可愛い

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term

Grade: 5
あい > わい
Grade: 4
on’yomi Irregular

/kawajui//kawaiː/

Shift in pronunciation from kawayui below.[1]

The kanji spelling 可愛い is an example of ateji (当て字) and jukujikun (熟字訓), and uses an irregular reading of . The phonological resemblance to Chinese 可愛 (lovable, Mandarin kě'ài, Min Nan khó-ài) is coincidental. Note that the medial -w- here is not an excrescence added between ka () and ai (), since the word is not formed from these morphemes.

Already realized phonetically as /kawaiː/ by the early 1600s, and possibly found alongside older form kawayui, as seen in the 1603 edition of the Nippo Jisho.[2]

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)

Adjective

可愛い (-i inflection, hiragana かわいい, rōmaji kawaii, historical hiragana かはいい)

  1. lovable, beloved
    可愛 (かわい) ()には (たび)をさせよ
    kawaii ko ni wa tabi o saseyo
    spare the rod and spoil the child
    (literally, “send your beloved child on a journey”)
  2. cute, adorable
    かわいい () () ()
    kawaii ko to tsukiau
    to go out with (date) a cute girl
    • 2003 September 22, Uraku, Akinobu, “だい63 おさなおく [Chapter 63: Childish Memories]”, in とうきょうアンダーグラウンド [Tokyo Underground], volume 11 (fiction), Square Enix, →ISBN, page 99:
       (あば)れなきゃ () (わい) (かお)なんだよな
      Abarenakya kawaii kao nan da yo na
      Her face when she’s not mad is actually pretty cute
Inflection

Usage notes

Often spelled in hiragana.

Derived terms

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term

Grade: 5
あい‎ > わゆ
Grade: 4
on’yomi Irregular

/kahahajushi//kahajushi//kawajui/

A contraction of classical 顔映し (kawahayushi, embarrassing, shameful). The meaning evolved from shameful to evoking pity, to evoking compassion, and then to lovable.[1] The kanji spelling appears to be jukujikun (熟字訓), from the above reading.

Pronunciation

  • (Irregular reading)
    • (Tokyo) わゆ [kàwáyúꜜì] (Nakadaka – [3])[3]
    • IPA(key): [ka̠ɰᵝa̠jɯ̟ᵝi]

Adjective

可愛い (-i inflection, hiragana かわゆい, rōmaji kawayui, historical hiragana かはゆい)

  1. embarrassed, having a guilty conscience: see 顔映し (kawahayushi).
  2. (obsolete) pitiable, pitiful
    • 1632, Diego Collado, Dictionarium sive thesauri linguae Iaponicae compendium
      Miſerabilis, e: coſa que cauſa laſtima, cavaij.
      (Latin:) Wretched; (Spanish:) thing that causes pity, kawaii.
  3. lovable, adorable, cute
Inflection

References

  1. 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  2. 1603, Nippo Jisho (in Portuguese), relevant text here. Left-hand column, third entry down, listed as Cauaij.
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
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