The adjectival forms of the names of astronomical bodies are not always easily predictable. Attested adjectival forms of the larger bodies are listed below, along with non-obvious derivations of some smaller bodies; in some cases these are accompanied by their demonymic equivalents, which denote purported inhabitants of these bodies.
For Classical (Greco-Roman) names, the adjectival form is normally derived from the genitive case, which may differ from the nominative case used in English for the noun form. For instance, for a large portion of names ending in -s, the genitive and therefore the adjective changes the -s to a -d, -t, or -r, as in Isis–Isidian and Ceres–Cererian;[note 1]
occasionally an -n has been lost from the noun form, and reappears in the adjective, as in Pluto–Plutonian and Atlas–Atlantean.[note 2]
Many of the more recent or more obscure names are only attested in mythological or literary contexts, rather than in specifically astronomical contexts. Forms ending in -ish or -ine, such as "Puckish", are not included below if a derivation in -an is also attested. Rare forms, or forms only attested with spellings not in keeping with the IAU-approved spelling (such as c for k), are shown in italics.
- Note on pronunciation
The suffix -ian is always unstressed: that is, . The related suffix -ean has traditionally been stressed, that is, ; but in practice it is often pronounced as if it were -ian. This dichotomy should be familiar from the dual pronunciations of Caribbean as KARR-i-BEE-ən and kə-RIB-ee-ən.
Generic bodies
| Name | Adjective |
|---|
| asteroid | asteroidal, asteroidic |
| comet | cometary |
| cosmos, universe | cosmic, cosmian, universal |
| ecliptic | ecliptical, zodiacal |
| galaxy | galactic, galactian |
| meteoroid | meteoroidal |
| nebula | nebular |
| planet | planetary, planetic |
| planetoid | planetoidal |
| quasar | quasaric, quasarian |
| sky | celestial |
| star | astral, sidereal, siderean, stellar |
| supernova | supernovan |
Constellations
Adjectival forms of constellations are used primarily for meteor showers. These are based on the genitive form of the constellation, which is used to name stars. (See List of constellations.) Independent adjectival forms are less common.
Planets
Planets
| Name | Adjective | Demonym |
|---|
| Earth, Terra, Tellus, Gaia, Gaea | earthly, Terran, Terrestrial, Terrene, Tellurian,[1] Telluric, Gaian, Gaean | Earthling, Terran, Terrestrial, Tellurian, Earthian |
| Jupiter | Jovian, Jovial, Jupiterian | Jovian |
| Mars | Martian, Martial, Areana[2] | Martian |
| Mercury; Hermes (in the evening), Apollo (in the morning) | Mercurian, Mercurial, Hermean/Hermeian, Cyllenian,a[3] Cylleneana | Mercurian, Hermean |
| Neptune | Neptunian, Neptuniala, Poseideana[4] | Neptunian |
| Saturn | Saturnian, Saturnine, Cronian,[4] Kronian,[5] Saturniala[6] | Saturnian |
| Uranus | Uranian | Uranian |
| Venus; Hesperus, Vesper (in the evening), Eosphorus, Phosphorus, Phosphor (in the morning), Lucifer (in the day) | Venerian, Venerial, Venusian, Cytherean,[7] Cytherian,a[8] Hesperian,[9] Luciferian,a[10] Phosphorian,a[11] | Venusian, Cytherean, Vesuviana |
a Rare.
