RENAMO insurgency (2013–present)

RENAMO insurgency
DateFirst phase: April 2013 – September 2014
Second phase: March 2015 – May 2018
LocationMozambique
Status

Ongoing

  • In June 2018, Ossufo Momade went into hiding
Belligerents
 Mozambique RENAMO
Commanders and leaders
Armando Guebuza (2013–2015)
Filipe Nyusi (2015–present)		 Afonso Dhlakama (1979–2018)
Ossufo Momade (2018–present)
Casualties and losses
200+ total killed[1]
15,000 displaced (2016)[2]

The concurrent RENAMO insurgency is an ongoing guerrilla campaign by militants of the RENAMO party in Mozambique.[3] The insurgency is widely considered to be an aftershock of the Mozambican Civil War; it resulted in renewed tensions between RENAMO and Mozambique's ruling FRELIMO coalition over charges of state corruption and the disputed results of 2014 general elections.[4][5]

A ceasefire was announced between the government and the rebels in September 2014. However renewed tensions sparked violence in mid-2015.

Background

The Resistência Nacional Moçambicana (RENAMO) was formed in 1976 following Mozambican independence from Portugal and incorporated a number of diverse recruits brought together by their opposition to the country's new Marxist FRELIMO government, including disgruntled former colonial troops and deserters from the post-independence army and security forces.[6] They were welded into a cohesive fighting unit by the Rhodesian Central Intelligence Organisation and Special Air Service, and RENAMO's numbers had swelled to about 2,000 by late 1979.[6] Militants acted as scouts for Rhodesian military units carrying out raids into Mozambique, launched attacks on major settlements, and sabotaged infrastructure from October 1979 onwards.[6] RENAMO's political wing also operated a radio station, the Voice of Free Africa, which broadcast anti-communist propaganda from Rhodesia.[6] The fighting escalated sharply between 1982 and 1984, during which RENAMO attacked and destroyed lines of communication, the road and rail network, and vital economic infrastructure.[7] During this period it merged with the Partido Revolucionário de forças Moçambique (PRM), another anti-FRELIMO militant group, and received training and support from South Africa's apartheid government.[7] What began as a decidedly low-intensity conflict escalated first into an effective insurgency, then a major civil war that killed up to a million Mozambicans and created a major refugee situation in southern Africa.[7] By the late 1980s, RENAMO controlled an estimated 25% of Mozambique's area, especially around the Manica, Sofala, and Zambezia provinces.[8]

The end of the Cold War and FRELIMO's acceding to RENAMO demands for multi-party democracy in 1990 ensured a ceasefire and bilateral negotiations sponsored by Western governments.[9] Both parties formally made peace with the Rome General Peace Accords on 4 October 1992.[10] Large numbers of combatants on both sides were demobilised accordingly.[11] An election held in 1994 returned approximately 33.7% of the votes for RENAMO's presidential candidate Afonso Dhlakama.[11] Dhlakama also carried 112 parliamentary seats and won a decisive majority in five of the country's eleven provinces.[11] The election results, which were closely monitored by the United Nations, were declared free and fair.[11]

During a second round of general elections scheduled for December 1999, in which FRELIMO secured a much narrower majority of the popular vote, RENAMO contested the electoral processes and alleged widespread voter fraud.[11][12] Throughout 2000 a number of pro-RENAMO demonstrations were held in major Mozambican cities such as Maputo and Beira.[12] The government ruled the demonstrations illegal, and security forces killed some of the protestors.[13] In Montepuez, this resulted in street clashes between protestors and the police which left a hundred dead.[12] Another eighty people died in police custody.[13] Some protestors began vandalising state property and occupying official buildings, while a mob of FRELIMO supporters led by veterans of the civil war retaliated by destroying RENAMO's headquarters.[12] The tense political climate was further shaken when unidentified gunmen raided a police station in Nampula, killing five. FRELIMO claimed that RENAMO dissidents were responsible.[11] In January 2002 the government placed several RENAMO supporters on trial for armed insurrection.[11]

