< Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

Adverb

*h₁én [2][3][4][5][6][7]

  1. in

Derived terms
  • *h₁én-s
    • Hellenic: *ens
  • *h₁(e)n-tér (“between”)[3][7]
  • *h₁én-teros (“inner, located inside”)[3]
  • *h₁(e)n-dó (“inside”)[8]
  • *h₁en-d(ʰ)r-óm[9]
    • Balto-Slavic:
      • Slavic: *ję̄drò
        • East Slavic:
        • South Slavic:
          • Bulgarian: йе́дро (jédro, “kernel”)
          • Serbo-Croatian:
            Cyrillic: је́дро
            Latin: jédro
            Kajkavian: jādrȅ (“kernel, core”), jãdro
          • Slovene: jédrọ (“kernel, pit”)
        • West Slavic:
          • Czech: jádro (“kernel, core”)
          • Polish: jądro (“grain, kernel, core”)
          • Slovak: jadro (“kernel, core”)
  • *h₁éni-h₃kʷ-o-, *h₁en-h₃ekʷ-o- (< *h₁eni + *h₃ekʷ- (“eye”))[2][6]
    • Celtic: *enekʷo-
    • Hellenic: *enōkʷā́
      • Ancient Greek: ἐνωπή (enōpḗ)
    • Indo-Iranian: *HániHkas
      • Indo-Aryan: *HániHkas
        • Sanskrit: अनीक (ánīka)
      • Iranian: *HániHkah
        • Avestan: 𐬀𐬌𐬥𐬌𐬐𐬀‎ (ainika)
  • *(h₁)ni- (“down”)
    • Armenian:
    • Celtic: *ni-
    • Indo-Iranian: *ní (see there for further descendants)
  • *h₁n̥-dʰí
  • *(h₁)ni-tero-
    • Germanic: *niþer
    • Indo-Iranian:
      • Indo-Aryan:
        • Sanskrit: नितराम् (nitarā́m, “downwards”)
  • *h₁(e)n-er- (“inner, under”)[10]
    • Germanic: *nurþraz
    • Hellenic: νειρός (neirós), νέρτερος (nérteros), ἐνέρτερος (enérteros)
  • *h₁en-tós (“(from) inside”)[2]
    • Hellenic: *entós
    • Italic: *entos
      • Latin: intus
      • Venetic: 𐌄𐌍𐌕𐌏𐌋 (entol, “inside”) (< *entos + l-)
  • *h₁en-tr-om[11]
    • Balto-Slavic: *intró (“liver”)
      • Old Prussian: instran (“fat”)
      • Slavic: *ę̄trò (“liver”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Indo-Iranian: *Hántram
  • *h₁ón-tr-om

Descendants
  • Armenian:
    • Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)
  • Balto-Slavic: *in (from zero-grade form *h₁n̥)[4]
    • Old Prussian: ēn
    • Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)
    • Lithuanian: į/in
    • Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)
  • Celtic: *en
    • Brythonic: *ɨn
      • Middle Breton: en
        • Breton: e
      • Cornish: yn, en
      • Old Welsh: in
        • Middle Welsh: yn
    • Old Irish: i, hi
      • Irish: i
      • Scottish Gaelic: an
      • Manx: ayns
    [5]
  • Germanic: *in (see there for further descendants)
  • Hellenic: *en(i)[15]
    • Ancient Greek: ἐν (en)
      Poetic/Metrical Greek: ἐνί (ení), εἰν (ein), εἰνί (einí)
      Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)
  • Italic: *en[2]
    • Old Latin: en
      • Latin: in (see there for further descendants)
    • Oscan: en, -en, -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), 𐌄𐌌- (em-)
    • Paelignian: i, -e, em-, in-
    • South Picene: -𐌝𐌍 (-ín), -𐌄𐌍 (-en)
    • Umbrian: -𐌄𐌌 (-em), -𐌄𐌍 (-en), -𐌄 (-e), -em, -eme, en-
    • Venetic: 𐌄𐌔 (es, “unto”) (< *ens)
  • Tocharian:
    • Tocharian A: -an
    • Tocharian B: -ne

References
  1. Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press
  2. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 300
  3. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “inter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 306
  4. Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197
  5. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*eni”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 116
  6. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 115
  7. Matasović, Ranko (2009), “*enter”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 117
  8. De Vaan, Michiel (2008), “endo”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, pages 189
  9. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
  10. Pokorny, Julius (1959) Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume II, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
  11. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
  12. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ǭtrò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
  13. Derksen, Rick (2008), “*ǭtròba”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
  14. Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
  15. Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἐν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419
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