British Rail Class 47

Brush Type 4
British Rail Class 47
Two Class 47s, Nos. 47424 and 47607, at Bangor station with a passenger train in 1987
Type and origin
Power type Diesel-electric
Builder Brush Traction
British Rail Crewe Works
Build date 1962–1968
Total produced 512
Specifications
Configuration:
 ​
 • UIC Co′Co′
 • Commonwealth Co-Co
Gauge 4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Wheel diameter 3 ft 9 in (1.143 m)
Wheelbase 51 ft 6 in (15.70 m)
Length 63 ft 7 in (19.38 m)
Width 8 ft 10 in (2.69 m)
Height 12 ft 9 1⁄2 in (3.90 m)
Loco weight 112 long tons (114 t; 125 short tons) to 125 long tons (127 t; 140 short tons)
Fuel capacity 850 imp gal (3,900 l; 1,020 US gal)
Prime mover Sulzer 12LDA28-C
MU working Not fitted when built. Some now retrofitted with ● Green Circle
Train heating 47/0: Steam generator
47/3: None
47/4: Electric Train Heat
Train brakes Vacuum, Air, or Dual
Performance figures
Maximum speed 75 mph (121 km/h) or 95 mph (153 km/h)
Power output Engine: originally 2,750 bhp (2,050 kW), later derated to 2,580 bhp (1,920 kW)
Tractive effort Maximum: 55,000 lbf (245 kN) to 60,000 lbf (267 kN)
Brakeforce 61 long tons-force (608 kN)
Career
Operators
Numbers D1500–D1999, D1100–D1111
later 47 001–47 981
Axle load class Route availability 6 or 7

The British Rail Class 47 is a class of British railway diesel-electric locomotive that was developed in the 1960s by Brush Traction. A total of 512 Class 47s were built at Crewe Works and Brush's Falcon Works, Loughborough between 1962 and 1968, which made them the most numerous class of British mainline diesel locomotive.

They were fitted with the Sulzer 12LDA28C twin-bank twelve-cylinder unit producing 2,750 bhp (2,050 kW) – though this was later derated to 2,580 bhp (1,920 kW) to improve reliability – and have been used on both passenger and freight trains on Britain's railways for over 50 years. Despite the introduction of more modern types of traction, a significant number are still in use, both on the mainline and on heritage railways. As of September 2018, 80 locomotives still exist as Class 47s, with further examples having been converted to other classes; 30 retain "operational status" on the mainline.

Origins

The Class 47 history begins in the early 1960s with the stated aim of the British Transport Commission (BTC) to remove steam locomotives from British Rail by a target date of 1968.[1] It therefore required a large build of lightweight Type 4 locomotives to achieve this aim. This required locomotives producing at least 2,500 bhp (1,900 kW) but with an axle load of no more than 19 long tons (19 t). However, the BTC was not convinced that the future of diesel traction lay down the hydraulic transmission path of the Western Region, and began looking at various diesel-electric designs.

Despite the construction of two demonstration locomotives (D0260 Lion, produced by AEI and BRC&W using a Sulzer engine,[2] and D0280 Falcon, built by Brush Traction using Maybach engines),[3] the need for a large number of locomotives quickly was deemed paramount, and the pilot build of what would become Class 47 began before the prototypes could be comprehensively assessed.[4] This initial build of 20 locomotives (Nos. D1500 to D1519) were mechanically different from the remainder of the type,[5] and would be withdrawn earlier. However, based on these and the success of LION, an order for 270 locomotives was made, which was later revised upwards a number of times to reach the final total of 512. Five locomotives, Nos. D1702 to D1706, were fitted with a Sulzer V12 12LVA24 power unit and classified as Class 48s; the experiment was not deemed a success, and they were later converted to standard 47s.

