CASA C-212 Aviocar

C-212 Aviocar
A CASA C-212 of the Spanish Air Force
Role Medium STOL military transport aircraft
Manufacturer Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA
EADS CASA
Indonesian Aerospace
First flight 26 March 1971
Introduction May 1974
Status In production Indonesia
Primary users Indonesia (70)
United States (37)
Spain (26)[1]
Produced 1971–2012
Number built 483[2] + >100 (IPTN)
Unit cost
$5.2-8 million (2006)[3]

The CASA C-212 Aviocar is a turboprop-powered STOL medium cargo aircraft designed and built by CASA in Spain for civil and military use.

Development

During the late 1960s, the Spanish Air Force was still operating a number of outdated piston-engined transports, including the three-engined Junkers Ju 52 and two-engined Douglas C-47. In order to meet the Spanish Air Force's needs to modernise its transport force, CASA proposed the C-212, a twin engined 18 seat transport aircraft that would be capable of fulfilling a variety of military roles, including passenger transport, ambulance aircraft and paratroop carrier, while also being suitable for civil use.[4] The first prototype flew on 26 March 1971. In 1974, the Spanish Air Force decided to acquire the Aviocar to update its fleet.

Airlines took note of the type's success with the military, so CASA developed a commercial version, the first examples of which were delivered in July 1975. In August 2006 a total of 30 CASA C-212 aircraft (all variants) remain in airline service around the world.[5] The -400 was introduced in 1997 with a glass cockpit and more powerful engines.[6]

In 2010, Airbus Military said it could no longer afford to produce the C212 in Europe and after production in Seville slowed to four in two years, the last C-212 produced in Spain was delivered in late December 2012 to the Vietnam Marine Police. Over 42 years, 477 aircraft have been produced for 92 operators.[6]

Indonesian production

IPTN and Nurtanio assembled the type under license at Bandung, Indonesia, during the 1970s and 1980s.[6] In mid-2011 Airbus agreed to collaborate with their successor PTDI, which holds a license to sell the C212 in Asia.[7] PTDI builds the NC-212, a further -400 upgrade, with new digital avionics and autopilot, and a cabin for up to 28 passengers.[6]

Design

The C-212 has a high-mounted wing, a boxy fuselage, and a conventional tail. The tricycle undercarriage is non-retractable. It has space for 21–28 passengers depending on configuration. Since the C-212 does not have a pressurized fuselage, it is limited to relatively low-flight-level airline usage (below 10,000 ft (3,000 m) MSL). It is thus ideal for short legs and regional airline service.

Operational history

The C-212 is used as a transport, for rain-making, surveillance or search and rescue, and in 2013, 290 C-212s were flying in 40 countries with the most in Indonesia with 70.[8] It has seen especially wide employment as a commuter airliner and a military aircraft, with its operators including numerous charter and short-haul aviation companies and several national air forces. The C-212 is also in the service of the United States Army Special Operations Command with the designation C-41A, which utilizes the aircraft for troop infiltration and ex-filtration, supply drops, and airborne operations.[9] Due to the presence of a rear ramp, the C-212 has also gained popularity among skydivers and smokejumpers.[10][11]

Variants

Series 100

Electronic counter measures equipped C-212-200 of the Portuguese Air Force (late 1980s)
Lloyd Aviation C-212 at Perth Airport (early 1990s).
C-212A
Original military production version. Also known as C-212-5, C-212-5 series 100M, and by the Spanish Air Force as the T-12B and D-3A (for medevac aircraft), 129 built.
C-212AV
VIP transport version, T-12C.
C-212B
Six pre-production C-212As converted for photo-reconnaissance missions, TR-12A.
C-212C
Original civil version
C-212D
Two pre-production C-212As converted for use as navigational trainers, TE-12B.
NC-212-100
Manufactured under licence in Indonesia since 1976, IPTN producing 28 NC-212-100s before switching to NC-212-200.

Series 200

CASA C-212-200 of Northwest Airlink operating a scheduled flight at Flint, Michigan, in April 1986
Skytraders ski-equipped CASA 212–400, used by the Australian Antarctic Division

Stretched version with updated engines (Honeywell TPE331-10R-511C or −512C, rated at 900 shp (671 kW) each), introduced in 1979. The CASA C-212-200 is also a popular skydiving aircraft, known for its large capacity, fast climb, and large tailgate exit ramp.