The outbreak of violence in 2000 and the contested elections of 1999, as well as the appointment of new provincial governors, all of whom were known FRELIMO partisans, resulted in the continued breakdown of relations between the two formerly belligerent parties.[11]

Since then, support for RENAMO has waned in Mozambique elections, and Afonso Dhlakama in October 2012 began retraining ageing veterans demanding "a new political order". This followed complaints that the political system was not sufficiently inclusive and that the proceeds of economic development were not being shared fairly.[14] RENAMO turned to arms once again, citing fears for the safety of its leader.[15][16]

Timeline

Resurgence (April 2013–August 2014)

The activity of RENAMO resurged in April 2013, when armed clashes broke out with a RENAMO attack on a police station in Muxungue.[16]

RENAMO participated in two clashes in August 2013, resulting in the deaths of 36 Mozambique soldiers and policemen according to RENAMO announcement; local media figures were put significantly lower in comparison, reporting just 2 deaths.[16]

On 21 October 2013, a government raid on the RENAMO base in Sofala Province resulted in one rebel death. [17]

In January 2014, 1 person was killed and five injured in a Muxungue ambush by RENAMO.[18] In early January 2014, additional six members of Mozambican Defense and Security force in Hemoine district.[19]

RENAMO members were suspected of killing four policemen and wounding five others in Mozambique's district of Gorongosa in early March 2014.[20]

A “unilateral ceasefire”, decreed by its leader Afonso Dhlakama, was announced by RENAMO on 7 May 2014.[21]

On 15 May, two policemen were killed by RENAMO in the Morutane region of Mocuba district (Zambezia province).[5]

On 31 May and 1 June, RENAMO claimed killing 20 soldiers in Muxungue region.[22] On 2 June, Antonio Muchanga (the spokesman of the organization) claimed that “As from today, there are no guarantees of movement”.[21] RENAMO’s explanation for scrapping the truce was a claim that the government was massing forces in the Sofala district of Gorongosa in order to assassinate Dhlakama, who was living in a base on the slopes of the Gorongosa mountain range.[21]

On 4 June, the RENAMO rebel movement killed 3 people, attacking a convoy of vehicles on the main north-south highway.[15] Earlier that week 7 people were injured at the same location by RENAMO in similar circumstances.[21]

Ceasefire (August 2014–February 2015)

The government and the RENAMO rebels signed a ceasefire on 25 August 2014. This followed almost a year of negotiations and the government release of rebels captured in fighting in the week beforehand, coming into effect at 22:00 on that day. Saimon Macuiane, the rebels' chief negotiator, called it an, "important step towards national reconciliation... and a durable peace." The ceasefire was seen as part of a wider attempt to bring peace to the country ahead of elections scheduled for October 2014.

On 5 September, Mozambican President Arnando Guebuza has signed a peace deal with ex-rebel leader Afonso Dhlakama, who emerged from two years in hiding to sign the deal in the capital, Maputo.

Following the September 2014 agreement, provincial elections were held in Mozambique on 15 October, with their results sparking a renewed political crisis in the country - Renamo at first mocking the official election results, alleging that the results released by the provincial elections commissions are "adulterated" and do not reflect what really occurred at the polling stations.[23] In a consequent Beira conference, Renamo declared that it had won 139 seats in the seven northern and central provinces to just 34 for the ruling Frelimo Party and 14 for the Mozambique Democratic Movement.[23] It added that it would not accept any results which did not agree with its own count.[23] The official results of provincial elections were completely different, resulting in a political crisis.