In service

Eventually, 310 locomotives were constructed by Brush in Loughborough, and the remaining 202 at BR's Crewe Works.[6] The first 500 locomotives were numbered sequentially from D1500 to D1999, with the remaining twelve being numbered from D1100 to D1111. The locomotives went to work on passenger and freight duties on all regions of British Rail. Large numbers went to replace steam locomotives, especially on express passenger duties.[7]

The locomotives, bar a batch of 81 built for freight duties, were all fitted with steam heating boilers for train heat duties. The initial batch of twenty, plus D1960 and D1961, were also fitted with electric train heating (ETH).[8] With this type of heating becoming standard, a further large number of locomotives were later fitted with this equipment.

In the mid 1960s, it was decided to de-rate the engine output of the fleet from 2,750 bhp (2,050 kW) to 2,580 bhp (1,920 kW), significantly improving reliability by reducing stresses on the power plant, whilst not causing a noticeable reduction in performance.[9]

Sub-Classes

In the early 1970s, the fleet was renumbered into the 47xxx series to conform with the computerised TOPS systems. This enabled a number of easily recognisable sub-classes to be created, depending on the differing equipment fitted. The original series were based on train heating capability and were as follows;[10]

  • Class 47/0: Locomotives with steam heating equipment.[11]
  • Class 47/3: Locomotives with no train heating.[11]
  • Class 47/4: Locomotives with dual or electric train heating.[11]

However, this numbering system was later disrupted as locomotives were fitted with extra equipment and were renumbered into other sub-classes.[12][13] For an overview of the renumbering see the British Rail Class 47 renumbering page. This section summarises the main sub-classes that were created.

Class 47/0 47293 with a relief passenger train at York station in 1987

Class 47/0

Originally TOPS numbered from 47001 to 47298, these locomotives were the "basic" Class 47 with steam heating equipment fitted.[14] In the 1970s and 1980s, with steam heating of trains gradually being phased out, all locomotives fitted with the equipment gradually had their steam heating boilers removed. Some were fitted with ETH and became 47/4s, whilst the others remained with no train heating capability and were therefore used mainly on freight work. In the 1990s, the class designation 47/2 was applied to some class 47/0s and class 47/3s after they were fitted with multiple working equipment.[15] The locomotives involved also had their vacuum braking systems removed or isolated, leaving them air braked only. This was mainly a paper exercise, however, and the locomotives were not renumbered; in this article they are included in Class 47/0.

Class 47/3 47376 in Freightliner livery, at Toddington station

Class 47/3

Originally TOPS numbered from 47301 to 47381, this sub-class was originally built with no train heating equipment and therefore remained as freight locomotives almost exclusively for their working lives.[16] They were all fitted with slow speed control for working MGR coal trains (as were a number of Class 47/0s).[17] However, during the summer months when train heat was not required, 47/3s could regularly be found hauling the extra trains that the holiday season brought.[18] The sub-type remained stable until withdrawals started, although an "extra" 47/3, 47300, was created in 1992 when 47468 had its train heating equipment removed and was renumbered.[19] This was a direct replacement for collision damaged 47343. Also, 47364 was renumbered to 47981 in 1993 for use on RTC test trains.[20]

Class 47/4 47523 in standard BR Blue, at Birmingham New Street station in 1988

Class 47/4

The designation for standard locomotives fitted with ETH and therefore used for passenger, mail and parcels use. 133 locomotives had been fitted by the time renumbering occurred, and shortly afterwards the sub-class had settled down to 154 locomotives, numbered 47401–47547 and 47549–47555. Later, further Class 47/0s were converted to Class 47/4s and renumbered into the series from 47556 onwards, which eventually reached 47665.[15]

Class 47/9 47901 on a railtour at Westbury station in 1987

Class 47/6 and Class 47/9

After being severely damaged in a derailment near Peterborough in 1974, locomotive 47046 was selected to be a testbed for the projected Class 56, and was fitted with a 16-cylinder Ruston 16RK3CT engine rated at 3,250 bhp (2,420 kW) for assessment purposes.[21] To identify it as unique, it was renumbered 47601 (at the time the number range for Class 47s only extended as far as 47555). Later, in 1979, it was used again for the Class 58 project, fitted with a 12-cylinder Ruston engine (this time of 3,300 bhp (2,500 kW)), and renumbered 47901. It continued with this non-standard engine fitted until its withdrawal in 1990.[22]

British Rail Class 47 47707 with a Glasgow–Edinburgh shuttle at Haymarket in 1982.

