Consumer debt

In economics, consumer debt is the amount owed by consumers, as opposed to that of businesses or governments. In macroeconomic terms, it is debt which is used to fund consumption rather than investment. It includes debts incurred on purchase of goods that are consumable and/or do not appreciate.[1]

In recent years, an alternative analysis might view consumer debt as a way to increase domestic production, on the grounds that if credit is easily available, the increased demand for consumer goods should cause an increase of overall domestic production. The permanent income hypothesis suggests that consumers take debt to smooth consumption throughout their lives, borrowing to finance expenditures (particularly housing and schooling) earlier in their lives and paying down debt during higher-earning periods.

Personal debt is on the rise, particularly in the United States and the United Kingdom. However, according to the US Federal Reserve, the US household debt service ratio is at the lowest level since its peak in the Fall of 2007.[2]

The most common forms of consumer debt are credit card debt, payday loans, and other consumer finance, which are often at higher interest rates than long-term secured loans, such as mortgages. The amount of debt outstanding versus the consumer's disposable income is expressed as the consumer leverage ratio. On a monthly basis, this debt ratio is advised to be no more than 20 percent of an individuals take-home pay.[3] The interest rate charged depends on a range of factors, including the economic climate, perceived ability of the customer to repay, competitive pressures from other lenders, and the inherent structure and security of the credit product. Rates generally range from 0.25 percent above base rate, to well into double figures. Consumer debt is also associated with predatory lending, although there is much debate as to what exactly constitutes predatory lending.

Long-term consumer debt is often considered fiscally suboptimal. While some consumer items such as automobiles may be marketed as having high levels of utility that justify incurring short-term debt, most consumer goods are not. For example, incurring high-interest consumer debt through buying a big-screen television "now", rather than saving for it, cannot usually be financially justified by the subjective benefits of having the television early. On the other hand, personal finance advisers like Robert Kiyosaki encourage a more liberal attitude towards taking on debt if it can be leveraged into a small business or real estate.

In many countries, the ease with which individuals can accumulate consumer debt beyond their means to repay has precipitated a growth industry in debt consolidation and credit counseling.

Measurement

A country's private debt can be measured as a 'debt to GDP ratio', which is the total outstanding private debt of its residents divided by that nation's annual GDP. A variant is the consumer leverage ratio, which is the ratio of debt to personal income.

