貝

See also: 贝, 目, 見, and 頁
貝 U+8C9D, 貝
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8C9D
← 貜
[U+8C9C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 貞 →
[U+8C9E]

Translingual
Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

貝 (radical 154, 貝+0, 7 strokes, cangjie input 月山金 (BUC), four-corner 60800, composition ⿱目八)

  1. Kangxi radical #154, ⾙.

Derived characters
  • Index:Chinese radical/貝

References
  • KangXi: page 1204, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 36656
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1665, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 6, page 3622, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+8C9D

Chinese
trad. 貝
simp. 贝

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 貝
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (貝) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
貝 *paːds
狽 *paːds
鋇 *paːds
浿 *pʰaːds, *pʰreːds
垻 *praːs
敗 *praːds, *braːds
唄 *braːds

Pictogram (象形) – cowry.

Etymology

Cowries were used as money in ancient China (Shell money). Guo (1945) proposes that cowries used by the ancient Chinese dynasties in Central China must have come from the southeastern shores of China and areas further south, as the species of sea snail used as decoration and currency—Monetaria moneta (money cowry)—is not native to the eastern seashores of China. He further proposes that in addition to the cowry itself, the word for cowry, 貝, is also an ancient loanword from languages of the south (which call it “bia”).

Compare Malay bia (“cowry”), Thai เบี้ย (bîia, “cowry shell; money”), Proto-Mon-Khmer *ɓa(a)j (“bean, small weight or coin”) > Khasi sbâi, 'bâi (“money, cowry, shell”), Khmer ពៃ (pɨy, “obsolete small coin”).

Alternatively, Starostin, Matisoff (2003) and Schuessler (2007) relate 貝 to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *bwap (“snail”), via 貝 (OC *paːds) < *pāps. If so it would be cognate with Jingpho pawp, lapawp (“snail”).

Pronunciation
Rime
Character 貝
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 幫 (1)
Final (韻) 泰 (25)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 愽蓋切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /pɑiH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /pɑiH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /pɑiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /pajH/
Li
Rong		 /pɑiH/
Wang
Li		 /pɑiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /pɑiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 bèi
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 貝
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 bèi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ pajH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*pˁa[t]-s/
English cowry shell

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 貝
Reading # 1/1
No. 415
Phonetic
component		 貝
Rime
group		 祭
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 貝
Old
Chinese		 /*paːds/

Definitions

貝

  1. shellfish; cowrie
  2. † money; currency
  3. A surname​.

Compounds
Derived terms from 貝

Japanese

Kanji
貝

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

Etymology
Kanji in this term
貝
かい
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/*kapi1/ → /kaɸi/ → /kawi/ → /kai/

From Old Japanese.[1] Found in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[2]

Pronunciation

Noun

貝 (hiragana かい, rōmaji kai, historical hiragana かひ)

  1. a shellfish

Derived terms
Derived terms

References
  1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 15, poem 3709), text here
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, ISBN 4-385-13905-9
  4. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, ISBN 978-4-14-011112-3
  5. 1974, 新明解国語辞典 (Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten), Second Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō

Korean

Hanja

貝 (eumhun 조개 패 (jogae pae))

  1. Hanja form? of 패 (“clam, shellfish”).

Vietnamese

Han character

貝 (bối, buổi, bói, búi, với, mấy, mới, vuối, thói)

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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