Class 47/7

In the late 1970s, BR authorities identified a need to replace the ageing trains operating the Glasgow to Edinburgh shuttle services, in order to increase speed and reliability. The trains were operated by pairs of Class 27s, one at each end of this train. It was decided to convert twelve 47/4s to operate the service in push-pull mode. The locomotives would be known as Class 47/7 and would be fitted with TDM push-pull equipment[23] and long-range fuel tanks, and be maintained to operate at 100 mph (160 km/h). The conversions began in 1979 and the service was operated completely by them from 1980. In 1985, the push-pull service spread to Glasgow-Aberdeen services, and a further four locomotives were converted. The sub-class therefore comprised 47701 to 47716, though a further locomotive, 47717, was converted in 1988 after the fire-damaged 47713 was withdrawn.[24]

Class 47/7. 47787 parked in a bay platform at Rugby station

Class 47/7b and 47/7c

In the 1990s, further 47/4s were converted with long-range fuel tanks and equipment to allow them to work with a type of rolling stock known as propelling control vehicles-PCV, which utilised RCH (Railway Clearing House) cables to allow the PCV driver to signal to the driver on the locomotive to apply power and operate the brakes - neither these locomotives or the PCVs were equipped with TDM push-pull equipment. They were also numbered into the 47/7 series, from 47721 onwards. With dwindling passenger work for them, a number of 47/8s, already fitted with the extra fuel tanks, were also renumbered into this series.[25]

Two locomotives, 47798 Prince William and 47799 Prince Henry, were dedicated for use on the Royal Train, and were designated as Class 47/7c.[26] The two locomotives were replaced by a pair of Class 67 locomotives in 2004, and were subsequently withdrawn for preservation.

Class 47/4b 47839 Pegasus at Canterbury West station in 2007

Class 47/4 (extended range)

The last of the original 47/4 conversions, from 47650 to 47665, were fitted with extra fuel tanks, giving them an extended range. Four earlier Class 47/4s were also converted. In 1989 it was decided to give these locomotives easy recognisability, and so these locomotives were renumbered into their own series from 47801 to 47820. At the same time, further locomotives were fitted with extra fuel tanks and renumbered; the series eventually reached 47854.[15] After the privatisation of British Rail, the locomotives in the 47/8 number range were mainly used by Virgin CrossCountry on cross-country work until the introduction of their Voyager trains. These duties have kept them maintained in serviceable condition, allowing them to remain operational longer than the majority of their classmates. As a consequence most of them received relatively recent overhauls. The locomotives in this number range are officially Class 47/4s under the TOPS system.[27]

Decline

By 1986, only five of the original 512 locomotives had been withdrawn from service, all because of serious accident damage.[28] However, with work for the class declining due to the introduction of new rolling stock, and spare parts becoming difficult to source, some inroads started being made.

The first locomotives to be targeted were the non-standard pilot batch of 20, now numbered 47 401-47 420. Three locomotives were withdrawn as life-expired in February 1986, and the remainder of the batch that had not recently been overhauled followed in the next two years. All 20 were withdrawn by 1992.[29]

Meanwhile, BR drew up a 'hit-list' of locomotives for early withdrawal, mainly including those with non-standard electrical equipment, known as series parallel locomotives.[30] In the outset, withdrawals were slow, mainly due to the surplus of spare parts and new flows of freight traffic which required extra locomotives; only 61 locomotives had been withdrawn by the end of 1992. However, with the introduction of new locomotives, the rate of withdrawal quickly rose, with 86 more 47s reaching the end of their lives in the next three years.[28] With most of the non-standard locomotives withdrawn, the reduction of the fleet again proceeded more slowly. The privatisation of British Rail also produced new independent rail companies needing available traction until they could order new locomotives. From 1996 to 2006, an average of around fifteen locomotives per year were taken out of service.[28]