C-212 series 200M
Military version known as T-12D in Spanish service and Tp 89 for the Swedish Air Force. Specialised ASW and maritime patrol aircraft have been built from this version.
NC-212-200
C-212-200 built under licence by IPTN.
NC-212-200 MPA 
C-212-200 built under licence by IPTN, Designed as Maritime Patrol Aircraft

Series 300

Standard production version from 1987 on. Engines were Honeywell TPE331-10R-513C, also rated at 900 shp (670 kW) continuous (925 shp maximum). The propellers were changed from four-bladed Hartzell composite blade propellers to four-bladed Dowty-Rotol all-metal propellers. Winglets and a larger vertical stabilizer area provide improved performance, and the addition of a nose baggage compartment gives the nose a more streamlined look than the Series 200. Various systems have been incrementally upgraded, including the addition of an integrated autopilot system.

C-212-M series 300 (Series 300M)
Military version.
C-212 series 300 airliner
26 seat regional airliner.
C-212 series 300 utility
23 seat civil utility version.
C-212 series 300P
Civil utility version with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-65 engines

Series 400

Upgraded version with 925 shp (690 kW) TPE331-12JR-701C engines, increased payload and upgraded avionics moved from under the floor to the nose. First flew 4 April 1997, replacing Series 300 in production from 1998.[12] The C-212-400 received Spanish certification in 1998.

Operators

Civil operators

Skydivers waiting to exit a CASA C-212 in June 2011
 Australia
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Indonesia
 United States

Military operators

CASA C-212 military operators
Blackwater Worldwide C-212 over Afghanistan
CASA C-212-400 in Vietnam Coast Guard
Argentine Coast Guard Aviocar
USASOAC C-212 conducting static-line parachute operations
CASA CN 212-200 used for parachuting by the SkyHawks Parachute Team

Incidents and accidents

As of September 2011, CASA C-212s have been involved in 71 hull-loss incidents with a total of 558 fatalities.[48][49]

