Arts of West Bengal

The Indian state of West Bengal has a rich cultural and artistic heritage. Due to the reign of many different rulers in the past, arts and crafts in West Bengal underwent many changes giving an artistic diversity today in the forms of traditional handicrafts, masks, painting and carving, dance, music etc.

Music

Baul singers in performance at Santiniketan, India.
Some Vaishnavism sub-traditions believe in public kirtan performance, with songs and dance. A painting of a 19th-century performance by Chaitanya group in Bengal.

The music of West Bengal includes multiple indigenous musical genres such as Baul, Bishnupuri Classical, Kirtan, Shyama Sangeet, Rabindra Sangeet, Nazrul Geeti, Atulprasadi, Dwijendrageeti, Probhati Snageet, Kantageeti, Ganasangeet, Adhunik Gaan, Bengali rock etc. West Bengal has a rich culture with the classical and folk songs.

The Bishnupur Gharana is the sole Classical (Drupad) gharana of Bengal. It originated in Bishnupur, Bankura by the court musicians of the Malla Kings.[1] The bauls are a mystic group of singers and musicals, immensely popular in the countryside. They perform using a khamak, ektara and dotara. Rabindra Sangeet, also known as Tagore songs, are songs written and composed by Rabindranath Tagore.[2] They have distinctive characteristics in the music of Bengal, popular in India and Bangladesh.[3][4] Rabindra Sangeet has been an integral part of Bengal culture for over a century.[4][5] Shyama Sangeet is a genre of Bengali devotional songs dedicated to the Hindu goddess Shyama or Kali which is a form of supreme universal mother-goddess Durga or parvati. It is also known as Shaktagiti or Durgastuti.

Kirtan is also a true song which describe the mythological epic. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu starts the Hare Krishna movement from Nabadwip.

Other songs like Hapu song, Bhadu song, Gombhira, Tusu song, Bhatiyali song, Patua Sangeet etc are the true Bengali folk song, that make the cultural song of West Bengal.

Dance

Dance with Rabindra Sangeet in Kolkata
Chhau Mask dance parforming in the field
Dance of West Bengal

Songs and dances are connected with each to each. The rich cultural heritage and creative minds of the people of Bengal are best reflected in their traditional folk dances like martial dance, harvest dance etc. In Modern West Bengal rural Bengal takes the lead in keeping the old customs and the associated song and dance. The folk dances of West Bengal deals with a variety of themes. Some are associated with religion, prayers, festivals and rituals, others talk about the society.[6]

Martial Dances

As a cultural tradition there are many Bengali folk dances describing the mythological wars. This martial or war dances are Purulia Chhau dance, Raibenshe dance, Stick dance or Laghur Nritya, Ranapa Dance, Dhali and Paika Nritya, Kukri Nritya etc.[7]

Harvest Dances

The cultural folk dance is mostly related with seasons, sowing of seeds, rains, harvesting in West Bengal. It's celebrated with a lot of ardor by village folks, especially the farming community. Gombhira dance of Malda district is associated with mythology. Tushu dance, Nabanna dance, Nnoila broto etc. are also related with farming. Some tribal dance like Santhali dance, Rabha dance, Mundari dance, Rajbanshi dance etc performed to the accompaniment of a number of musical instrument and are quite elaborated in nature.[8]

Masks

Tribal bamboo mask from Dinajpur

Mask or Mukhosh of West Bengal, as it known has a mysterious history. Mostly it uses for the Mask Dance, the folk dance of West Bengal. The wearing of these masks is connected with early types of folklore and religion. There is various type of masks made up of clay, wood, sponge wood or shola, pith, paper, metal etc. Generally, half masks are made up of clay, pith and paper and wooden masks are very rare. Some of the masks came from the Tribal of West Bengal. Geographically, West Bengal comes well within this mask using culture zone. Mask in West Bengal is mostly used in folk dance.[9][10] UNESCO selected The Rural Craft Hub of Bengal to showcase their artwork in Paris in 2015.[11]

Chhau Mask

The most interesting fact, Purulia Chhau Dance is listed on UNESCO’s world heritage list of dances.[12] The main difference between the Purulia chhau and Orisha chhau is in the use of the mask. Purulia chhau used the mask in dance, but Orisha does not have the mask thereby adding facial expression with body movement and gesture.[13] Purulia chhau dancer were the earthy and theatrical mask which represent the mythological characters.

Gambhira Mask

Gomira mask is a part of Gomira dance which is originated in North and South Dinajpur of West Bengal. The word Gomira is colloquial from Gram-Chandi, a female deity. The extract origin of this craft is no doubt very old and some of the craftsmen claim it is at least as old as the beginning of kaliyug. The Gomira dances are organized to propitiate the deity to usher in the good forces and drive out the evil forces.[14] This mask is used in the war dance. It is also called Mukha Khel meaning the game of masks.

