歷史

See also: 历史 and 歴史

Chinese

		to experience; to undergo; to pass through to experience; to undergo; to pass through; all; each; every; calendar	history
trad. (歷史)		歷	史
simp. (历史)		历	史

Etymology

“Historical records; history” [at least 5th CE].

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): lìshǐ

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ

(Dungan, Cyrillic): лисы (lisɨ, II-III)
Cantonese (Jyutping): lik⁶ si²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): li̍t-sṳ́
Min Dong (BUC): lĭk-sṳ̄
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): lia̍k-sír / le̍k-sú / lia̍k-sí

(Teochew, Peng'im): lêh⁸ se²
Wu (Wiktionary): liq sr (T5)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: lìshǐ
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧˋ ㄕˇ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lihshyy
  - IPA ^(key): /li⁵¹ ʂʐ̩²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic: лисы (lisɨ, II-III)
  - IPA ^(key): /liː⁵¹ sɨː⁴⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: lik⁶ si²
  - Yale: lihk sí
  - Cantonese Pinyin: lik⁹ si²
  - Guangdong Romanization: lig⁶ xi²
  - IPA ^(key): /lɪk̚² siː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: li̍t-sṳ́
  - Hakka Romanization System: lid sii`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: lid⁶ si³
  - IPA: /lit̚⁵ sɨ³¹/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: lĭk-sṳ̄
  - IPA ^(key): /l̃iʔ⁵⁻³³ sy³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k-sír
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k-sír
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /liak̚²⁴⁻²² sɯ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: le̍k-sú
  - Tâi-lô: li̍k-sú
  - Phofsit Daibuun: legsuo
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪk̚¹²¹⁻²¹ su⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɪk̚⁴⁻³² su⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Jinjiang, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lia̍k-sí
  - Tâi-lô: lia̍k-sí
  - Phofsit Daibuun: liagsie
  - IPA (Jinjiang, Philippines): /liak̚²⁴⁻²² ɕi⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: lêh⁸ se²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: le̍h sṳ́
  - IPA ^(key): /leʔ⁴⁻² sɯ⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wiktionary: liq sr (T5)
  - IPA ^(key): /li̯ɪʔ¹¹ sz̩²³/

Middle Chinese: /lek̚ ʃɨ^X/▼

Rime
Character	歷	史
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	錫 (127)	之 (19)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	IV	III
Fanqie	郎擊切	踈士切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lek̚/	/ʃɨ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/lek̚/	/ʃɨ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/lɛk̚/	/ʃie^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/lɛjk̚/	/ʂɨ^X/
Li Rong	/lek̚/	/ʃiə^X/
Wang Li	/liek̚/	/ʃĭə^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/liek̚/	/ʂi^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lì	shǐ

Old Chinese▼
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]ˤek s-rəʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*reːɡ srɯʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	歷	史
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	lì	shǐ
Middle Chinese	‹ lek ›	‹ sri^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[r]ˁek/	/*s-rəʔ/
English	pass by; in turn	scribe
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	歷	史
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	7980	11487
Phonetic component	秝	史
Rime group	錫	之
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	靂	史
Old Chinese	/*reːɡ/	/*srɯʔ/

Noun

歷史

(uncountable) history (the study of past events)
歷史感 / 历史感 ― lìshǐ gǎn ― sense of history

歷史觀點 / 历史观点 ― lìshǐ guāndiǎn ― view of history

縱觀歷史 / 纵观历史 ― zòngguān lìshǐ ― throughout history

古代歷史 / 古代历史 ― gǔdài lìshǐ ― ancient history

歷史故事 / 历史故事 ― lìshǐ gùshi ― stories from history

歷史文獻 / 历史文献 ― lìshǐ wénxiàn ― historical document

歷史事件 / 历史事件 ― lìshǐ shìjiàn ― historical event

歷史人物 / 历史人物 ― lìshǐ rénwù ― historical figure

歷史古跡 / 历史古迹 ― lìshǐ gǔjì ― historical site

歷史是由勝利者書寫的。 [MSC, trad.]
历史是由胜利者书写的。 [MSC, simp.]
Lìshǐ shì yóu shènglìzhě shūxiě de. [Pinyin]
History is written by the victors.

此說是否為歷史事實，近代頗有爭議。 [MSC, trad.]
此说是否为历史事实，近代颇有争议。 [MSC, simp.]
Cǐ shuō shìfǒu wéi lìshǐ shìshí, jìndài pōyǒu zhēngyì. [Pinyin]
Whether this theory is historical fact has been a source of considerable contention in recent times.
(countable) past events; historical happenings; history (Classifier: 段)
(uncountable) Short for 歷史學／历史学 (lìshǐxué, “the study of history; historiography”).

Usage notes

Just like in English, this Chinese term can refer to history as in the study of past events, as well as the past considered as a whole, or connected with a particular person or thing.

Derived terms

Derived terms from 歷史

創造歷史／创造历史 (chuàngzào lìshǐ)
口述歷史／口述历史 (kǒushù lìshǐ)
國立歷史博物館／国立历史博物馆
歷史劇／历史剧
歷史名詞／历史名词
歷史唯心主義／历史唯心主义
歷史唯物主義／历史唯物主义 (lìshǐ wéiwùzhǔyì)
歷史學／历史学 (lìshǐxué)
歷史學家／历史学家 (lìshǐxuéjiā)
歷史家／历史家 (lìshǐjiā)
歷史小說／历史小说
歷史年表／历史年表
歷史性／历史性

歷史文學／历史文学
歷史文物／历史文物 (lìshǐ wénwù)
歷史時代／历史时代
歷史比較語言學／历史比较语言学
歷史社會學／历史社会学 (lìshǐ shèhuìxué)
歷史線圖／历史线图 (lìshǐ xiàn tú)
歷史觀／历史观 (lìshǐguān)
歷史語言學／历史语言学 (lìshǐ yǔyánxué)
歷史語詞／历史语词
歷史遺產／历史遗产 (lìshǐ yíchǎn)
歷史重演／历史重演
近現代史／近现代史 (jìnxiàndàishǐ)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (歷史):

→ Japanese: 歴史 (れきし) (rekishi)
→ Korean: 역사 (歷史, yeoksa)
→ Vietnamese: lịch sử (歷史)

→ Zhuang: lizsij

Japanese

Kanji in this term
歷	史
れき Jinmeiyō	し Grade: 4
on’yomi

Noun

歷史 (kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai kanji 歴史, hiragana れきし, rōmaji rekishi)

Kyūjitai form of 歴史: ("history")

Korean

Hanja in this term
歷	史

Noun

歷史 • (yeoksa) (hangeul 역사)

Hanja form^? of 역사 (“history”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this word
歷	史

Noun

歷史

Hán tự form of lịch sử (“history”).

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