List of adjectivals and demonyms for subcontinental regions

The following is a list of adjectival forms of subcontinental regions in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these subcontinental regions.

Note: Demonyms are given in plural forms. Singular forms simply remove the final 's' or, in the case of -ese endings, are the same as the plural forms. The ending -men has feminine equivalent -women (e.g. an Irishman and a Scotswoman). The French terminations -ois / ais serve as both the singular and plural masculine; adding 'e' (-oise / aise) makes them singular feminine; 'es' (-oises / aises) makes them plural feminine. The Spanish termination "-o" usually denotes the masculine and is normally changed to feminine by dropping the "-o" and adding "-a". The plural forms are usually "-os" and "-as" respectively.

Adjectives ending -ish can be used as collective demonyms (e.g. the English, the Cornish). So can those ending in -ch / -tch (e.g. the French, the Dutch) provided they are pronounced with a 'ch' sound (e.g. the adjective Czech does not qualify).

Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name. (Reference: Ethnologue, Languages of the World)

Many place-name adjectives and many demonyms refer also to various other things, sometimes with and sometimes without one or more additional words. (Sometimes, the use of one or more additional words is optional.) Notable examples are cheeses, cat breeds, dog breeds, and horse breeds. (See List of words derived from toponyms.)

Where an adjective is a link, the link is to the language or dialect of the same name.

Africa
NameAdjectiveDemonym
CyrenaicaCyreneCyrenes
DarfurDarfurDarfuris
MaghrebMaghrebMaghrebis
MediterraneanMediterranean
Nile RiverNilotic
NubiaNubianNubians
SaharaSaharanSahrawi
ZanzibarZanzibarZanzibaris

[1]

Americas
NameAdjectiveDemonym
Acadiana, Cajun CountryAcadian(Cajuns)
Aleutian IslandsAleut, AleutianAleuts, Aleutians
Amazon river and Amazon regionAmazonian
AndesAndean
AntillesAntilleanAntilleans
AppalachiaAppalachian
CaribbeanCaribbean
CascadiaCascadianCascadians
CearaCearenseCearenses
GuianaGuiananGuianans
Long IslandLong IslandLong Islanders
MaritimesMaritimeMaritimers
Minas GeraisMineiroMineiros
New EnglandNew EnglandNew Englanders
PatagoniaPatagonianPatagonians
Parana (state)ParanaenseParanaenses
Rio de Janeiro (state)FluminenseFluminenses
Rio Grande do SulSul-rio-grandense, GaúchoGaúchos
St. Lawrence RiverLaurentian
Santa CatarinaCatarinense, Barriga-verdeCatarinenses, Barrigas-verdes
São Paulo (state)PaulistaPaulistas
Upper Peninsula of MichiganYoopers
West IndiesWest IndianWest Indians
Asia
NameAdjectiveDemonym
BaliBalineseBalinese
Balochistan, BaluchistanBalochi/s, Baluchi/s
BengalBengaliBengalis
BiharBihariBiharis
BorneoBorneanBorneans
Caucasus, CaucasiaCaucasian, CaucasicCaucasians
GujaratGujaratiGujaratis
HimalayasHimalayan
HokkaidōDosanko (道産子)
IndochinaIndochineseIndochinese
Java, PasundanJavanese, SundaneseJavanese, Sundanese
KashmirKashmiranKashmiris
KoreaKoreanKoreans
MelanesiaMelanesianMelanesians
MoluccasMoluccanMoluccans
Okinawa, Ryukyu IslandsOkinawan, RyukyuanOkinawans, Ryukyuans
PunjabPunjabiPunjabis
SiberiaSiberianSiberians
Indian subcontinentSubcontinentalDesis
SulawesiSulawesianSulawesians
SumatraSumatranSumatrans
SylhetSylhetiSylhetis
TibetTibetanTibetans
Middle East
NameAdjectiveDemonym
ArabiaArab, ArabianArabs, Arabians
GalileeGalileanGalileans
Judea, JudaeaJudean, JudaeanJudeans, Judaeans
LevantLevantineLevantines
KurdistanKurdishKurds
SamariaSamaritanSamaritans
Oceania
NameAdjectiveDemonym
AntipodesaAntipodeanAntipodeans
MelanesiaMelanesianMelanesians
MicronesiaMicronesianMicronesians
PolynesiaPolynesianPolynesians
TahitiTahitianTahitians

a Usually refers to Australia and New Zealand.

