Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/svoboda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

*sveboda, *svěboda (Polish, ..?)

Etymology

PIE word
*swé

From *svobъ (“self-dependent”) +‎ *-oda, from Proto-Indo-European *swo-bʰo-/*swe-bʰo-. Same extension in Latvian atsvabināt (“to free”), Old Prussian subs, Proto-Germanic *swēbaz m, *sibjō f, Latin Sabīnī, Sabellī, Samnium, Sanskrit सभा f (sabhā).

Noun

*svoboda f

freedom

Inflection

Declension of *svoboda (hard a-stem)

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	*svoboda	*svobodě	*svobody
Accusative	*svobodǫ	*svobodě	*svobody
Genitive	*svobody	*svobodu	*svobodъ
Locative	*svobodě	*svobodu	svobodasъ, svobodaxъ^*
Dative	*svobodě	*svobodama	*svobodamъ
Instrumental	svobodojǫ, svobodǫ^**	*svobodama	*svobodami
Vocative	*svobodo	*svobodě	*svobody

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

*svobodьnъ
*svoboditi

Related terms

*svojь, *sebě, *sobojǫ
*sobь, *soba, *sobьstvo, *sobiti, *osobiti
*svěně
*svьstь/*svěstь, *svatъ, *posětiti

Descendants

Some forms feature dissimilation u̯…b > l…b.

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: свобода (svoboda), слобода (sloboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
  - Belarusian: свабо́да (svabóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
  - Russian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобо́да́ (slobódá)
  - Ukrainian: свобо́да (svobóda), слобода́ (slobodá)
  - → Latvian: svabads
- → Finnish: vapaa
- → Estonian: vaba

South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: свобода (svoboda), свободь (svobodĭ, “free”, adj.)
- Bulgarian: свобо́да́ (svobódá)
- Macedonian: слобода (sloboda)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic: слобо̀да, свобо̀да
  
  Latin: slobòda
- Slovene: svobóda, slobóda, svobọ̑d f, slobọ̑d f
- → Romanian: slobod (“freedom”)

West Slavic:
- Czech: svoboda
- Old Polish: świeboda, słoboda
  - Polish: swoboda
- Slovak: sloboda
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: swoboda
  - Lower Sorbian: swoboda

Other:
- → Hungarian: szabad (“freedom”)

References

Černyx, P. Ja. (1999), “свобода”, in Istoriko-etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Historical-Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), volume 2, 3rd reprint edition, Moscow: Russkij jazyk, page 148
Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “свобода”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Vasmer (Fasmer), Max (Maks) (1964–1973), “слобода”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ russkovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), translated from German and supplemented by Trubačóv Oleg, Moscow: Progress
Oleg Trubačóv (1959), История славянских терминов родства, page 170f
August Ahlqvist (1894) August Ahlqvist's Wogulische sprachtexte nebst Entwurf einer wogulischen grammatik aus dem nachlasse des verfassers hrsg, page 36
Vladimir Žuravljóv (1982) Внешние и внутренние факторы языковой эволюции, page 167, page 166
Kroonen, Guus (2013), “sebjō-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, page 429

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