During the decline in passenger work a number of locomotives were painted in "celebrity" colours, depicting various liveries that the type had carried during its history. This continued a tradition of painting 47s in unusual liveries, which dates back to 1977, when Stratford depot in East London painted two locomotives with huge Union Flags to celebrate the Silver Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.[31]

Current Operators

In 2018, after over 55 years of front line passenger and freight operations, 35 locomotives are fitted with the required systems in order to be mainline registered (excluding preserved examples) with 24 locomotives currently operational on the National network and the balance stored. One locomotive has been exported to Hungary. [32] The following is a list of companies currently operating Class 47s.

West Coast Railways

West Coast Railways is primarily a charter train operator, and expanded its fleet by overhauling withdrawn locomotives. Its twelve locomotives currently operational are 47237, 47245, 47746, 47760, 47772, 47786, 47802, 47804, 47826, 47832, 47851 and 47854.

Vintage Trains

Vintage Trains own 47773 as a preserved locomotive maintained to mainline standards based at Tyseley. This loco is in BR Green livery.

Rail Operations Group

Rail Operations Group is a new rolling stock provider; the only locomotive currently operational is 47812.

Locomotive Services Limited

Locomotive Services Limited are primarily a Charter Train operator and own the former Crewe Diesel Depot and they own 47501, 47790, 47805, 47810, 47830, 47841 and 47853. They also purchased derelict 47811, 47816 and 47841 from Freightliner Group as a source of spare parts.

Arlington Fleet Services

Based at Eastleigh and own 47818 generally used for shunting on site.

GB Railfreight

GB Railfreight operates a small fleet of three locomotives. These are 47727, 47739, 47749, and are to be used on Caledonian Sleeper duties and stock transfers. These locomotives were formerly with Colas Rail, for duties hauling its track maintenance trains and occasional steel traffic, and had been hired to GBRf prior to transferring.[33]

Fleet Summary

Fleet summary 2018 of mainline registered locomotives (excluding preserved railways). West Coast Railways is currently the largest operator of the type.

Owner Number Numbers Notes
Arlington Fleet Services 1 Stored; 47 818
Nemesis Rail 5 47 375*, Depot shunter/ETH supply at Burton 47488, 47701, On loan to Battlefield Railway 47640, Stored 47744
  • Leased to Hungarian operator Continental Railway Solution
GB Railfreight 3 47727, 47 739, 749.
Harry Needle Railroad Company 4 ETH supply at Wabtec Doncaster; 47703, Test locomotive at Old Dalby: 47714, Stored; 47715, 769
Locomotive Services Limited 9 47 501, 805, 810, 830, 853. Stored; 47 790, 811*, 816*, 841* *spares donor
Rail Operations Group 6 47 812, ETH supply at Ilford; 47848 Under repair; 47815, Stored: 47 813, 843, 847
West Coast Railways 22 47 237, 245, 270, 746, 760, 772, 786, 802, 804, 826, 832, 851, 854. Stored; 47 194*, 355*, 368*, 492*, 500, 526*, 768*, 776*, 787* 13 operational locomotives in 2018. *Spares donors
Vintage Trains 1 47 773
Total 51

Source [34] Accessed 12th October 2018.

Preservation

Preserved D1661 'North Star' at Washford on the West Somerset Railway

Class 47s have proved very popular with preservationists and private railways, and 32 are currently in preservation, with the majority in working order.[35] A full list can be found at list of preserved British Rail Class 47 locomotives.

A number of lomotives are maintained to mainline standards (such as "Royal Train" locomotive 47798, along with 47270, 47580 and 47773) may appear on the network at any time.