Renewed tensions and clashes (March 2015–May 2018)

On early March 2015, a leading legal expert in Mozambique, named Gilles Cistac, was murdered in central Maputo.[24] Cistac had previously endorsed a proposal by RENAMO to create semi-autonomous provinces, an issue upon which the ruling FRELIMO party is divided.[24] Following the murder, at a rally on 6 March, RENAMO leader Afonso Dhlakama accused FRELIMO of committing the murder and has threatened to bypass parliamentary debate and to start ruling the autonomous provinces he claims for RENAMO.[24]

On 14 June 2015, Dhlakama's forces perpetrated an ambush on Mozambican troops, claiming to kill as many as 35 government soldiers, bringing the cease-fire to a halt.[25] According to the spokesperson for the General Command of the Mozambican police, Pedro Cossa, two policemen were wounded in the ambush, one of whom died on the way to hospital.[25]

In December 2015, Dhlakama once again threatened to seize control of six northern and central provinces in March 2016: Sofala, Tete, Niassa, Manica, Zambezia, and Nampula.[26]

On 20 January 2016, the Secretary General of RENAMO, Manuel Bissopo, was injured in a shootout, where his bodyguard died.[27]

The Mozambican government reopened peace talks with RENAMO in July 2016, only to cancel them in the wake of escalating violence and an impasse over the status of the six northern and central provinces, which Dhlakama insisted were under his party's control.[28] RENAMO responded by intensifying its guerrilla campaign, targeting police outposts and rail lines.[28] Rail traffic in Sofala Province was temporarily suspended due to the fighting.[28]

On 12 August 2016, RENAMO rebels launched a major attack in Morrumbala District, destroying a clinic and freeing some prisoners held at the local police station.[4] Mozambican security forces retaliated with raids on the party's Morrumbala headquarters and a suspected insurgent base camp.[4]

On the morning of 19 December 2016, six insurgents attacked the Inhazonia open prison in Báruè District and released 48 prisoners. RENAMO also attacked a health unit in the Honde administrative post, where its forces stole medical supplies.[29]

Around late December 2016, RENAMO announced that it had reached a truce with the FRELIMO government. On 3 January 2017 Dhlakama publicly stated that the truce had been extended for another two months. This allowed schools and roads closed due to the insurgency to be reopened.[30]

On 4 May 2017, Dhlakama announced that he had reached an agreement with the government to extend the truce indefinitely, and that RENAMO militia forces would be vacating the government buildings that they had been occupying by the end of June. [31]

On 3 May 2018, Afonso Dhlakama, the leader of RENAMO died, It is unknown if his ceasefire plan will go into effect. The next month on 14 June 2018, Ossufo Momade, the new leader of RENAMO went in to hiding. [32]

United Nations response

According to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), up to 12,000 Mozambicans were driven into exile by the insurgency between 2013 and 2016.[28] UNHCR is currently monitoring temporary camps established for Mozambican refugees in Malawi, although it has cited insufficient funds and food supplies as potentially serious problems.[33]