Planetoids
Asteroids
| Name | Adjective |
|---|
| 91 Aegina | Aeginetan[12] |
| 29 Amphitrite | Amphitritean |
| 99942 Apophis | Apophian[13] |
| 404 Arsinoe | Arsinoean[14] |
| 105 Artemis | Artemidean,[15] Artemidian,[16] Artemisian[17] |
| 5 Astraea | Astraean[1] |
| 94 Aurora | Aurorean, Auroral[18] |
| 2063 Bacchus | Bacchian,[19] Bacchean,[20] Bacchic (adj. only) |
| 324 Bamberga | Bambergian,[18] Bambergean |
| 199 Byblis | Byblian[21] |
| 1 Ceres | Cererian,[22] Cerereana[23] |
| 388 Charybdis | Charybdian[18] |
| 34 Circe | Circean[18] |
| 763 Cupido | Cupidian, Cupidinian |
| 403 Cyane | Cyanean |
| 65 Cybele | Cybelean, Cybelian |
| 133 Cyrene | Cyrenian, Cyrenean[18] |
| 511 Davida | Davidian[24] |
| 209 Dido | Didonian[25] |
| 423 Diotima | Diotiman, Diotimean, Diotimian |
| 48 Doris | Dorian[18] |
| 60 Echo | Echonian,[26] Echoic (adj. only) |
| 13 Egeria | Egerian |
| 59 Elpis | Elpidian[27] |
| 221 Eos | Eoan [28][29] |
| 163 Erigone | Erigonian[30] |
| 433 Eros | Erotian[31] |
| 45 Eugenia | Eugenian |
| 15 Eunomia | Eunomian |
| 31 Euphrosyne | Euphrosynean, Euphrosynian |
| 52 Europa | (as the moon) |
| 27 Euterpe | Euterpean |
| 8 Flora | Florian |
| 1036 Ganymed | (as the moon) |
| 1272 Gefion | Gefionian[32] |
|
|
Trojans, Centaurs, and TNOs
| Name | Adjective |
|---|
| 588 Achilles | Achillean[18] |
| 911 Agamemnon | Agamemnonian[63] |
| 55576 Amycus | Amycian[64] |
| 65489 Ceto | Cetoean, Cetèan[65] |
| 19521 Chaos | Chaotian[66] |
| 2060 Chiron | Chironian, Chironean |
| 53311 Deucalion | Deucalionean, Deucalionian |
| Eris | Eridian[67] |
| 624 Hektor | Hectorian[68] |
| 28978 Ixion | Ixionian[69] |
| 58534 Logos | Logian[70] |
| Makemake | Makemakean[71] |
| 7066 Nessus | Nessian[72] |
| Nunam | Nunaup(ian)[73] |
| 90482 Orcus | Orcean,[74] Orcan |
| 617 Patroclus | Patroclean[75] |
| Pluto | Plutonian[18] |
| 38083 Rhadamanthus | Rhadamanthean, Rhadamanthian,
Rhadamanthyan, Rhadamanthan,
Rhadamanthine, Rhadamanthyne |
| Sila | Silaup(ian)[73] |
| Varuna | Varunian[76] |
| 42355 Typhon | Typhonian, Typhonean[77] |
Moons
|
|
|
Jupiter
| Name | Adjective, demonym |
|---|
| Adrastea | Adrastean[79] |
| Aitne | Aetnean[80] |
| Amalthea | Amalthean[81] |
| Ananke | Anankean[82] |
| Aoede | Aoedean[83] |
| Arche | Archean |
| Autonoe | Autonoean (expected[84]) |
| Callirrhoe | Callirrhoean (expected[84]) |
| Callisto | Callistoan,[85] Callistonian[86] |
| Carme | Carmean[82] |
| Carpo | Carpoan or Carponian (expected[87]) |
| Chaldene | Chaldenean (expected)[88] |
| Cyllene | Cyllenean (also rare for Mercury)[89] |
| Elara | ? Elarian [90] |
| Erinome | Erinomean (expected[88]) |
| Euanthe | Euanthian[91] |
| Eukelade | Euceladian[92] |
| Euporie | Euporian (expected)[93] |
| Europa | Europan[94] |
| Eurydome | Eurydomean (expected[88]) |
| Ganymede | Ganymedean[95] Ganymese |
| Harpalyke | Harpalykean (expected[88]) |
| Hegemone | Hegemonean (expected[88]), Hegemine |
| Helike | Helikean[96] |
| Hermippe | Hermippean[97] |
| Herse | Hersean (expected[88]) |
| Himalia | Himalian[82] |
| Io | Ionian[98] Ioer, |
| Iocaste | Iocastean,[99] Jocastean |
| Isonoe | Isonoean (expected[84]) |
| Kale | Kalean (expected[88]) Kalese |
| Kallichore | Callichorean[100] |
