mes de la 2ª ronda: se mantiene el empate y hay 20% de indecisos". Semanario Universidad. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
  85. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (2018-03-09). "ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 55,2% – Carlos Alvarado 44,8%". elmundo.cr.
  86. ↑ López, Ronny (2018-03-16). "Nueva encuesta: Fabricio Alvarado a la cabeza pero se reduce ventaja sobre Carlos". AMprensa.
  87. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (2018-03-16). "ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 56,9% – Carlos Alvarado 43,1%". elmundo.cr.
  88. ↑ Murillo, Álvaro (2018-03-23). "Última encuesta CIEP-UCR: Fabricio y Carlos llevan el empate hasta el final". Semanario Universidad.
  89. ↑ Angulo, Yamileth (2018-03-23). "ENCUESTA: Fabricio Alvarado 56% – Carlos Alvarado 44%". elmundo.cr.
  90. ↑ Redacción (1 April 2018). "Costa Rica: Evangélico Fabricio Alvarado reconoce derrota electoral". El Comercio. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  91. ↑ Solano, Hermes. "Luis Antonio Sobrado: "El pueblo soberano habló"". CR Hoy. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  92. ↑ Aronne, Esteban. "Carlos Alvarado declina invitación de Luis Guillermo Solís para asistir a Cumbre de las Américas". Monumental. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  93. ↑ Naranjo, Julio (2 April 2018). "Carlos Alvarado: 'Mi deber será unir esta República para sacarla adelante'". Teletica. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  94. ↑ Gutiérrez Wa-Chong, Tatiana (3 April 2018). "ONU felicita a votantes por construir una sociedad más inclusiva". La República. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
  95. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chinchilla, Francesca (2 April 2018). "Fiesta electoral en Costa Rica fue destacada por presidentes de América". La Nación. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  96. ↑ Rodríguez, Frank (12 April 2018). "Trudeau a Alvarado: "Estoy muy emocionado por el futuro de Costa Rica y por tu liderazgo"". Semanario Universidad.
  97. ↑ Solano, Johel (3 April 2018). "El mensaje de Mariano Rajoy desde España a Carlos Alvarado". CRHoy. Retrieved 6 April 2018.
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