  • 2 January 1984, a Royal Jordanian Air Force CASA 212-A3 Aviocar 100 crashed near Al Qatrana/Jordan due to mechanical problems. All 13 people on board the plane were killed.[50]
  • 4 March 1987: Northwest Airlink Flight 2268 crashed while landing at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport in Romulus, Michigan. Nine of the 19 passengers and crew on board were killed.
  • 8 May 1987: American Eagle Flight 5452 crashed while landing in Puerto Rico, killing two.
  • 1 February 1988: A Panamanian Air Force C-212 crashed into a mountain near the Panamese-Colombian border, killing all 16 people on board.
  • 2 August 1988: Operated by Geoterrex of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, the aircraft crashed on approach to Reykjavik, Iceland with the loss of all 3 people on board. The cause was, "the crew lost control of the aircraft most probably because of large fluctuations in the power output of the right engine caused by the shift of an incorrectly installed speeder spring in the right propeller governor."[51]
  • 1 December 1989: A United States Army C-212-200 crashed into the Patuxent River while trying to land at the Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Maryland, killing all five people on board.[52]
  • 16 January 1990: SANSA Flight 32 crashed into the Cerro Cedral, a mountain in Costa Rica shortly after takeoff from Juan Santamaria International Airport in San Jose. All 20 passengers and 3 crew on board died in the crash.
  • 24 January 1990: A Venezuelan Navy C-212 crashed into a mountain due to poor weather, killing all 24 people on board.
  • 27 March 1990: An Angolan government C-212 was shot down by UNITA rebels near Kuito, killing all 25 people on board.
  • 7 June 1992: American Eagle Flight 5456, a CASA C-212 flying from Fernando Luis Ribas Dominicci Airport in San Juan, Puerto Rico crashed short of the runway in Mayagüez, killing both crew members and all three passengers.[53] The investigation led to the discontinuation of use of the C-212 by American Eagle.
  • 8 March 1994: A Spanish Air Force CASA C-212 was hit in the tail by a Serbian SA-7 missile east of Rijeka when ferrying UNPROFOR personnel from Sarajevo. The aircraft was part of the Ala 37 deployed in Vicenza, Italy. A Croatian MiG-21 had been shot down over nearby Gvozd (then Vrginmost) on 14 September 1993. The tail control surfaces were damaged, the left engine failed and four passengers were injured by splinters. The crew managed to land the aircraft at Rijeka airport. Spanish technicians were able to repair the damage and have the aircraft back in service in 48 hours.[54][55][56][57][58]
  • 17 June 1995: An Angolan Air Force C-212 carrying members of a local football club crashed while on approach to Catumbela Airport, killing 48 of the 53 people aboard.[59]
  • 27 November 2004: "Blackwater 61" Presidential Airways CASA C-212-200 (registration: N960BW / serial nr: 231) was contracted by the U.S. Department of Defense to supply American forces deployed in remote areas of Afghanistan. The aircraft entered a box canyon and struck the 14,650-foot (4,470 m) level of Baba Mountain, which has a peak elevation of 16,739 feet (5,102 m). The flight was about 25 nm north of the typical route between Bagram and Farah.[60][61][62][63]
  • 22 February 2005: An Indonesian National Police C-212 received engine trouble during landing, causing it to crash into the sea. Of the 18 police officers on board, 15 were killed.
  • 26 October 2006: Swedish Coast Guard CASA C-212-200 (registration: SE-IVF/serial nr: KBV 585) crashed in the Falsterbo Canal during a surveillance mission, killing all four on board.[64][65] Eye-witness accounts suggest that the accident was caused by one of the wings of the aircraft somehow detaching.[66] The preliminary report from the Swedish Accident Investigation Board suggests that the right wing detached due to a fatigue crack which had developed in the load-bearing structure in the wing.[67]
  • 15 November 2006: Mexican Navy CASA 212-200 Maritime Patrol (serial AMP-114) crashed in the sea in Campeche coast over the Mexican Gulf during a surveillance mission, all crew managed to survive, due to a smooth maneuver, reasons of the accident still unknown.[68][68]
  • 26 June 2008: Indonesian Military CASA C-212 was flying from the capital to Bogor, carrying 12 military personnel and six civilians, and was due to test a digital mapping camera, but it disappeared in the Salak Mountain region, about 90 km (56 mi) south of Jakarta. An air force spokesman said it was assumed it had crashed.[69]
  • 9 October 2009: Uruguayan Air Force CASA C-212 FAU-531,[70] being operated as part of the United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti crashed west of Fonds-Verettes killing all 11 on board.[71]
  • 19 June 2010: a Cameroon Aero Service CASA C212 chartered by Sundance Resources crashed in dense jungle after departing Cameroon for Congo, killing all 11 people on board, including Australian mining magnate Ken Talbot and Sundance personnel, Chairman Geoff Wedlock, Chief Executive Officer Don Lewis, company secretary John Carr-Gregg and non-executive directors John Jones and Craig Oliver. At the time of the accident Talbot was a director of Sundance and its largest shareholder.[72][73][74]
  • 12 February 2011: Sabang Merauke Raya Air Charter CASA C-212, PK-ZAI, carrying five crew, crashed after takeoff from Batam, Indonesia, during a test flight following engine maintenance. All five crew members were killed.[75]
  • 1 April 2011: FUGRO Aviation Canada Limited CASA C-212, C-FDKM, carrying three crew, crashed while attempting to land at Saskatoon Airport, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, after declaring an emergency with an engine failure. The aircraft crashed on Wanuskewin Drive in Saskatoon and hit a concrete barrier, resulting in one person being killed and two injured.[76]
  • 2 September 2011: A Chilean Air Force CASA C-212, carrying 21 people, crashed 500 miles from Chile's Pacific coastline in the Juan Fernández Islands, with no survivors. Felipe Camiroaga, a most popular Chilean TV presenter, was one of those on board the aircraft. Also on board was businessman Felipe Cubillos, who had been working on post-earthquake reconstruction efforts.[77]
  • 29 September 2011: An Indonesian Aerospace CASA C-212, registration PK-TLF, built in 1989, carrying 18 people (14 passengers, three crew and the pilot) on a flight between Medan, North Sumatra and Kutacane, Aceh operated by Nusantara Buana Air crashed into Gunung Kapur, a 1,600 metre high mountain in the Bukit Barisan mountain range, a 10 km walk from the village of Bukit Lawang in Bohorok district Gunung Leuser National Park. There were no survivors. The accident occurred between 07.28 and 08.05 local time about 36 miles northwest of Medan, North Sumatra.[78][79][80]
  • 16 June 2016: A CASA C-212-400 operated by Vietnam People's Air Force from Gia Lam Airport en route to the Gulf of Tonkin went missing and was presumed crashed during a search for a downed Su-30MK2 and its pilots a few days before. It was reported that the crash site was located 44 nautical miles south-southwest of Bach Long Vi Island. As of 18 June 2016, some of the debris was found, but there was no sign of the crew. The Vietnam Coast Guard and the Navy claimed that the airframe and the aircraft's black box has been found 15 nautical miles southwest of Bach Long Vi and only 5 nm from the Vietnamese-Chinese border on the gulf. All 9 crew members were lost[81]
  • 9 February 2017: A Botswana Defence Force CASA C-212 crashed in the general area of Thebephatshwa village in the evening, minutes after leaving the Thebephatshwa Air Base. All 3 people on board died in the crash. The aircraft was on its way to the capital, Gaborone, which is 90 km away.[82]

Specifications (Series 400)

Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988–89[83]

General characteristics

Performance

Armament

  • Up to 500 kg (1,100 lb) of weapons on two hardpoints. Typically, machine gun pods or rocket launchers.