| Kalyke | Calycian[101] |
| Kore | Korean (expected[88]), Korish |
| Leda | Ledean,[102] Ledian[103] |
| Lysithea | Lysithean[82] |
| Megaclite | Megaclitean (expected[88]) |
| Metis | Metidian/Metidean[104] |
| Mneme | Mnemean (expected[88]) |
| Orthosie | Orthosian[105] |
| Pasiphae | Pasiphaean[106] |
| Pasithee | Pasithean[107] |
| Praxidike | Praxidician[108] |
| Sinope | Sinopean,[109] Sinopian[110] |
| Sponde | Spondean[111] |
| Taygete | Taygetian, Taygetean[112] |
| Thebe | Thebean, Theban |
| Thelxinoe | Thelxinoean (expected[84]), Thelxinone |
| Themisto | Themistian, Themistean |
| Thyone | Thyonean[113] |
|
|
Saturn
| Name | Adjective, demonym |
|---|
| Aegaeon | Aegaeonic[114] (adj. only) |
| Albiorix | Albiorigian (expected)[115], Alborician |
| Anthe | ? Anthean[116] |
| Atlas | Atlantean[117] Atalite |
| Bebhionn | Bebhionnian (expected) Bebhionnite |
| Calypso | Calypsonian[18], Calypsic |
| Daphnis | Daphnean,[118] Daphnidian,[119] Daphnidean[120] |
| Dione | Dionean[121][122], Dionese |
| Enceladus | Enceladan,[123][124] Enceladean,[125][126] Enceladian[82] Enceladi |
| Epimetheus | Epimethean[127][128] |
| Erriapus | Erriapian (expected[129]), Erriapan |
| Fenrir | Fenrian[130] |
| Helene | Helenean[131] |
| Hyperion | Hyperionian[132], Hyperiine |
| Iapetus | Iapetian,[133] Japetian[18] |
| Ijiraq | Ijiraup(ian), Ijiraqan[73] |
| Janus | Janian[134][135] |
| Kiviuq | Kiviup(ian), Kiviuqan[73] |
| Methone | Methonean[136] |
| Mimas | Mimantean,[126] Mimantian,[137] Mimasian[138] |
| Paaliaq | Paaliap(ian), Paaliaqan[73] |
| Pallene | Pallenean[139] |
| Pan | Pandean[18] |
| Pandora | Pandoran[18][140] |
| Phoebe | Phoebean (also rare for the Sun)[18] |
| Polydeuces | Polydeucean,[141] Polydeucian[142] |
| Prometheus | Promethean[18][123] |
| Rhea | Rhean[143][144] |
| Siarnaq | Siarnaup(ian), Siarnaqan[73] |
| Skathi | Skathian[145] |
| Surtur | Surtian (expected)[146] |
| Suttungr | Suttungian (expected)[146] |
| Tarqeq | Tarqiup,[147] Tarqeqian, Tarqiupian[73] |
| Tarvos | Tarvian (expected)[148] |
| Telesto | Telestoan or Telestonian (expected[87][149]) |
| Tethys | Tethyan[18][150][151] |
| Thrymr | Thrymian (expected)[146] |
| Titan | Titanian (also of Titania),[152][153] Titanean[154],Titanite |
| Ymir | Ymirian[155] Ymiri |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes
- ↑ This is reflected in Russian and Italian, where both nominal and adjectival forms derive from the genitive:
| Russian | Transcription | Italian | English
noun | English
adjective |
| Плутон | Pluton | Plutone | Pluto | Plutonian |
| Юнона | Junona | Giunone | Juno | Junonian |
| Церера | Tserera | Cerere | Ceres | Cererian |
| Атлант | Atlant | Atlante | Atlas | Atlantean |
| Мимант | Mimant | Mimante ~ Mima | Mimas | Mimantean |
| Паллада | Pallada | Pallade | Pallas | Palladian |
| Эрида | Erida | Eride | Eris | Eridian |
| Ирида | Irida | Iride | Iris | Iridian |
| Метида | Metida | Metide ~ Meti | Metis | Metidian |
| Фетида | Fetida | Tetide ~ Teti | Thetis | Thetidian |
| Изида | Izida | Iside ~ Isi | Isis | Isidian |
| Эрот | Erot | (Eros) | Eros | Erotian |
(Italian Erote is avoided for euphemistic reasons; the alternative forms Mima, Meti, Teti, Isi are loans from the French.)