Europe
NameAdjectiveDemonym
AlpsAlpine
AlsaceAlsatianAlsatians
AndalusiaAndalusianAndalusians
ApenninesApennine
AragonAragoneseAragonese
AsturiasAsturianAsturians
BalkansBalkan
Baltic regionBalticBalts
BavariaBavarianBavarians
Basque CountryBasqueBasques
BohemiaBohemianBohemians
BrittanyBretonBretons
BurgundyBurgundianBurgundians
CambridgeCantabrigianCantabrigians
CampaniaCampanianCampanians
Canterbury (England)CantuarianCantuarians
CarinthiaCarinthianCarinthians
CarpathiansCarpathian
CastileCastilianCastilians
CataloniaCatalanCatalans
Caucasus, CaucasiaCaucasian, CaucasicCaucasians
CornwallCornishCornish
CorsicaCorsicanCorsicans
CourlandCuronianCuronians
CreteCretanCretans
CrimeaCrimeanCrimeans
CumbriaCumbrianCumbrians
DalmatiaDalmatianDalmatians
Danube RiverDanubian
ExtremaduraExtremaduranExtremadurans
FifeFifeFifers
FlandersFlemishFlemings
FranconiaFranconianFranconians
Friesland, Frisian IslandsFriesian, FrisianFriesians, Frisians
Galicia (Central Europe)GalicianGalicians
GallowayGallovidianGallovidians
GasconyGasconGascons
GozoGozitanGozitans
HarrowHarrovianHarrovians
HesseHessianHessians
HolsteinHolsteinianHolsteiners
Iberian PeninsulaIberianIberians
IstriaIstrianIstrians
JutlandJutlandJutlanders
KareliaKarelianKarelians
Kosovo and MethohijaKosovar, KosovanKosovars, Kosovans
LancashireLancastrianLancastrians
LaplandLapp, SaamiLappish, Saamis
LeónLeoneseLeoneses
LombardyLombard, LombardicLombards
LorraineLorrainianLorrainians
LusatiaLusatianLusatians
Majorca, MallorcaMajorcan, MallorcanMajorcans, Mallorcans
MediterraneanMediterranean
MenorcaMenorcanMenorcans
MoraviaMoravianMoravians
MurciaMurcianMurcians
NavarreNavarreseNavarrese
NormandyNormanNormans
NorthumberlandNorthumbrianNorthumbrians
OrkneyOrcadianOrcadians
PalatinatePalatinePalatines
PeloponnesePeloponnesianPeloponnesians
PenninesPennine
PicardyPicardPicards
PiedmontPiedmontesePiedmontese
Po RiverPadane
PomeraniaPomeranianPomeranians
ProvenceProvençal
PyreneesPyrenean
RhinelandRhenishRhinelanders
SamogitiaSamogitianSamogitians
SardiniaSardinianSardinians
SavoySavoyardSavoyards
SaxonySaxonSaxons
ScandinaviaScandinavianScandinavians
ShetlandShetlandShetlanders
SicilySicilianSicilians
SilesiaSilesianSilesians
StyriaStyrianStyrians
ThraceThracianThracians
ThuringiaThuringianThuringians
TransylvaniaTransylvanianTransylvanians
TuscanyTuscanTuscans
TyrolTyrolean, TyroleseTyroleans, Tyrolese
UmbriaUmbrianUmbrians
VenetoVenetianVenetians
WallachiaWallachianWallachians
WalloniaWalloonWalloons
WestphaliaWestphalianWestphalians
ZeelandZeelandZeelanders

See also

References

  1. Johns-Hokland, Jared Gabriel. "Pacific Northwest". Wikipedia.
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