Others

Ghurni region of Krishnanagar has been a notable center of clay art for a long time. Their clay mask of Durga and the other is well known for their beauty and the mask follow a contemporary style. Kolkata Kumartuli is well-known for clay mask. The masks are made in clay and then sun-dried and finally coloured and decorated with sponge wood or foil. Potter has been receiving a lot of attention for sculpting Bengali deities. Dokra is unique folk art of West Bengal.Metal casting dokra mask is created various contemporary sculptures with this art form. Gita Karmakar, a female artist from Bankura has been awarded the President’s award. Her works of Dokra art are equally popular in other countries. Durga face is a well known shola mask of Murshidabad. It's mainly used for the decorate status. For making this masks, shola is pulled from water and dried. Then it is cut with the knife according to the design. The most attractive fact, Murshidabad is recognize for the shola work.[15]

Terracotta Art

Architecture

Jor Bangla temple of 16 century in Bankura
historic stone chariot of Bankura
Terracotta relief of temple of Bankura
Terracotta motif
Terracotta temple and motif of Bankura

There are significant examples of fine arts in Bengal from earlier times such as terracotta art of Hindu temples. The roofing style of Bengali Hindu temple architecture is unique and closely related to the paddy roofed traditional building style of rural Bengal.[16] Roofing styles include the jor-bangla, do-chala, char-chala, at-chala, deul, ek-ratna, pancharatna and navaratna. Bishnupur in West Bengal has a remarkable set of such temples which being built from the Malla dynasty are examples of this style. Most of these temples are covered on the outer surface with terracotta reliefs which contains plenty of secular materials making these important to reconstruct the social structure from these times.

Terracota Panel of Pratepshbra mandir, Kalna

The temple structures contain gabled roofs which are colloquially called the chala, For example, a gabled roof with an eight sided pyramid structured roof with be called "ath chala" or literally the eight faces of the roof. And frequently there is more than one tower in the temple building. These are built of laterite and brick bringing them at the mercy of severe weather conditions of southern Bengal. Dakshineswar Kali Temple is one example of the Bhanja style while the additional small temples of Shiva along the river bank are example of southern Bengal roof style though in much smaller dimension.

Terracotta dolls

Terracotta horses and elephants in Bishnupur

Terracotta or clay craft has been the symbol of man's first attempt at craftsmanship, just as the potter’s wheel was the first machine invented to use the power of motion for a productive purpose. However, its association with religious rituals has imbibed it with deeper significance. In West Bengal, terracotta traditions are found from the earliest times. They are symbols of fulfillment of aspirations of village folk. In order to cater to the commercial requirements of the modern global market, the village potter is often combining the traditional rural abstractions with refined urban tastes to show pieces of terracotta art.[17]

Bankura Horse

In Bankura, potters create terracotta horses and elephants. Over the centuries they have moved away from a realistic presentation to a representational presentation. Potter-artists of different regions focused on different parts of the animal body in such a manner that representation of the same became more important than representation of the entire body of the animal.[18]

Manasa chali

Manasa chali of Panchmura

Manasa chali is the idol of Debi Manasa. It is an unique terracotta sculpture of Panchmura, West Bengal. Manasa chali has a small figure or a group of three figures in the middle, with rows of snake hoods fanning out in a half moon shape.[19]

Painting

Patachitra

Kalighat kali mata in Kalighat Patachitra
Durga and Mahishasura, c.1880
Jamini Roy boating painting as kalighat painting
Manisha mata in Jamini Roy's painting
Bengal Patachitra painting

Patachitra painting is a true cultural heritage of West Bengal. The Patua Community of West Bengal has an ancient history to practiced the craft of Patachitra. A quaint little village of Paschim Medinipur, Naya is home to around 250 Patuas or chitrakars. Bengal Patachitra has a various aspect like Chalchitra, Durga Pat, Medinipur Patachitra, kalighat Patachitra, mud wall painting etc. D. P. Ghosh mentioned different style of Bengal Patachitra respecting of the district of West Bengal in his book Folk Art of Bengal.[20]

The Patachitra a of different districts of West Bengal are characterized by many peculiarities in colour and design. The patachitra of Manbhum, now known as Purulia can easily be distinguished by their preference for one particular shade of burnt sienna relieved by white and yellow patches and densely packed composition. The seated figures of Dasaratha and Chand Sadagar of Medinipur crowning the Ramayana and Kamale-Kamini scrolls are impressive and monumental. In the scrolls of pot of Birbhum, Bankura and Burdwan preference for Indian red background usually found, the scrolls of Hooghly preferred a dark brown. The Hooghly and Manbhum 'pats' are peculiar and definitely modernistic with the abstract linear treatment.[21]

Handicrafts

Clay art

Clay art has an indigenous history in West Bengal. Ghurni of Nadia district is very popular for making the clay idols. West Bengal has an ancient heritage of dolls. Dolls have been customarily crafted by women from the potter communities. Dolls made of soft clay and fired-clay are available all over West Bengal. Each of these dolls are made differently. Terracotta dolls of Panchmura, Hingul dolls and Tusu dolls of Bishnupur, Jo dolls of Medinipur, Kanthalia dolls of Murshidabad, Sasthi dolls of Coonoor, Manasha Pot of Dakshindari, Shiva Head of Nabadwip are very famous.