However, in other cases the final consonant is not part of the root and so is dropped in Russian and Italian:
| Russian | Transcription | Italian | English
noun | English
adjective |
| Икар | Ikar | Icaro | Icarus | Icarian |
| Харибда | Haribda | Cariddi | Charybdis | Charybdian |
| Ахилл | Ahill | Achille | Achilles | Achillean |
| Несс | Ness | Nesso | Nessus | Nessian |
| Орк | Ork | Orco | Orcus | Orcean |
This approach is not foolproof; note Italian Eros above and Russian Немесида Nemesida (Nemesis), but Italian Nemesi and English adj. Nemesian. - ↑ Other cases of epenthetic -n- are not original to the root, but are added to form an adjective by analogy with Plutonian, as in Callistonian for Callistoan.
References
- 1 2 Announcement of the discovery of Astraea in The Eclectic magazine of foreign literature, science, and art, v. 8, p. 279 (1846)
- ↑ "Schiaparelli on Mars" (1895 [1894]) Nature, v. 51
- ↑ Lewis (1888) A Latin dictionary for schools
- 1 2 "Enabling Exploration with Small Radioisotope Power Systems" (PDF). NASA. September 2004. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
- ↑ Müller et al. (2010) Azimuthal plasma flow in the Kronian magnetosphere, J. Geophys. Res. 115, A08203
- ↑ Pennsylvania school journal, v. 29 (1880)
- ↑ Raitala (1993) "Crustal tectonic zone on Venus", Earth, Moon, and Planets, v. 64, no. 2
- ↑ "A theoretical study of the martian and cytherian ionospheres", NASA Technical Reports Server, JPL-TR-32-398
- ↑ Goodsell Observatory (1909) Popular astronomy, v. 17
- ↑ Duffy (2009) The Constitution of Shelley's Poetry
- ↑ Boardman (2001) The poems of Francis Thompson
- ↑ Figueira (1981) Aegina, society and politics
- ↑ British & foreign evangelical review (1880) Paterson, Exell
- ↑ Cohen (1995) The Hellenistic settlements in Europe, the islands, and Asia Minor
- ↑ Sophocles (1902 trans.)
- ↑ Dowden (1989) Death and the maiden: girls' initiation rites in Greek mythology
- ↑ Fischer-Hansen & Poulsen (2009) From Artemis to Diana
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Listed in any reasonably complete dictionary
- ↑ Müller (1847) Ancient art and its remains: or a manual of the archaeology of art
Tournoy (1999) Humanistica Lovaniensia: Journal of Neo-Latin Studies, vol. 48 - ↑ Sanxay (1811) Lexicon Aristophanicum, græco-anglicum
- ↑ The works of Lucian (1780)
- ↑ Rüpke (2007) A companion to Roman religion
- ↑ Booth (1923) Flowers of Roman poesy
- ↑ adj. form of the masc. 'David'
- ↑ Taylor (1989) Chaucer reads "The divine comedy"
- ↑ Dryden (1738) The Conversation of Gentlemen
- ↑ American ecclesiastical review, v. 21 (1899)
- ↑ Whitney & Smith (1897) The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
- ↑ A selection from the poetry of Samuel Daniel & Michael Drayton (1899)
- ↑ Publius Ovidius Naso, John Gower (1640) Ovids Festivalls
- ↑ Expected from the name of his festival, Erōtia.
- ↑ Charles Dickens, ed. 1861. All the year round, 4:445.
- ↑ Sartain's union magazine of literature and art, v. 10 (1852)
- 1 2 3 The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1911)
- ↑ as in Icarian flights
- ↑ Bucolica, Georgica, et Aeneis: Virgil, with English notes (1843)
- ↑ Douglas (1914) A theory of civilisation
- ↑ "Junonian asteroids" in The North British review, v. 18 (1853)
- ↑ Conington (1867) The Aeneid of Virgil
- ↑ Metamorphosis: the Transfiguration in Byzantine theology and iconography (2005) Andreopoulos
- ↑ A handbook of Rome and its environs (1875)
- ↑ James Joyce's Ulysses: critical essays (1974) Hart & Hayman
- ↑ Hornum (1993) Nemesis, the Roman state and the games
- ↑ Hilpert & Kärcher (1846) A dictionary of the English and German, and the German and English language
- ↑ Peery (1963) Studies in the Renaissance, vol. 10
- ↑ Curtis (1994) The imprisoned hero in Camus, Beckett, and Desvignes
- ↑ Katz (2004) The complete elegies of Sextus Propertius
- ↑ Stein (2004) Persephone Unveiled
- ↑ Schiller (1978) Roman law
- ↑ Martial (1782) The epigrams of M. Val. Martial, in twelve books
- ↑ Astronomy now, Volume 22 (2008)
- ↑ Herbert (1828) Nimrod: a discourse on certain passages of history and fable, vol. 2
- ↑ Stevenson (1806) Trafalgar, or The victory over the combined fleets of France and Spain
- ↑ Hudson, "Gravitational Isopotentials on Toutatis"
- ↑ Readings: the poetics of Blanchot, Joyce, Kafka, Kleist, Lispector, and Tsvetayeva (1991) Cixous
- ↑ James Morrow (1990) City of Truth
- ↑ Jet Propulsion Laboratory (2010) Dawn Journal, March 28
- ↑ Tsiolkovsky (1960) The call of the cosmos
- ↑ Meteoritics & planetary science, Volume 42, Issues 6–8, 2007
- ↑ Origin and evolution of Earth, National Research Council et al., 2008
- ↑ 'Vestalian' is of those associated with Vesta (as the vestal virgins), not of Vesta her/itself, though the latter use is occasionally found, e.g. in Worlds of tomorrow, v. 4, n. 1-3, p. 58 (1966)
- ↑ generally used for Xanthus
- ↑ Browning (1877) The Agamemnon of Aeschylus
- ↑ trans. of Vergil, The Aeneid
- ↑ Herbert (1828) Nimrod: a discourse on certain passages of history and fable, v. 3
- ↑ Thayer (1994) Gray world, green heart
- ↑ David Morrison (2008) Ask an Astrobiologist Archived 2009-04-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ trans. of the Iliad
- ↑ Richards (1980) English verse, 1830-1890, v. 6
- ↑ Holdsworth (1913) Gospel origins: a study in the synoptic problem
- ↑ Bulletin of the Auckland Institute and Museum, no. 3-5 (1953)
- ↑ Lamb (1836) Elia
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Regular derivation of Inuktitut names replaces the absolutive case suffix -q with genitive -p (-up after a single vowel; see ), though anglicized forms in -ian might be expected to be more productive.
- ↑ Angley (1847) De Clifford, the philosopher
- ↑ Riggs (1972) The Christian poet in Paradise lost
- ↑ Duchesne-Guillemin (1958) The Western response to Zoroaster
- ↑ The Imperial Dictionary of the English Language lists 'Typhoëan' as the only 'correct' form, but erroneously considered Typhon to be distinct from Typhoëus.
- ↑ Kazue Takahashi (2006) Magnetospheric ULF waves: synthesis and new directions.
- ↑ Dryden (1895) Plutarch's lives, v. 3
- ↑ 'Aitnean' not attested. Ætnean in e.g. Tonson & Draper (1750) The works of Spenser, v. 4
- ↑ Bacon & Basil Montagu (1848) The works of Francis Bacon, v. 1
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 Yenne (1987) The Atlas of the Solar System.
Note: The adjectival forms in this book generally do not match literary forms, and are not in general found elsewhere in astronomical literature. - ↑ Tuft & Holt (ca. 1900) The Aoedean Collection
- 1 2 3 4 Based on Arsinoe–Arsinoean, names ending in -oe may be expected to have derivatives in -oean.
- ↑ Harland (2000) Jupiter odyssey: the story of NASA's Galileo mission
- ↑ Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, v.71, 1911
- 1 2 3 4 based on other names ending in ω, such as Callisto
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 based on other names ending in η, such as Cyllene
- ↑ Six books of the Æneid of Virgil (1877)
- ↑ Elarian has been used in Star Trek fan fiction, but is not attested for the Classical name.
- ↑ Science, v. 216, p. 1218 (1982)
- ↑ Dunton (1703) The Athenian oracle; an entire collection of all the valuable questions and answers in the old Athenian mercuries, by a member of the Athenian society
- ↑ expected from Greek -ία and by analogy with Orthosie
- ↑ Greenberg (2005) Europa: the ocean moon
- ↑ Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95 (1990)
- ↑ Wilson & Strangway (1980) The Continental crust and its mineral deposits
- ↑ of Hermippos, as in Littell's Living Age, v. 96 (1868)
- ↑ "Electron Beams and Ion Composition Measured at Io and in Its Torus", Science, 1996 October 18
- ↑ Naoya (1996) Shiga Naoya's A dark night's passing
- ↑ Robertson (1895) trans. of Victor Hugo, A Hymn of the Earth
- ↑ rare; as 'Calycian Lounge' in Interiors, v. 109 p. 66 (1949)
- ↑ Hansos & Rolfe (1865) Selections from Ovid and Virgil
- ↑ Monteith (2007) Yeats and theosophy
- ↑ Per Classical Latin ''Metid-, Russian Метида Metida, and Italian Metide
- ↑ Beloe (1821) Herodotus
- ↑ Milesi (2003) James Joyce and the difference of language
- ↑ Akurgal (1978) The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology
- ↑ Banier (1740) The mythology and fables of the ancients, v. 4
- ↑ Özal (2004) Chemical characterization of Sinopean archeological common ware
- ↑ Schiff (2010) How an Economy Grows and Why It Crashes
- ↑ Lemprière (1827) A classical dictionary
- ↑ 'Taygetean' is uncommon, but found in Zaffran (1990) Contributions à la flore et à la végétation de la Crète, v. 1
- ↑ Alexander (1999) The complete Odes and Satires of Horace
- ↑ Case and comment, v. 81 (1977)
- ↑ Ogam: tradition celtique, v. 15, p. 358 (1967)
- ↑ Pausânias & Levi (1971) Central Greece
- ↑ Chambers's English dictionary (1872)
- ↑ Neander (1845) The life of St. Chrysostom, v. 1
- ↑ Hull (1970) Visions of Handy Hopper, v. 6
- ↑ 'Daphnidean' is a regular derivation, but rare. [Smid (1965) Protevangelium Jacobi]
- ↑ Anthon (1849) The Aeneïd of Virgil
- ↑ JPL (2007) Cassini Equinox Mission: Dionean Linea
- 1 2 Lebowitz (1970) Progress into silence: a study of Melville's heroes
- ↑ JPL (2010) Cassini Equinox Mission: Enceladan Tectonics
- ↑ The less common form. JBIS: journal of the British Interplanetary Society, v. 36 (1983)
- 1 2 JPL (ca. 2009) Cassini Equinox Mission: Mimas
- ↑ Illich (1970) The dawn of Epimethean man
- ↑ JPL (2005) Cassini Equinox Mission: Epimethean Profile
- ↑ expected from the dative, Erriapo
- ↑ Andre Norton (1978) Secret of the lost race
- ↑ as Helenéan in Earle (1841) Marathon: and other poems. Also the adj. form of Saint Helena.
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Hyperion
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Iapetus
- ↑ Carter (1919) The gates of Janus
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Janus
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Methone
- ↑ Harrison (1908) Prolegomena to the study of Greek religion, ed. 2
- ↑ Proctor (1874) The borderland of science
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Pallene
- ↑ Mahoney (2010) The Ultimate Fan's Guide to Avatar
- ↑ Lundström (1997) Eranos, v. 95
- ↑ Levin (1971) Apollonius' Argonautica, v. 1
- ↑ The Westminster review, v. 140 (1893)
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Rhea
- ↑ Cole (2010) Kresley Cole Immortals After Dark: The Clan MacRieve
- 1 2 3 Norse names drop the nominative case suffix -r or -ur in derivations.