Class 57

Thirty-three locomotives were rebuilt with EMD engines and re-classified as Class 57s.[36][37] Freightliner took 12, Virgin Trains 16 and First Great Western five. Today these are owned by Direct Rail Services (22), Great Western Railway (four) and West Coast Railway Company (eight, including the prototype passenger class 57, 57 601).

Accidents

  • 11 January 1965: D1734 was severely damaged after the freight train it was hauling ran out of control near Shrewsbury, eventually demolishing a signal box. It was withdrawn two months later, becoming the first Class 47 withdrawn after a working life of only eight months.[38]
  • 17 December 1965: D1671 THOR was derailed near Bridgend whilst hauling a train of empty coaches.[39] Shortly afterwards, a freight train collided heavily with the wreckage, killing the drivers of both locomotives. D1671 was withdrawn some four months later. Its nameplates were salvaged, and transferred to No. D1677.[40]
  • 8 April 1969: D1908 was badly damaged when, while hauling a freight train at Monmore Green, it was struck head-on by a passenger train that had passed a signal at danger. D1908 caught fire after the accident and became the third Class 47 withdrawn.[41]
  • 13 March 1971: D1562 was wrecked after severe fire damage at Haughley Junction while the locomotive was hauling a Liverpool Street to Norwich express.[42]
  • 11 June 1972: D1630 was involved in the Eltham Well Hall rail crash in which six people were killed. The locomotive was repaired, but much later in its life when numbered 47849, it was withdrawn from the Class 57 rebuilding programme after damage was discovered which was thought to have dated back to the accident.[43]
  • 25 August 1974: 47236 was hauling a passenger train that passed a signal at danger and was derailed at Dorchester West. Eighteen people were injured.[44]
  • 16 March 1976: 47274 collided with a lorry that had fallen from a bridge onto the line near Eastriggs. The drivers of both the train and the lorry were killed.[45]
  • 5 September 1977: 47402 was hauling a mail train when it was in a head-on collision with a diesel multiple unit at Farnley Junction, Leeds, West Yorkshire due to a signalling fault. Two people were killed and fifteen were injured.[46]
  • 22 October 1979: 47208 became the fifth Class 47 to be withdrawn after suffering severe damage in a fatal accident at Invergowrie in Scotland. 47208 was hauling a Glasgow to Aberdeen service which collided with a local train which had stopped in front.[47]
  • 9 December 1983: 47299 (formerly 47216) was involved in a serious accident at Wrawby Junction in Lincolnshire, when whilst hauling an oil train, the locomotive collided with a local train resulting in the death of a passenger. It later emerged that the locomotive's renumbering was allegedly due to a warning given to BR by a clairvoyant who claimed to have foreseen a serious accident involving a locomotive numbered "47216".[48]
  • 30 July 1984: 47707 Holyrood was propelling the 17:30 express from Edinburgh to Glasgow from the rear, when the train collided with a cow near Polmont and was derailed, resulting in 13 deaths. The accident raised serious concerns about the safety of push-pull operation where the locomotive was at the rear of the train.[49]
  • 20 December 1984: Summit Tunnel fire: Locomotive 47125 was hauling a freight train of petrol tankers which derailed and caught fire in Summit Tunnel, on the Lancashire/West Yorkshire border.
  • 18 January 1986: 47111 was run into by a Class 104 diesel multiple unit which had a brake failure and had passed three signals at danger at Preston. Forty-four people were injured.[50]
  • 9 March 1986: 47334 was one of two light engines that were hit head-on by a passenger train at Chinley, Derbyshire due to a signalman's error. One person was killed. Lack of training and a power cut were contributory factors.[51]
  • 20 February 1987: 47089 Amazon was hauling a freight train that ran away and was derailed by trap points at North Junction, Chinley, Derbyshire. Another train ran into the wreckage and was derailed.[52]
  • 24 March 1987: 47202 was hauling a freight train that overran signals and was in a head-on collision with a passenger train (hauled by 33 032) at Frome North Junction, Somerset. Fifteen people were injured, some seriously.[53][54]