See also

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration and era

References

Notes
  1. ↑ Greg Waldron (25 Jan 2013). "Vietnam takes delivery of last Spanish-built C212". Flightglobal.
  2. ↑ Orders, Deliveries, In Operation Military aircraft by Country - Worldwide, Airbus Defence & Space (30 November 2016)
  3. ↑ Justin Wastnage (23 Aug 2006). "Brazil orders 50 C-212 transports from EADS Casa, to replace Bandeirantes". FlightGlobal.
  4. ↑ Simpson Air International January 2005, p. 32.
  5. ↑ Flight International, 3–9 October 2006.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Chris Pocock (1 February 2013). "Airbus Military Transfers C212 Production to Indonesia". AIN.
  7. ↑ Chris Pocock (8 July 2011). "Indonesian Aircraft Maker Gets Help From Airbus Military". AIN.
  8. ↑ Helfrich, Kim (2018-02-08). "SAAF CASA 212 a write-off". defenceWeb. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
  9. ↑ Pike, John (2018-02-07). "C-41A". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
  10. ↑ "Casa 212 - Skydiving Aircraft". Skydive Paraclete XP. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
  11. ↑ Chaney, Rob (2015-10-30). "Neptune wins contract to set up surplus military planes for smokejumpers". missoulian.com. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
  12. ↑ Jackson 2003, p. 445.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Eastwood 1990, pp. 85–94.
  14. ↑ BH Airlines at rzjets.net, retrieved 13-12-2014
  15. ↑ "CASA 212-200 Aircraft Found." Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Vivanews, 30 September 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  16. ↑ "registry.faa.gov." "FAA," Retrieved 24 May 2013.
  17. ↑ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  18. ↑ Prince, Erik. Civilian Warriors. pp. Chapter 7.
  19. 1 2 Hoyle 2015, p. 32.
  20. ↑ "Army paratroopers dropped in path of Virgin Australia jet near Sydney – ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". Abc.net.au. 2011-11-05. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  21. ↑ "Bandeirante". ADF Serials. Retrieved 2013-12-18.
  22. ↑ Hoyle 2012, p. 46.
  23. 1 2 Hoyle 2015, p. 34.
  24. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 35.
  25. ↑ Hoyle 2012, p. 48.
  26. ↑ Ejército da de baja tres Casa 212 por altos costos de mantención – La Tercera, 11 November 2012
  27. 1 2 3 4 Hoyle 2015, p. 36.
  28. 1 2 Barrie and Pite 1994, p. 39.
  29. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 37.
  30. 1 2 3 Hoyle 2015, p. 39 .
  31. ↑ Jackson 1987, p. 220.
  32. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 41.
  33. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 42.
  34. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 43.
  35. ↑ Hoyle 2010, p. 42.
  36. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 45.
  37. ↑ Hoyle 2012, p. 57.
  38. ↑ Feby Dwi Sutianto – detikfinance. "Tutup Tahun, PTDI Jual 2 Pesawat Made in Bandung ke Militer Filipina". Finance.detik.com. Retrieved 2013-12-31.
  39. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 47.
  40. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 48.
  41. ↑ "Venezolaanse deskundigen inspecteren vliegtuigen Luchtmacht". Starnieuws. 2012-01-20. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
  42. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 50.
  43. ↑ Hoyle 2015, p. 51.
  44. ↑ "DOD 4120.15-L – Addendum." designation-systems.net, 26 February 2011. Retrieved 2 March 2012.
  45. 1 2 Hoyle 2015, p. 52.
  46. ↑ Flight International 24–30 November 1993, p. 76.
  47. 1 2 Hoyle 2015, p. 53.
  48. ↑ "Accident statistics for CASA C-212." Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  49. ↑ "List of incidents." Aviation Safety Network Database. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  50. ↑ Ranter, Harro. "ASN Aircraft accident CASA C-212-A3 Aviocar 100 325 Al Qatrana". aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 8 July 2018.
  51. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident CASA C-212 Aviocar 200 C-GILU Reykjavík Domestic Airport (RKV)". Aviation-safety.net. Retrieved 2014-02-13.