List of countries

List of countries by consumer debt as % of GDP
Country/Region 1960[4] 2016[5]
Afghanistan   003.6
Albania   034.5
Algeria   023.5
American Samoa    
Andorra    
Angola   021.0
Antigua and Barbuda   048.3
Argentina   014.0
Armenia   048.9
Aruba    
Australia   142.9
Austria   085.6
Azerbaijan   026.6
Bahamas, The   068.2
Bahrain    
Bangladesh   044.4
Barbados    
Belarus   025.9
Belgium   064.7
Belize   056.8
Benin   021.8
Bermuda    
Bhutan   046.5
Bolivia   064.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina   054.3
Botswana   032.3
Brazil   062.2
British Virgin Islands    
Brunei Darussalam   044.3
Bulgaria   053.6
Burkina Faso   026.6
Burundi   016.7
Cabo Verde   063.0
Cambodia   069.7
Cameroon   020.8
Canada    
Cayman Islands    
Central African Republic 011.2 012.8
Chad 003.5 010.2
Channel Islands    
Chile 022.1 112.1
China   156.7
Colombia 022.9 047.1
Comoros   026.5
Congo, Dem. Rep.   007.8
Congo, Rep. 022.2 025.0
Costa Rica 027.0 059.3
Cote d'Ivoire   022.7
Croatia   061.6
Cuba    
Curacao    
Cyprus   230.1
Czech Republic   051.8
Denmark 044.5  
Djibouti    
Dominica   051.5
Dominican Republic 005.8 028.4
Ecuador 025.6 029.4
Egypt, Arab Rep.   034.1
El Salvador   045.6
Equatorial Guinea   019.1
Eritrea    
Estonia   072.6
Ethiopia    
Faroe Islands    
Fiji   089.9
Finland 036.8 095.5
France 020.0 097.6
French Polynesia    
Gabon 008.2 013.6
Gambia, The    
Georgia   062.0
Germany   077.5
Ghana 004.6 019.6
Gibraltar    
Greece 012.2 107.7
Greenland    
Grenada   056.1
Guam    
Guatemala 010.1 034.3
Guinea   012.9
Guinea-Bissau   007.1
Guyana 011.2 045.5
Haiti   018.3
Honduras 009.9 056.3
Hong Kong SAR, China   203.8
Hungary   034.9
Iceland 046.9 087.3
India 007.9 049.8
Indonesia   039.4
Iran, Islamic Rep. 012.9  
Iraq 008.5  
Ireland 030.1 049.2
Isle of Man    
Israel 013.5 065.4
Italy   086.1
Jamaica 015.7 032.1
Japan 056.3 185.0
Jordan   075.1
Kazakhstan   034.3
Kenya   032.9
Kiribati    
Korea, Dem. People’s Rep.    
Korea, Rep. 005.7 143.3
Kosovo   039.3
Kuwait    
Kyrgyz Republic   021.2
Lao PDR    
Latvia   067.4
Lebanon   111.9
Lesotho   017.5
Liberia    
Libya    
Liechtenstein    
Lithuania   043.0
Luxembourg   100.1
Macao SAR, China   118.1
Macedonia, FYR   047.4
Madagascar   013.2
Malawi   010.5
Malaysia 008.9 124.0
Maldives   037.3
Mali   025.4
Malta   087.1
Marshall Islands    
Mauritania    
Mauritius   096.4
Mexico 020.6 035.0
Micronesia, Fed. Sts.   023.4
Moldova   030.6
Monaco    
Mongolia   058.7
Montenegro   051.2
Morocco 012.0 065.4
Mozambique   034.5
Myanmar 006.2 020.7
Namibia   056.7
Nauru    
Nepal 01.0 081.0
Netherlands 018.4 111.2
New Caledonia    
New Zealand 015.5  
Nicaragua 015.4 038.7
Niger   013.7
Nigeria 003.7 015.7
Northern Mariana Islands    
Norway 032.7 145.0
Oman   075.6
Pakistan 011.1 016.2
Palau    
Palestinian territories   042.0
Panama 017.8 091.0
Papua New Guinea    
Paraguay 009.1 054.4
Peru 012.5 036.2
Philippines 012.0 044.7
Poland   054.8
Portugal 039.5 112.2
Puerto Rico    
Qatar   079.4
Romania   028.2
Russian Federation    
Rwanda   021.2
Samoa   080.1
San Marino    
Sao Tome and Principe   026.4
Saudi Arabia   058.0
Senegal 014.8 033.1
Serbia   044.1
Seychelles   026.9
Sierra Leone 002.8 005.6
Singapore   132.9
Sint Maarten (Dutch part)    
Slovak Republic   057.1
Slovenia   047.4
Solomon Islands   039.0
Somalia    
South Africa   144.7
South Sudan    
Spain 031.4 111.8
Sri Lanka 007.3 046.0
St. Kitts and Nevis   056.5
St. Lucia   086.8
St. Martin (French part)    
St. Vincent and the Grenadines   050.8
Sudan 08.9 08.9
Suriname   033.3
Swaziland   021.6
Sweden 038.2 129.6
Switzerland 096.0 177.7
Syrian Arab Republic 025.3  
Tajikistan   019.2
Tanzania   014.3
Thailand 010.1 147.4
Timor-Leste    
Togo   039.3
Tonga   038.1
Trinidad and Tobago 008.5 041.3
Tunisia   081.2
Turkey 017.7 070.3
Turkmenistan    
Turks and Caicos Islands    
Tuvalu    
Uganda 006.5 013.7
Ukraine   047.3
United Arab Emirates   085.9
United Kingdom 017.6 135.9
United States 070.9 192.7
Uruguay 031.0 028.2
Uzbekistan    
Vanuatu   068.5
Venezuela, RB 014.0  
Vietnam   123.8
Virgin Islands (U.S.)    
Yemen, Rep.    
Zambia   013.0
Zimbabwe    

See also

References

  1. "Consumer Debt Definition". Investopedia. Retrieved August 24, 2011.
  2. US Federal Reserve. "Household Debt Service and Financial Obligations Ratios". Household Debt Service and Financial Obligations Ratios. Retrieved December 4, 2012.
  3. "Alternatives to Filing for Bankruptcy". www.moneymanagement.org. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  4. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS
  5. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/FS.AST.PRVT.GD.ZS
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.