Cuba

Between 1963 and 1966 ten locomotives similar to the British Rail Class 47 were supplied to Ferrocarriles de Cuba (Cuban National Railways).[55]

See also

References and sources

References

  1. ↑ The railways archive - Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  2. ↑ Feature on D0260 LION Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-05-31
  3. ↑ Feature on D0280 FALCON Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-05-31
  4. ↑ Introduction to Prototypes Class47.com Retrieved on 2007-05-31
  5. ↑ Class 47 history Gloucester Transport History - Retrieved on 2007-06-04
  6. ↑ Class 47 History SEMG - Retrieved on 2007-06-01
  7. ↑ Class 47 History Archived 14 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine. GSWR - Retrieved on 2007-06-04
  8. ↑ Early diesel locomotives SEMG - Retrieved on 2007-06-01
  9. ↑ Black, Stuart (2017). The Loco Spotter's Guide. Bloomsbury Press. p. 114. ISBN 1472820509.
  10. ↑ Class 47 numbering The Railway Centre - Retrieved on 2007-05-31 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  11. 1 2 3 Toms 1978, pp. 66–67
  12. ↑ Class 47 sub-classes The Junction - Retrieved on 2007-06-04
  13. ↑ Class47.com numbering Retrieved on 2007-06-14
  14. ↑ Class 47/0 Class47.com -Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  15. 1 2 3 Dunn, Pip. British Rail Main Line Locomotives Specification Guide. 2013: Crowood. pp. 96–97. ISBN 1847976425.
  16. ↑ Class 47/3 Class47.com -Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  17. ↑ Slow speed control Archived 24 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Class 58 Loco Group - Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  18. ↑ Lund, E (1980). To the last drop. Chesterfield: Longden technical Publications. ISBN 0-9507063-0-2.
  19. ↑ No.47300 Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Class47.com -Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  20. ↑ No.47981 Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Class47.com -Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  21. ↑ Williams, Alan; Percival, David (1977). British Railways Locomotives and Multiple Units including Preserved Locomotives 1977 Combined Volume. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-0751-9.
  22. ↑ Class 47/6 Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  23. ↑ "TDM/RCH specification" (PDF). Mechanical And Electrical Coupling Index. RSSB. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2011.
  24. ↑ Class 47/7 Felgall Rail - Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  25. ↑ Class 47/7 Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-06-15
  26. ↑ Locomotive pools Class47.com Retrieved on 2007-07-09
  27. ↑ "Class 47 numbering". Class47.com. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  28. 1 2 3 Class 47 withdrawal data Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-06-04
  29. ↑ 47401 History The 47401 Project - Retrieved on 2007-06-10
  30. ↑ Class 47 Technical Details Archived 29 June 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Railfan page - Retrieved on 2007-06-04
  31. ↑ Silver Jubilee livery Archived 8 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Brushtype4.co.uk, retrieved on 2008-04-30
  32. ↑ "Fleet status, August 2018". Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  33. ↑ GB Railfreight buys three Class 47s
  34. ↑ http://www.abrail.co.uk/diesellocodetail.htm
  35. ↑ Class 47 Page Archived 17 February 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Preserved Diesels - Retrieved on 2007-04-30
  36. ↑ Class 57 page The Junction - Retrieved on 2007-04-30
  37. ↑ Class 57 conversion The Railway Centre - Retrieved on 2007-04-30 Archived 19 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine.
  38. ↑ locomotive D1734 Archived 27 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-07-08
  39. ↑ Toms 1978, p. 69
  40. ↑ locomotive D1671 Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-07-10
  41. ↑ locomotive D1908 Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-07-10
  42. ↑ - Retrieved on 2014-30-11
  43. ↑ locomotive D1630 Class47.com - Retrieved on 2007-05-14
  44. ↑ "Report on the Derailment that occurred on 25 August 1974 at Dorchester West" (PDF). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Railway Inspectorate, Department of the Environment. 20 November 1975. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  45. ↑ Railwaysarchive.co.uk - Retrieved on 2015-11-05
  46. ↑ Trevena, Arthur (1981). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 2. Redruth: Atlantic Books. p. 47. ISBN 0-906899-03-6.
  47. ↑ Invergowrie accident report Railwaysarchive.co.uk - Retrieved on 2007-04-30
  48. ↑ Jinxed locomotive 47299 Railfan article - Retrieved on 2007-04-30
  49. ↑ The Polmont accident in the light of 2001 Selby Crash Danger Ahead - Retrieved on 2007-04-30
  50. ↑ Department of Transport (29 May 1987). "Report on the Collision that occurred on 18 January 1986 at Preston" (PDF). Her Majesty's Stationary Office. Retrieved 2 April 2017.
  51. ↑ Vaughan, Adrian (1989). Obstruction Danger. Wellingborough: Patrick Stephens Limited. pp. 240–48. ISBN 1-85260-055-1.
  52. ↑ Earnshaw, Alan (1991). Trains in Trouble: Vol. 7. Penryn: Atlantic Books. p. 45. ISBN 0-906899-50-8.
  53. ↑ Vaughan, Adrian (2003) [2000]. Tracks to Disaster. Hersham: Ian Allan. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0 7110 2985 7.
  54. ↑ Department of Transport (6 May 1988). "Report on the Collision that occurred on 24th March 1987 at Frome" (PDF). Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  55. ↑ "Cuba". Class47.co.uk. 1965-07-30. Retrieved 2012-08-15.

