1918 in Germany
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Events in the year 1918 in Germany.
Incumbents
National level
Head of State
- Kaiser - Wilhelm II, abdicated 9 November
- Republican (from 9 November) - vacant
Head of Government
- Chancellor (Imperial) - Georg von Hertling to 30 September, then from 3 October Prince Maximilian of Baden to 9 November
- Republican - from 9 November Friedrich Ebert, "Head of Government"
State level
Kingdoms
- King of Bavaria - Ludwig III of Bavaria abdicated 7 November
- King of Prussia - Kaiser Wilhelm II, abdicated 9 November
- King of Saxony - Frederick Augustus III of Saxony, abdicated 13 November
- King of Württemberg - William II of Württemberg, abdicated 30 November
Grand Duchies
- Grand Duke of Baden - Frederick II, abdicated 22 November
- Grand Duke of Hesse - Ernest Louis, abdicated 9 November
- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin - Frederick Francis IV, abdicated 14 November
- Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz - Adolphus Frederick VI, died 23 November, thereafter vacant
- Grand Duke of Oldenburg - Frederick Augustus II, abdicated 11 November
- Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach - William Ernest, abdicated 9 November
Principalities
- Schaumburg-Lippe - Adolf II, Prince of Schaumburg-Lippe, abdicated 15 November
- Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt - Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg, abdicated 22 November
- Schwarzburg-Sondershausen - Günther Victor, Prince of Schwarzburg, abdicated 22 November
- Principality of Lippe - Leopold IV, Prince of Lippe, abdicated 12 November
- Reuss Elder Line - Heinrich XXIV, Prince Reuss of Greiz (with Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, as regent), abdicated November
- Reuss Younger Line - Heinrich XXVII, Prince Reuss Younger Line, abdicated November
- Waldeck and Pyrmont - Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont, abdicated 13 November
Duchies
- Duke of Anhalt - Frederick II, Duke of Anhalt to 21 April, then Eduard, Duke of Anhalt to 13 September, then Joachim Ernst, Duke of Anhalt (with Prince Aribert of Anhalt regent), abdicated 12 November
- Duke of Brunswick - Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, abdicated 8 November
- Duke of Saxe-Altenburg - Ernst II, Duke of Saxe-Altenburg, abdicated 13 November
- Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha - Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, abdicated 14 November
- Duke of Saxe-Meiningen - Bernhard III, Duke of Saxe-Meiningen, abdicated 10 November
Colonial Governor
- German East Africa (Deutsch-Ostafrika) — Heinrich Schnee to 14 November, although most of territory under Allied occupation.
Events
February
- Date unknown - Arthur Scherbius applies to patent the Enigma machine.
October
- Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany appoints Max von Baden Chancellor of Germany.
- King Ferdinand I of Bulgaria abdicates in the wake of the Bulgarian military collapse in WWI. He is succeeded by his son, Boris III.
- October 4
- Wilhelm II of Germany forms a new more liberal government to sue for peace.
November
- November 3
- German Revolution: Sailors in the German fleet at Kiel mutiny and throughout northern Germany soldiers and workers begin to establish revolutionary councils on the Russian soviet model.
- November 9
- Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany abdicates and chooses to live in exile in the Netherlands.
- Proclamation of German Republic by Philipp Scheidemann in Berlin on the Reichstag balcony.
November 11: Signatories to the Armistice with Germany (Compiègne), ending WWI, pose outside Marshal Foch's railway carriage
November 11: Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day
- November 11
- End of WWI and Armistice with Germany (Compiègne): Germany signs an armistice agreement with the Allies between 5:12 AM and 5:20 AM in Marshal Foch's railroad car in Compiègne Forest in France. It becomes official on the 11th hour of the 11th day of the 11th month.[1]
Births
- 3 March - Fritz Thiedemann, German equestrian (died 2000)
- 20 March - Bernd Alois Zimmermann, German composer (died 1970)
- 28 April - Karl-Eduard von Schnitzler, German journalist (died 2001)
- 24 May - Katharina Szelinski-Singer, German sculptor (died 2010)
- 1 August - Artur Brauner, German film producer
- 4 August - Claus Holm, German actor (died 1996)
- 22 September — Hans Scholl, German White Rose resistance member (died 1943)
- 10 October - Werner Dollinger, German politician (died 2008)
- 20 October - Werner Maihofer, German jurist and politician (died 2009)
- 26 October - Dietrich von Bothmer, German art historian (died 2009)
- 5 November - Gisela Arendt, German swimmer (died 1969)
- 8 November - Hermann Zapf, German typeface designer and calligrapher (died 2015)
- 10 November - Ernst Otto Fischer, chemist, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (died 2007)
- 23 December — Helmut Schmidt, German politician (died 2015)
Deaths
January
- 10 January - August Oetker, German entrepreneur (born 1862)
- 6 January - Georg Cantor, German mathematician (born 1845)
February
- 23 February — Adolphus Frederick VI, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, German nobleman (born 1882)
March
- 9 March - Frank Wedekind, German playwright (born 1864)
- 10 March - Eugen von Zimmerer, German prosecutor, attorney and (born 1843)
- 17 March - Hans Bethge, German pilot (born 1890)
- 30 March - Richard Beitzen, German Naval officer (born 1882)
April
- 20 April - Karl Ferdinand Braun, German inventor, physicist and Nobel laureate in physics (born 1850)
- 21 April - Manfred von Richthofen, German fighter pilot (born 1892)
- 22 April — Friedrich II, Duke of Anhalt, German nobleman (born 1856)
- 27 April - Oscar Troplowitz, German pharmacist and entrepreneur (born 1863)
- 29 April - Richard Kandt, German explorer and (born 1867)
May
- 28 May - Richard Assmann, German meteorologist and physician (born 1845)
June
- 24 June - Julius Kollmann, German anatomist and zoologist (born 1834)
July
- 7 July - Arno Bieberstein, German swimmer (born 1884)
- 9 July - Hans am Ende, German Impressionist painter (born 1864)
August
- 16 August - Adolf Rosenzweig, German rabbi (born 1850)
- 22 August - Korbinian Brodmann, German neuroanatom and psychiater (born 1868)
- 30 August - Wilhelm Kühne, German pilot (born 1888)
September
- 10 September - Carl Peters, German colonial ruler, explorer, politician and author (born 1856)
- 13 September — Eduard, Duke of Anhalt, German nobleman (born 1861)
- 23 September - Georg Theodor August Gaffky, German bacteriologist (born 1850)
- 28 September - Georg Simmel, German philosopher and sociologist (born 1858)
October
- 9 October - Hanns Braun, German athlete (born 1886)
- 18 October — Fritz Otto Bernert, German World War I flying ace (born 1893)
- 26 October - Olivier Freiherr von Beaulieu-Marconnay, German World War I ace fighter (born 1898)
November
- 4 November - Hans Graf von Schwerin-Löwitz, German politician (born 1847)
- 5 November - Wolfgang Zenker, German officer (born 1898)
- 5 November - Bruno Heinemann, German officer (born 1880)
- 9 November - Albert Ballin, German shipping magnate (born 1857)
- 23 November - Fritz von Below, German general (born 1853)
References
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