Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰuH-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Root

*bʰuH- (perfective)

to become, grow, appear

Reconstruction notes

Some sources such as LIV reconstruct full-grade forms *bʰewh₂- or *bʰweh₂-, on the basis of Italic and Celtic preterite and subjunctive stem.[1] According to Jasanoff, this root has no full grade, and the laryngeal cannot be precisely determined.[2]

Alternative reconstructions

*bʰuh₂-[3]

Derived terms

► <a href='/wiki/Category:Terms_derived_from_the_PIE_root_*b%CA%B0uH-' title='Category:Terms derived from the PIE root *bʰuH-'>Terms derived from the PIE root *bʰuH-</a>

Note: In many descendants, this root formed a suppletive verbal paradigm together with other roots, such as *h₁es- and *h₂wes-.

*bʰúH-t (zero-grade root aorist)
*bʰéwH-eti (full-grade root present) (these are analogical according to some sources)
- Germanic: *beuną (suppletive)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰáwati
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰáwati
    - Sanskrit भवति (bhávati) (see there for further descendants)
  - Iranian: *báwati
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬀𐬎𐬎𐬀𐬌𐬙𐬌‎ (bauuaiti)
    - Kurdish: bûn
    - Persian: بودن‎ (budan)
*bʰuH-yé-ti (ye-present)
*bʰowH-éye-ti (causative)
- Balto-Slavic: *bowˀeitei?
  - Lithuanian: bùvintis
  - Slavic: *baviti
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰāwáyati
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰāwáyati
    - Sanskrit: भावयति (bhāváyati)
*bʰe-bʰúH-e ~ *bʰe-bʰuH-ḗr (reduplicated perfect)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰabʰúHa
  - Indo-Aryan: *babʰúHa
    - Sanskrit: बभूव (babhū́va)
*bʰúH-tis
- Albanian:
  - Albanian: botë
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Slavic: *bytь (“culture, essence”)[4] (abstract denominal of *byti)
- Germanic: *būþiz
  - Old Norse: búð
    - Faroese: búð
    - Icelandic: búð
    - English: booth
    - German: Bude
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῠ́σῐς (phúsis), φῠ́στῐς (phústis)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHtiš
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHtiṣ
    - Sanskrit: भूति (bhū́ti, bhūtí)
*bʰuH-ti-ḱos
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φυσικός (phusikós), φυτικός (phutikós)
*bʰúH-tus
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: bū́tu
  - Old Prussian: būton, boūton
  - Slavic: *bytъ (“entity, creature”)[4] (denominal from the supine of *byti)
*bʰúH-mn̥
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῦμᾰ (phûma)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰúHma
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰúHma
    - Sanskrit: भूमन् (bhū́man)
*bʰuH-eh₂
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φυή (phuḗ)
*bʰuH-tós
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: bùtas (“accommodation”)
  - Slavic: *byto (“being”)[4]
- Celtic: *butā
  - Brythonic:
    - Old Breton: Bot-
      - Breton: bod
    - Cornish: bod
    - Middle Welsh: bod
  - Goidelic:
    - Old Irish: both
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῠτός (phutós), φῠτόν (phutón)
- Indo-Iranian: *bʰuHtás
  - Indo-Aryan: *bʰuHtás
    - Sanskrit: भूत (bhūtá)
  - Iranian: *bʰuHtáh
    - Avestan: 𐬠𐬏𐬙𐬀‎ (būta, “become, been”)
    - Persian: بوته‎ (būte, “bush; child (of human or camel)”) (Perhaps)
*bʰuH-lom
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: φῦλον (phûlon), φῡλή (phūlḗ)
*bʰuH-s
- Italic:
  - Latin (pro)bus, (super)bus, (trī)bus
*bʰúH-tlom
- Hellenic: *pʰútlā, *pʰútlon
  - Ancient Greek: φῠ́τλᾱ (phútlā), φῠ́τλη (phútlē); φῠ́τλον (phútlon)
- Balto-Slavic:
  - Lithuanian: būklas, bū́kla
  - Slavic: *bydlo (see there for further descendants)
*pro-bʰHus (“good, excellent”)[5]
- Indo-Iranian: *prabʰHúš
  - Indo-Aryan: *prabʰHúṣ
    - Sanskrit: प्रभु (prabhú)
- Italic: *proβos
  - Latin: probus
*swe-bʰuH- (perhaps, + *swe- (“self”))
- Balto-Slavic: [Term?]
  - Latvian: atsvabinât, svabads
  - Slavic: *svoboda, *sveboda (see there for further descendants)
- Germanic: *swēbaz
  - Latin: Suēbī
- Italic: [Term?]
  - Latin: Samnium, Sabīnī, Sabellī, Semnōnes
Unsorted formations:
- Albanian: bëhem
- Armenian:
  - Old Armenian: բոյս (boys), բոյլ (boyl), բոյն (boyn), բլիթ (blitʿ), բոյթ (boytʿ), բայ (bay), (possibly) բաւիղ (bawił)
- Germanic: *bautaną
- Italic:
  - Latin -bō (ending of future), -bam (ending of imperfect), -bundus (as in moribundus),

References

Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 98-101
Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pages 112, 113
Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press
Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1976), “byti”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 03, Moscow: Nauka, page 155
De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill

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[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001) Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, pages 98-101

[2] Jay Jasanoff, Hittite and the Indo-European Verb, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003, pages 112, 113

[Ringe_2006-3] Ringe, Don (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic, Oxford University Press

[ESSJa-4] Trubačóv, Oleg, editor (1976), “byti”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ slavjanskix jazykov [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 03, Moscow: Nauka, page 155

[5] De Vaan, Michiel (2008) Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill