1945 in Germany

Pre-surrender

Head of State:

• Adolf Hitler (the Führer) (Nazi Party) until 30 April, then Karl Dönitz (President) (Nazi Party) to 23 May, then none

Chancellor

• Adolf Hitler (Nazi Party) until 30 April, then Joseph Goebbels (Nazi Party) until 1 May, then from 2 May Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk (leading minister) (non-partisan conservative) to 23 May, then none

Post-surrender

• Marshal Georgy Zhukov (Red Army), General of the Army Dwight D. Eisenhower (United States Army), Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery (British Army), and Army General Jean de Lattre de Tassigny (French Army), commanders of the Allied Control Council

January

• January — American troops cross the Siegfried Line into Belgium.
• 6 January - More than 80,000 Jews held captive by the Nazis are freed in Budapest, Hungary, by Russian soldiers.
• 12 January — World War II: The Soviet Union begins the Vistula-Oder Offensive in Eastern Europe against the Nazis.
• 14 January - Eastern Germany is invaded by Russian troops.
• 18 January - 66,000 Jewish prisoners are evacuated from Auschwitz by the Nazis.
• 20 January — World War II: The Soviet Union occupies Warsaw.
• 20 January — The Holocaust: The evacuation of Auschwitz concentration camp begins.
• 27 January — The Holocaust: The Red Army liberates the Auschwitz and Birkenau death camps.
• 30 January — The Wilhelm Gustloff, with over 10,000 mainly civilian Germans from Gotenhafen (Gdynia) in the Gdansk Bay, is sunk by three torpedoes from the Soviet submarine S-13 in the Baltic Sea; up to 9,400 are thought to have died – the greatest loss of life in a single ship sinking in war action in history.

February

• 3 February - World War II: Largest-ever USAAF daylight bombing raid on Berlin carried out by one thousand bombers and nearly 600 escort fighters of the Eighth Air Force
• 8 February - World War II: A combined British and Canadian front, consisting of 50,000 soldiers with 500 tanks and 1,034 guns, enters Reichswald, southeast of Nijmegen.^[1]
• 9 February — World War II: "Black Friday": A force of Allied Bristol Beaufighter aircraft suffers heavy casualties in an unsuccessful attack on German destroyer Z33 and escorting vessels sheltering in Førde Fjord, Norway.
• 10 February — World War II: The SS General von Steuben is sunk by the Soviet submarine S-13.
• 12 February - World War II: The British/Canadian front captures Cleve, in western Germany.
• 13 February — World War II: Soviet forces capture Budapest from the Nazis.
• 13 February — World War II: Royal Air Force and United States Army Air Forces begin bombing of Dresden, Germany. Over the next three days, more than 3,900 tons of high-explosive bombs and incendiary devices are dropped on the city. The resulting firestorm destroys fifteen square miles (39 square kilometres) of the city center. Between 22,000 and 25,000 people are killed in a controversial attack.
• 14 February - World War II: The British/Canadian front reaches the Rhine.
• 21 February — The last V-2-rocket is launched from Peenemünde.

March

• March — Anne Frank, dies in the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, located in Lower Saxony, Germany, due to typhus. Her sister, Margot, had died not long before.
• 2 March — The Bachem Ba 349 Natter is launched from Stetten am kalten Markt. The Natter is the first manned rocket, developed as anti-aircraft weapon. The launch fails and the pilot dies.^[2]
• 3 March — World War II: A possible experimental atomic test blast occurs at the Nazis' Ohrdruf military testing area.
• 3 March - World War II: Units of the Canadian First Army capture Xanten
• 7 March — World War II: American troops seize the bridge over the Rhine River at Remagen, Germany and begin to cross.
• 19 March — World War II: Adolf Hitler orders that all industries, military installations, machine shops, transportation facilities and communications facilities in Germany be destroyed.
• 24 March — World War II: Operation Varsity: Two airborne divisions capture bridges across the Rhine River to aid the Allied advance.

April

• 4 April — World War II: American troops liberate their first Nazi concentration camp, Ohrdruf death camp in Germany.
• 6 April — World War II: Sarajevo is liberated from Nazi Germany and the Independent State of Croatia by the Yugoslav Partisans.
• 7 April — World War II: The only flight of the German ramming unit known as the Sonderkommando Elbe takes place, resulting in the loss of some 24 B-17s and B-24s of the United States Eighth Air Force.
• 10 April — World War II: The Allied Forces liberate the Nazi concentration camp, Buchenwald.
• 15 April — The Bergen-Belsen concentration camp is liberated by British forces.
• 22 April — Heinrich Himmler, through Count Bernadotte, puts forth an offer of German surrender to the Western Allies, but not the Soviet Union.
• 23 April — Russian troops reach Berlin.
• 24 April — Retreating German troops destroy all the bridges over the Adige in Verona, including the historical Ponte di Castelvecchio and Ponte Pietra.
• 25 April — World War II: Elbe Day: United States and Soviet troops link up at the Elbe River, cutting Germany in two.
• 26 April — Battle of Bautzen (World War II): The last "successful" German panzer-offensive in Bautzen ends with the city recaptured.
• 27 April — The Western Allies flatly reject any offer of surrender by Germany other than unconditional on all fronts.
• 29 April — Adolf Hitler marries his longtime mistress Eva Braun in a closed civil ceremony in the Berlin Führerbunker, on the same day that American forces liberate the Dachau concentration camp.
• 30 April — Hitler and Braun commit suicide as the Red Army approaches the Führerbunker in Berlin. Karl Dönitz succeeds Hitler as President of Germany; Joseph Goebbels succeeds Hitler as Chancellor of Germany. On the same day, some 33,000 Jews are freed from concentration camps by American troops.^[3]

May

• 1 May — World War II: Hamburg Radio announces that Hitler has died in battle, "fighting up to his last breath against Bolshevism."
• 1 May — Joseph Goebbels and his wife commit suicide after killing their six children. Karl Dönitz appoints Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk as the new Chancellor of Germany.
• 1 May - Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt is captured by US troops
• 1 May — Mass suicide in Demmin after Soviet troops capture the town and commit atrocities (murders, mass rapes, etc.) on the civilians in retaliation for the killing of some Soviet soldiers there. More than 700 German civilians hang, poison, cut, or drown themselves and loved ones in a panic.
• 2 May — World War II: The Soviet Union announces the fall of Berlin. Soviet soldiers hoist the Red flag over the Reich Chancellery.
• 2 May - Flensburg Government was formed.
• 3 May — World War II: The prison ships Cap Arcona, Thielbek and Deutschland are sunk by the RAF in Lübeck Bay.
• 3 May — Rocket scientist Wernher von Braun and 120 members of his team surrender to U.S. forces (later going on to help to start the U.S. space program).
• 3 May — German Protestant theologian Gerhard Kittel is arrested by the French forces in Tübingen, Germany.
• 4 May — World War II: The concentration camp Neuengamme near Hamburg is liberated by the British Army.
• 4 May — World War II: The North German army surrenders to Marshal Bernard Montgomery.
• 4 May — World War II: Holland is liberated by British and Canadian troops. German forces officially surrender one day later.
• 5 May — World War II: Denmark is liberated. German forces officially surrender one day later.
• 5 May — World War II: Prague rises up against the Nazis.
• 5 May — World War II: The US 11th Armored Division liberates the prisoners of Mauthausen concentration camp, including Simon Wiesenthal.
• 5 May — World War II: Canadian soldiers liberate the city of Amsterdam from Nazi occupation.
• 5 May — World War II: Admiral Karl Dönitz orders all U-boats to cease offensive operations and return to their bases.
• 7 May — World War II: General Alfred Jodl signs unconditional surrender terms at Reims, France, ending Germany's participation in the war. The document takes effect the next day.
• 8 May — World War II: V-E Day (Victory in Europe, as Nazi Germany surrenders) commemorates the end of World War II in Europe, with the final surrender being to the Soviets in Berlin, attended by representatives of the Western Powers.
• 9 May — World War II: Hermann Göring is captured by the United States Army.
• 9 May — World War II: General Alexander Löhr, Commander of German Army Group E near Topolšica, Slovenia, signs the capitulation of German occupation troops.
• 9 May — World War II: The German occupation of the Channel Islands ends with the liberation by British troops.
• 13 May - Berliner Rundfunk was established.
• 16 May — World War II: Alderney camps, an annex of the concentration camp Neuengamme, is liberated.
• 23 May — President of Germany Karl Dönitz and Chancellor of Germany Count Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk are arrested by British forces at Flensburg. They are respectively the last German Head of state and Head of government until 1949.
• 23 May — Heinrich Himmler, former head of the Nazi SS, commits suicide in British custody.
• 24 May - Field marshal Robert Ritter von Greim commander of the Luftwaffe in the last days of the Third Reich, commits suicide.
• 29 May — German communists, led by Walther Ulbricht, arrive in Berlin.

June

• 5 June — The Allied Control Council, military occupation governing body of Germany, formally takes power.

July

• 1 July — World War II: Germany is divided between the Allied occupation forces.
• 16 July — A train collision near Munich kills 102 war prisoners.

18 October: Nuremberg trials begin, after Buchenwald closed.

• 17 July - The Potsdam Conference started.

September

• 18 September - Stuttgarter Zeitung is first published.
• 27 September - Der Tagesspiegel is first published.

October

• 6 October - German newspaper Süddeutsche Zeitung was founded.

November

• 16 November — Cold War: The United States controversially imports 88 German scientists to help in the production of rocket technology.
• 20 November — The Nuremberg Trials begin: Trials against 24 Nazi war criminals of World War II start at the Nuremberg Palace of Justice.

December

• 23 December - German broadcaster Radio Bremen started.
• 30 December Hitler's will is found, confirming his intention of committing suicide.