Basmati

Basmati rice
Brown regular rice (left) compared to brown basmati rice
Genus Oryza
Origin Indian subcontinent
Indian white basmati rice cooked.

Basmati (pronounced IPA: [baːsmət̪iː] in the Indian subcontinent) is a variety of long, slender-grained aromatic rice which is traditionally from the Indian subcontinent.[1] As of 2014, India exported 65 per cent of the overseas basmati rice market, while Pakistan accounted for the remainder, according to the Indian state-run Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority.[2] However, many countries use domestically grown basmati rice crops.[3]

History and etymology

"Basmati" derives from the Hindustani (बासमती, باسمتی) bāsmatī, literally meaning "fragrant"[4] (Sanskrit बासमती, bāsamatī). Basmati rice is believed to have been cultivated in the Indian subcontinent for centuries. The earliest extant work to mention basmati rice is Heer Ranjha (1766).[5][6]

Basmati was introduced to the Middle East by Hindu traders. It remains not only an important part of various cuisine of the Indian subcontinent, but now is also used extensively in Persian, Arab, and other Middle Eastern cuisines as well. This type of rice are grown and exported by those from the Indian subcontinent.[2]

Production and cultivation

India accounts for over 70% of the world's basmati rice production.[7] A small portion of that is being grown organically. Organisations such as Kheti Virasat Mission are trying to increase the amount of basmati rice that is being grown in the Punjab in India.[8][9]

In India

The areas of basmati rice production in India are in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. India's total basmati production for the July 2011–June 2012 crop year was 5 million tonnes.[10] In India, Haryana is the major basmati rice cultivating state, producing more than 60 per cent of the total basmati rice produced in India.

In Nepal

Basmati rice is produced mainly in the Kathmandu Valley and the Terai region of Nepal. Unique Nepali varieties of basmati rice were barred from export to other parts of the world although this bar might be lifted. [11]

In Pakistan

In Pakistan, 95 percent of the basmati rice cultivation takes place in the Punjab province, where total production was 2.47 million tonnes in 2010.[12][13]

Aroma and flavour

Basmati rice has a typical pandan-like (Pandanus amaryllifolius leaf) flavour caused by the aroma compound 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline.[14] Basmati grains contain about 0.09 ppm of this aromatic chemical compound naturally, a level that is about 12 times more than non-basmati rice varieties, giving basmati its distinctive spicy fragrance and flavour.[15] This natural aroma is also found in cheese, fruits and other cereals. It is a flavoring agent approved in the United States and Europe, and is used in bakery products for aroma.[16]

Varieties and hybrids

There are several varieties of basmati rice. Traditional Indian types include basmati 370, basmati 385, and basmati Ranbirsinghpura (R.S.Pura) & Gujjar Chack area in Jammu province situated at the Indo -Pak border in Jammu & Kashmir state of India. 1121 Extra Long Grain Rice. Pakistani varieties of basmati rice are PK 385, Super Kernel Basmati Rice and D-98.

Scientists at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi, used conventional plant breeding to produce a hybrid semi-dwarf plant which had most of the good features of traditional basmati (grain elongation, fragrance, alkali content). This hybrid was called Pusa Basmati-1 (PB1; also called "Todal", because the flower has awns); crop yield is up to twice as high as traditional varieties. Fragrant rices that are derived from basmati stock but are not true basmati varieties include PB2 (also called sugandh-2), PB3, and RS-10.

Approved varieties

Nepal varieties

Basmati 217, Pusa Basmati, Basmati 1, Nepalese red Basmati.

Indian varieties

Basmati, P3 Punjab, type III Uttar Pradesh, hbc -19 Safidon, 386 Haryana, Kasturi (Baran, Rajasthan), Basmati 198, Basmati 217, Basmati 370, Bihar, Kasturi, Mahi Suganda, Pusa 1121.

Pakistani varieties

Basmati 370 (Pak Basmati), Super Basmati (Best Aroma), Basmati Pak (Kernal), 386 or 1121 basmati rice,[17] Basmati 385, Basmati 515, Basmati 2000 and Basmati 198.[18]

In the United States, a variety of rice based on basmati called Texmati is grown.[19]

In Kenya, a rice variety called Pishori or Pisori is grown in the Mwea region.[20]

Basmati certification

The "Basmati Mark" is a DNA-fingerprinting-based certification done by the laboratory of Basmati Export Development Foundation (BEDF).[21]

Adulteration

Difficulty in differentiating genuine basmati from other types of rice and the significant price difference between them has led fraudulent traders to adulterate basmati rice with crossbred basmati varieties and long-grain non-basmati varieties. In Britain, the Food Standards Agency found in 2005 that about half of all basmati rice sold was adulterated with other strains of long-grain rice, prompting rice importers to agree to a code of practice.[22] A 2010 UK test on rice supplied by wholesalers found 4 out of 15 samples had cheaper rice mixed with basmati, and one had no basmati at all.[23]

A PCR-based assay similar to DNA fingerprinting in humans allows adulterated and non-basmati strains to be detected, with a detection limit from 1% adulteration upwards with an error rate of ±1.5%.[24] Exporters of basmati rice use "purity certificates" based on DNA tests for their basmati rice consignments.[25] Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.[26]