  52. ↑ "ASN Aircraft accident CASA C-212 Aviocar 200 N296CA Patuxent River Naval Air Station, MD." Aviation safety Network. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  53. ↑ "Accident description, Date: 7 June 1992, Type: CASA C-212 Aviocar 200." Aviation safety Network. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  54. ↑ Vinuesa, Arturo. El conflicto de los Balcanes y la seguridad común europea (in Spanish). Editorial Fundamentos, 2002, p. 190. ISBN 84-245-0927-7
  55. ↑ Destacamento C-212 en Vicenza / 1993–2002 Archived 20 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine. (in Spanish)
  56. ↑ "Ala 37" Archived 5 January 2010 at the Wayback Machine. (in Spanish) ejercitodelaire.mde.es. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  57. ↑ País, Ediciones El (1994-03-09). "La OTAN considera una "provocación" el ataque a un avión militar español". EL PAÍS (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-05-05.
  58. ↑ UREDNIK, HOP. "Prvi objavljujemo: Pronašli smo ubojicu ratnog pilota Perisa na Banovini | HOP PORTAL". Retrieved 2017-05-05.
  59. ↑ Ranter, Harro (1995-06-17). "ASN Aircraft accident CASA C-212 Aviocar 200 T-401 Catumbela Airport (CBT)". Aviation Safety Network >. Retrieved 2018-02-08.
  60. ↑ "The Flight and Crash of "Blackwater 61." CBS News 60 Minutes. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  61. ↑ "Blackwater 61 – Cockpit Voice Recording aviation.military. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  62. ↑ "United States District Court Middle District of Florida Division Case No. 6:05-cv-1002-ORL-28-JGG." Sourcewatch.
  63. ↑ Anderson, Rick. "Welcome Aboard Blackwater Airlines." Seattle Weekly News, 14 November 2007. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  64. ↑ "Press release." Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Swedish Coast Guard. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  65. ↑ "Accident description, October 26, 2006." Aviation Safety Network Database. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  66. ↑ "Four dead after coastguard plane crash." Archived 4 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Local, 26 October 2006.
  67. ↑ "Statens Haverikommission." Swedish Accident Investigation Board. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  68. 1 2 "SEMAR aircraft crashed in Mexican Gulf" (in Spanish). SEMAR. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  69. ↑ "Plane goes missing over Indonesia." BBC, 27 June 2008. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  70. ↑ "Recent accidents." Planecrashinfo. Retrieved: 10 October 2009.
  71. ↑ "UN plane crash kills 11 in Haiti." BBC News Online, 9 October 2009. Retrieved 10 October 2009.
  72. ↑ "Avion disparu en Afrique : l'Australie "retournera chaque pierre"". 20 June 2010.
  73. ↑ McCullough, James. "Mining magnate Ken Talbot feared dead in plane crash over Congo." couriermail.com.au, 20 June 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2010.
  74. ↑ "Sundance Plane Wreckage Found in Congo; No Survivors (Update2)." bloomberg.com. Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  75. ↑ "Crash: Sabang Merauke Raya C212 near Batam on 12 February 2011, lost height enroute." avherald.com.Retrieved: 21 April 2012.
  76. ↑ Grummett, Danny and David Giles. "Ontario man dead as investigators sift through the wreckage of fatal Saskatoon plane crash.", archived from the original on 5 April 2011, Global TV, Saskatoon (Shaw Media), 4 April 2011. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
  77. ↑ "Chile air force plane carrying 21 aboard crashes." cbsnews.com, 2 September 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2011.
  78. ↑ Hradecky, Simon. "Crash: Buana C212 near Kutacane on Sep 29th 2011, wreckage found, no survivors." avherald.com, 1 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  79. ↑ "Pesawat dengan 14 penumpang jurusan Medan-Kutacane hilang," BBC, 29 December 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  80. ↑ "SAR Dekati Titik Jatuhnya Cassa NBA, Nasib Penumpang Belum Jelas." metrotvnews.com, 1 October 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2012.
  81. ↑ Newspaper, Tuoi Tre. "Vietnam jet goes missing while searching for lost pilot and fighter jet". tuoitrenews.vn. Retrieved 2016-06-17.
  82. ↑ "BDF plane crashes, kills 3." mmegi.bw, 10 February 2017. Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  83. ↑ Taylor 1988, pp. 205–206.
  84. 1 2 3 4 5 "C212". Airbus. Archived from the original on 3 March 2012.
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