Kantha

Kantha of Bengal

Kantha Stitch is one of the most popular handicrafts of Santiniketan in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India.[22]

Dokra

Dorka art is the most interesting and creative art of West Bengal. The Dokras are now dispersed over the western part of West Bengal in four districts namely Bankura, Purulia, Midnapore and Burdwan and are mainly concentrated in Bankura and partly in Purulia. The Dokra artistes of Bankura make various kinds of images and figurines of gods and goddesses, birds and animals, like Lakshmi, Lakshmi-Narayan, Shiva-Parvati flanked by Ganesh and Kartik, elephants, horses, owls, peacocks etc.[23]

Wooden art

Wooden owl of Natungram
Wooden Gomira Masks of Dakshin Dinajpur

Wooden art is a very old tradition of West Bengal. Wooden protima or idol is seen in Indian Museum. The art-making wooden dolls have been an age-old practice in West Bengal and Natungram is one of them. Natumgram, a village of West Bengal makes wooden dolls like Gouranga, Krishna, Bor-Bou, Gour-Nitai, owl etc.[24] Gomira masks of North and South Dinajpur in West Bengal are also made of wood.[25][26]

Bamboo craft

Bamboo Craft of West Bengal

Bamboo crafts are a very old and indigenous tradition in West Bengal. Different shapes and patterns of baskets are made using local traditions and techniques. In West Bengal, a tray-like bamboo basket is traditional. Different types of baskets, hand-held fan, sieves etc. are also made and painted with auspicious symbols and are used in marriage and other ceremonies.[27]

See also

Reference

Citations

  1. ↑ "Culture of Bishnupur". Retrieved 2011-12-05.
  2. ↑ Sigi, Rekha (2006). Gurudev Ravindra Nath Tagore A Biography. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 978-81-89182-90-8.
  3. ↑ Tagore, Rabindranath (2007). Boyhood Days. Penguin Books India. p. xii. ISBN 978-0-14-333021-9.
  4. 1 2 "Magic of Rabindra Sangeet". Deccan Herald. Archived from the original on 9 July 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
  5. ↑ Dasgupta, Sanjukta; Guha, Chinmoy (2013). Tagore-At Home in the World. SAGE Publications. p. 252. ISBN 978-81-321-1084-2.
  6. ↑ "West Bengal Dances - West Bengal Folk Dances, Folk Dances Bengal India". www.bharatonline.com. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  7. ↑ "West Bengal folk dance". Indian Classical Folk & Tribal Dance. 2012-03-02. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  8. ↑ "5 popular folk dances of West Bengal". MYTHICAL INDIA. 2016-05-11. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  9. ↑ Masks of West Bengal_Publisher:Indian Museum_kolkata_Author: Sabita Ranjan Sarkar
  10. ↑ Masks of West Bengal.
  11. ↑ Roy, Tasmayee Laha (2016-02-05). "West Bengal rural craft hubs help artisans double their incomes". The Economic Times. Retrieved 2018-02-13.
  12. ↑ "Chhau Dance: West Bengal's Performing Art Treasure | Utsavpedia". Utsavpedia. 2015-07-30. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
  13. ↑ "The Official Website of Purulia District". purulia.gov.in. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
  14. ↑ "Mask of Siknidhal (a malevolent deity)". Museum of India.
  15. ↑ "The Mask". Biswa Bangla. Retrieved 2018-04-18.
  16. ↑ 3.http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/wb/wbtemps.htm
  17. ↑ "Arts". Bankura Pottery. Suni Systems (P) Ltd. Retrieved 2009-06-22.
  18. ↑ Ghosh, Binoy, Paschim Banger Sanskriti, (in Bengali), part I, 1976 edition, pp. 69-71, Prakash Bhaban
  19. ↑ Dasgupta, Samira; Biswas, Rabiranjan; Mallik, Gautam Kumar (2009). Heritage Tourism: An Anthropological Journey to Bishnupur. Mittal Publications. ISBN 9788183242943.
  20. ↑ Craft council of west Bengal-1985-86, The Jarana Patachitra of Bengal- Mahamaya, p-112
  21. ↑ D. P. Ghosh, FOLK ART OF BENGAL, Visvabharati, p-4
  22. ↑ Roy, Paramita; Biswas, Sattwick Dey. "Opportunities and Constraints of the Kantha-stitch craftswomen in Santiniketan: a value chain analysis". Journal of Social Work and Social Development (ISSN 2229-6468).
  23. ↑ http://www.chitrolekha.com/V1/n2/03_Dhokra-art-artists-Bikna.pdf
  24. ↑ "Natungram of Bardhaman district is the hub for wooden doll making in West Bengal". Hand Made Toys. 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  25. ↑ http://museumsofindia.gov.in/repository/record/im_kol-79-16-5341
  26. ↑ Singh, Shiv Sahay (2017-07-09). "Last of the Gomira mask-makers see silver lining". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
  27. ↑ "Cane & Bamboo of West Bengal | The Craft and Artisans". www.craftandartisans.com. Retrieved 2018-04-25.
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