Patent battle

In September 1997, an American company, RiceTec, was granted U.S. Patent No. 5,663,484 on "basmati rice lines and grains". The patent secures lines of basmati and basmati-like rice and ways of analyzing that rice. RiceTec, owned by Prince Hans-Adam of Liechtenstein, faced international outrage over allegations of biopiracy. It had also caused a brief diplomatic crisis between India and the United States, with India threatening to take the matter to the WTO as a violation of TRIPS. Both voluntarily and due to review decisions by the United States Patent and Trademark Office, RiceTec lost or withdrew most of the claims of the patent, including, most importantly, the right to call their rice products "basmati".[27] A more limited varietal patent was granted to RiceTec in 2001 on claims dealing with three strains of the rice developed by the company.[28]

Glycemic index

According to the Canadian Diabetes Association, basmati, brown, wild, short and long grain rice has a "medium" glycemic index (between 56 and 69) opposed to jasmine and "instant" white rice with a glycemic index of 89, thus making it more suitable for diabetics as compared to certain other grains and products made from white flour.[29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Big money in "specialty rices" Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  2. 1 2 "Rice Sales From India to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve". bloomberg.com. Archived from the original on 21 May 2017. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  3. ↑ Rice Sales From Pakistan to Reach Record as Iran Boosts Reserve Bloomberg (February 13, 2014)
  4. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. basmati.
  5. ↑ VP Singh (2000). Aromatic Rices. International Rice Research Institute. pp. 135–36. ISBN 978-81-204-1420-4.
  6. ↑ Daniel F. Robinson (2010). Confronting Biopiracy: Challenges, Cases and International Debates. Earthscan. p. 47. ISBN 978-1-84977-471-0.
  7. ↑ India, Press Trust of (3 April 2016). "Basmati rice industry may revive in next harvest 2016-17: Icra". Retrieved 21 March 2018 – via Business Standard.
  8. ↑ "De prijs van basmati: witte rijst met een donkere rand - National Geographic Nederland/België". National Geographic Nederland/België. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  9. ↑ "The Price of Basmati - Journalism Grants". journalismgrants.org. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  10. ↑ "India's to export record basmati rice in 2012/13 | Reuters". In.reuters.com. July 6, 2012. Retrieved 2013-09-11.
  11. ↑ "Traders call for easing ban on Basmati exports". Kathmandu Post. 12 July 2016.
  12. ↑ Rice export: ‘Pakistan has potential of $4b but barely touches $1b’. The Express Tribune. February 8, 2012.
  13. ↑ Global market: Pakistani basmati may slip down the pecking order. The Express Tribune. July 19, 2012.
  14. ↑ S. Wongpornchai; T. Sriseadka; S. Choonvisase (2003). "Identification and quantitation of the rice aroma compound, 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline, in bread flowers (Vallaris glabra Ktze)". J. Agric. Food Chem. 51 (2): 457–462. doi:10.1021/jf025856x. PMID 12517110.
  15. ↑ Big money in "speciality rices" Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (2002)
  16. ↑ Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition, George A. Burdock (2009), CRC Press, ISBN 978-1420090772, p. 36
  17. ↑ "Basmati Rice Price - 1121 Basmati Rice Price". Latifricemills.com. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
  18. ↑ "Survey on Basmati Rice" (PDF). multimedia.food.gov.uk. March 2004. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 31, 2014. Retrieved 2013-09-11.
  19. ↑ Fiaz,, N; Khalid, F; Sarwar, MA (2013). "Whiff of Pearls". Rice Plus Magazine,ojs.irp.edu.pk. Archived from the original on 2016-10-02.
  20. ↑ Sanginga, P. C. (2009). Innovation Africa: Enriching Farmers' Livelihoods. London: Earthscan. pp. 301–302. ISBN 978-1-84407-671-0.
  21. ↑ "BASMATI EXPORT DEVELOPMENT FOUNDATION". apeda.gov.in. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
  22. ↑ British Retail Consortium (July 2005). Code of practice on Basmati rice Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine.
  23. ↑ Rice, Tim (2010-01-29). "Probe finds fake basmati". This is Leicestershire. Archived from the original on 2013-05-05. Retrieved 2013-09-11.
  24. ↑ Basmati rice collaborative trial - FA0110. defra.gov.uk
  25. ↑ Archak, Sunil et al. (2007). "High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)" and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). "Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)".
  26. ↑ Basmati Testing - Basmati Verifiler Kit. Labindia.
  27. ↑ "Bid for patent for basmati rice hits a hurdle", The Hindu, November 5, 2006
  28. ↑ "India-U.S. Fight on Basmati Rice Is Mostly Settled", The New York Times
  29. ↑ "The Glycemic Index". Canadian Diabetes Association. Retrieved 30 August 2018.
  • About patent dispute
  • China: India's new basmati export destination
  • Rice industry: Lack of branding hurts Pakistan, India moves ahead
  • Kannan, Shilpa (February 15, 2008). "India and Pakistan link to protect Basmati". BBC News. Retrieved April 26, 2010.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.