References

  1. ↑ "Cahen on Stephen A. Emerson, 'The Battle for Mozambique: The Frelimo-Renamo Struggle (1977-1992)". H-Net: Humanities & Social Sciences Online. Retrieved 15 January 2015. "...a fully developed “new” civil war did not materialize in Mozambique during these two years, but local violent skirmishes probably led to several hundred deaths."
  2. ↑ "Mozambique's escalating violence forces thousands to flee". 29 December 2016.
  3. ↑ NSNBC. "With Renamo, both being represented in parliament and having relaunched its armed insurgency, the party is both increasing its political and military campaigns, in what analysts describe as an attempt to cast the country into a new civil war up the October 2014 parliamentary and presidential elections." "Mozambique: Renamo starts killing in Inhambane after reopening Base". nsnbc international.
  4. 1 2 3 "Mozambique army destroys rebel base: police". Cape Town: South African Associated Press. 12 September 2016. Archived from the original on 24 September 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  5. 1 2 "Mozambique: Renamo Kills Mozambican Soldiers in Zambezia". allAfrica. Retrieved 15 August 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Minter, William (1994). Apartheid's Contras: An Inquiry into the Roots of War in Angola and Mozambique. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1439216187.
  7. 1 2 3 Emerson, Stephen A. (2014). The battle for Mozambique: the Frelimo-Renamo struggle, 1977-1992. Helion and Company. pp. 24, 89–93. ISBN 1909384925.
  8. ↑ Bekoe, Dorina (2008). Implementing Peace Agreements: Lessons from Mozambique, Angola, and Liberia. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. p. 35. ISBN 978-0230602595.
  9. ↑ Finnegan, William (1993). A Complicated War: The Harrowing of Mozambique. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 245–248. ISBN 978-0520082663.
  10. ↑ Moore, S. K. (2014). Military Chaplains as Agents of Peace: Religious Leader Engagement in Conflict and Post-Conflict Environments. Lanham: Lexington Books. p. 84. ISBN 978-0739197714.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Pélissier, René (2003). Murison, Katherine; Holman, Catriona; Canton, Helen; Thomas, Andrew; Preston, Ian, eds. Regional Surveys of the World: Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Abingdon-on-Thames: Europa Publications (Routledge). pp. 704–705. ISBN 1-85743-131-6.
  12. 1 2 3 4 Nhema, Alfred (2008). The Resolution of African Conflicts: The Management of Conflict Resolution and Post-Conflict Reconstruction. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. pp. 169–174. ISBN 978-0821418086.
  13. 1 2 Doxtader, Eric; Villa-Vicencio, Charles (2003). Through Fire with Water: The Roots of Division and the Potential for Reconciliation in Africa. Claremont, Cape Town: New Africa Books. p. 308. ISBN 978-1592210848.
  14. ↑ LOPES, MARINA; FLETCHER, PASCAL (20 June 2013). "Insurgency threat may dim Mozambique's shine for investors". Reuters. Reuters.
  15. 1 2 Fauvet, Paul. "Mozambique's Renamo kills three on highway". iOl News. iOl News. iOl News. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 "36 Mozambique soldiers, police killed: Renamo". 13 August 2013. Retrieved 15 May 2016.
  17. ↑ "Mozambique: Prominent Renamo member killed in raid". Mail & Guardian. 26 October 2013. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  18. ↑ "Mozambique: Renamo Kills One, Injures Five in Muxungue Ambush". allAfrica. 15 January 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  19. ↑ NSNBC. "The independent Mozambican newspaper Medifax reported that six FIR troops have been killed in clashes with Renamo insurgents in the Homoine District..."
  20. ↑ "Four Moz cops killed by Renamo: report". iOl News. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
  21. 1 2 3 4 "Mozambique's Renamo kills three on highway". iOl News. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  22. ↑ William Felimao (2 June 2014). "Mozambique's Renamo Says Cease-Fire Over as 20 Military Killed". Bloomberg. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  23. 1 2 3 Mozambique: Renamo Claims Victory in Elections - allAfrica.com
  24. 1 2 3 "Killing of Mozambican lawyer raises risks of government instability and popular protests in major cities". Retrieved 23 March 2015.
  25. 1 2 "allAfrica.com: Mozambique: Dhlakama Admits Ordering Ambush". allAfrica.com. Retrieved 3 July 2015.
  26. ↑ "Mozambique: Once Again, Dhlakama Threatens to Seize Provinces". All Africa. 17 December 2015.
  27. ↑ https://www.academia.edu/28536746/PORQU%C3%8A_O_CONFLITO_ARMADO_EM_MO%C3%87AMBIQUE_ENQUADRAMENTO_TE%C3%93RICO_DOMIN%C3%82NCIA_E_DIN%C3%82MICA_DE_RECRUTAMENTO_NOS_PARTIDOS_DA_OPOSI%C3%87%C3%83O
  28. 1 2 3 4 Buchanan, Elsa (1 August 2016). "Negotiations between Frelimo and Renamo suspended as Mozambique war escalates". London: International Business Times. Archived from the original on 1 August 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  29. ↑ "Mozambique: Renamo Attacks Prison and Coal Train". allAfrica. 21 December 2016.
  30. ↑ "Renamo reactivating political activity in Manica and Sofala". The Zimbabwean. Johannesburg, Gauteng. 9 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  31. ↑ "Indefinite Truce - Debt Guarantee Confirmed". All Africa. 5 May 2017.
  32. ↑ "Opposition MDC 'is Zimbabwe's Renamo', claims war vets leader - report". News24. Retrieved 2018-06-17.
  33. ↑ Malawi to reopen former camp as Mozambique refugee numbers grow
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