- ↑ attested in the name Tarqiup Inua, 'Master of the Moon'
- ↑ from the diminutive Tarvillus. Daniel Davis, 2001, The Development of Celtic Linguistics, 1850-1900, p. 162
- ↑ Telestian is a rare variant of Telestic (mystical). Ennemoser & Howitt (1854), The history of magic, vol. 1
- ↑ Şengör & Atayman (2009) The Permian extinction and the Tethys
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Tethys
- ↑ Anton et al. (1859) A Latin-English and English-Latin dictionary
- ↑ JPL (ca. 2008) Cassini Equinox Mission: Huygens Landed with a Splat"Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-06-20. Retrieved 2010-05-26.
- ↑ Milton, Hughes (2003) Complete poems and major prose
- ↑ Budd (1898) "Norse Mythology", in St. Mary's Hall lectures: and other papers
- ↑ DeKoven (1991) Rich and strange: gender, history, modernism
- ↑ Ruud (2008) Critical companion to Dante: a literary reference to his life and work
- ↑ Apple, Au, & Gandin (2009) The Routledge international handbook of critical education
- ↑ Kellog (1995) Boccaccio's and Chaucer's Cressida
- ↑ Tanner & Barnet (1995) Comedies
- ↑ Harris & Lazzari (1997) Shakespearean criticism
- ↑ Daileader (2005) Racism, misogyny, and the Othello myth
- ↑ Genova (1997) Power, gender, values
- ↑ The Eclectic magazine of foreign literature, science, and art, v. 18 (1873)
- ↑ also of San Francisco
- ↑ Enclitic, v. 11, no. 4 (1994)
- ↑ Wood (1872) The Argosy, v. 13
- ↑ Cathcart (1971) The Duchess of Kent
- ↑ Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 93 (1988)
- ↑ Robertson (1929) The life of Miranda
- ↑ Normand (1970) Nathaniel Hawthorne
- ↑ Small (1998) Love's Madness
- ↑ Byrne (2008) Perdita: the literary, theatrical, scandalous life of Mary Robinson
- ↑ Oxford Journals (1894) Notes and queries, no. 106
- ↑ Emenyonu (2003) Emerging perspectives on Chinua Achebe, v. 1
- ↑ in scare quotes in Bate (1997) The genius of Shakespeare
- ↑ Sedgwick (1999) Shakespeare and the young writer
- ↑ Dtek blog, 2007-09-10 Archived 2011-08-15 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Campbell, Pyre, Weaver (1932) Poetry and criticism of the romantic movement
- ↑ Lessing (1914) How the Ancients Represented Death
- ↑ Goldberg (2004) Tempest in the Caribbean
- ↑ rare
- ↑ AMIA (1999) Transforming health care through informatics
- ↑ Otley (1828) Essays on the nature, causes and effects of national antipathies
- ↑ Boccaccio (1974) The book of Theseus
- ↑ Livy (1850 trans.) The history of Rome, v. 3
- ↑ Bell (1790) Bell's New pantheon
- ↑ Morris (1904) British violin-makers
- ↑ Life and letters and the London mercury, v. 12-14 (1967)
- ↑ 'Psamathean' not attested
- ↑ The complete poetical works of Robert Browning (1912)
- ↑ Bunbury (1883) A history of ancient geography
- ↑ Davenport (1843) A new geographical, historical, and commercial grammar
- ↑ "linia" = 'of Linus' in Banier (1793) The mythology and fables of the ancients, explain'd from history, v. 1; also in Charles Frederick Partington (1838) The British Cyclopædia of Biography
- ↑ Redfield (1994) Nature and culture in the Iliad: the tragedy of Hector
- ↑ Clark (1919) History of Roman private law, v. 3
- ↑ Rodríguez-Adrados, van Dijk, & Ray (2000) History of the Graeco-Latin Fable
- ↑ When capitalized, "Galactic" refers specifically to the Milky Way galaxy.
- ↑ The Independent, v. 55, p. 964 (1903)