Sources

  • Stevens-Stratten, S.W.; Carter, R.S. (1978). British Rail Main-Line Diesels. Shepperton: Ian Allan Ltd. ISBN 0-7110-0617-2.
  • Toms, George (1978). Brush Diesel Locomotives, 1940-78. Sheffield: Turntable Publications. ISBN 0902844482. OCLC 11213057.

Further reading

  • Derrick, Kevin (2013). Looking back at Class 47 Locomotives. Strathwood. ISBN 9781905276233.
  • Lilley, Simon (2012). Class 47: 50 Years of Locomotive History. OPC. ISBN 9780860936480. OCLC 794815314.
  • Loader, Martin (1998). Class 47 Photo File. Vanguard Publications. ISBN 9781900872041. OCLC 650096345.
  • McManus, Michael. Ultimate Allocations, British Railways Locomotives 1948 - 1968. Wirral. Michael McManus.
  • Meskell, Nick (2006). Class 47/8s. Train Crazy Publishing. ISBN 9780954803551. OCLC 190776405.
  • Morrison, Brian (1987). Profile of the 47s. OPC. ISBN 9780860932406. OCLC 16924495.
  • Morrison, Gavin (2011). BR Brush Class 47: 48 Years of Different Livieries. Book Law Publications. ISBN 9781907094668. OCLC 751709977.
  • Morrison, Gavin (1999). Class 47s. Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711026773. OCLC 41503765.
  • Ringer, Brian (1979). Brush-Sulzer Class 47 Diesel-Electrics. Bradford Barton. ISBN 9780851533261. OCLC 16431685.
  • Tayler, A.T.H.; Thorley, W.G.F.; Hill, T.J. (1979). Class 47 Diesels. Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711009158. OCLC 6425727.
  • Taylor, Ross (2016). Class 47 and 57 Locomotives. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 9781445658636. OCLC 934603465.
  • Vaughan, John (2007). Diesel Retrospective: Class 47. Ian Allan. ISBN 9780711032019. OCLC 163322802.
  • British Rail Class 47s. Peter Watts. 1980. ISBN 9780906025130. OCLC 655703332.
  • Kerr, Fred (August 1983). "Big Brushes that swept clean!". Rail Enthusiast. EMAP National Publications. pp. 34–39. ISSN 0262-561X. OCLC 49957965.
  • Kerr, Fred (October 1983). "The big Brushes - part two". Rail Enthusiast. EMAP National Publications. pp. 10–14. ISSN 0262-561X. OCLC 49957965.

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