Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/éǵh₂

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed words and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Reconstruction

The presence of the laryngeal is confirmed by the -h- in Sanskrit ahám. Instead of the unknown medial laryngeal *-H-, *-h₂- is often reconstructed here on the basis of Indo-Iranian assimilation, but there is no secure evidence that would prove such assumption.

Three forms can be reconstructed formally for the nominative singular, using the comparative method:

*éǵ (Hittite ūg, Old Lithuanian eš, Slavic ja, Avestan azə)
*eǵh₂óm (Sanskrit ahám, Avestan azə̄m, OCS azъ, Homeric Greek ἐγών (egṓn))
*eǵóH (Latin egō, Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), Venetic ego)

There seem to be no grounds for assuming an initial *h₁ in the nominative singular (although it is not impossible) or a final *-H in the form *éǵ. The form *éǵ is obviously the most archaic one, with *eǵHóm and *eǵóh₂ being younger, dialectal variants. The sandhi form of *éǵ - *éḱ, with a final devoiced plosive, is attested in Baltic (Old Prussian as, es) and apparently in the Hittite variant [script needed] (ú-uk).

Pronoun

*éǵh₂

I (first-person pronoun)

Declension

Andrew Sihler's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*eǵoH	*weh₁	*we-i
accusative	m-mé (> mé) ~ *me	n̥h₁-wé ~ nō̆h₁	n̥smé ~ nō̆s
genitive	mé-me ~ mos (adj.)	?	n̥sóm ~ nō̆s
ablative	*mm-ét (> mét)	?	*n̥sm-ét
dative	mébʰi ~ mey, *moy	?	n̥sm-éy ~ nō̆s
Notes
Oblique pl. n̥s- possibly continues earlier m̥s- (same element of sg. oblique stem with pl. s). This n was made common to the whole paradigm, with even enclitic nos for mos, but the verb endings -me(dʰh₂), -mos(dʰh₂) were not disturbed.[1] Dat. mégʰi for mébʰi is attested in Italic and Indic, but not in Iranian, as 𐬨𐬀𐬌𐬠𐬫𐬁‎ (maibyā). Also Sanskrit मह्यम्* (máhyam) may be from original -bʰ-, as this sometimes becomes Indic -h- (even more here by dissimilation from initial m-).[2]

Donald Ringe's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	éǵ(h₂), eǵHóm, *eǵóh₂	*wé	*wéy
accusative	m̥(m)é ~ me	n̥h₃mé ~ noh₃	n̥smé ~ nos
genitive	méme ~ moy	?	? ~ *nos
dative	méǵʰye ~ moy	?	? ~ *nos

Alwin Kloekhorst's reconstruction
Proto-Nuclear-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*h₁eǵH	*wey
accusative	h₁me(ge) ~ mē (?)	n̥s ~ nōs (?)
genitive	h₁mene ~ moy	?
dative	h₁meǵʰi ~ moy	?
oblique	*h₁me-	n̥s- ~ nos
Outer-Anatolian IE	singular	plural
nominative	*h₁eǵH	*wey
oblique	h₁men-/h₁mn	*n̥s-
enclitic	*moy	*nos
Proto-Indo-European	singular	plural
nominative	*h₁eǵH	?
accusative	*h₁mn-	?
oblique	*h₁mn-	?

Robert Beekes' reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	*h₁eǵ(Ho, -Hom)	*wey
accusative	h₁mé ~ h₁me	n̥smé ~ nōs
genitive	h₁méne ~ h₁moy	n̥s(er)o- ~ nos
ablative	*h₁med	*n̥smed
dative	h₁méǵʰyo ~ h₁moy	n̥smey ~ n̥s
locative	*h₁móy	*n̥smi
instrumental	*h₁móy	?
poss. adj.	*h₁mós	*n̥sós

Frederik Kortlandt's reconstruction
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*h₁eg-	*weh₁-	*we-
accusative	*h₁me	*n̥h₁we	*n̥sme
genitive	*h₁mene	*noh₁	*nos
ablative	*h₁med	*n̥h₁wed	*n̥smed
dative	*h₁megʰi	*n̥h₁ewbʰi	*n̥smey
locative	*h₁moy	*n̥h₁wi	*n̥smi
poss. adj.	*h₁mos	-	*n̥sos

Michiel de Vaan's reconstruction
	singular	plural
nominative	*h₁eǵ	*wey(s)
accusative	*h₁mé ~ h₁me	*nōs
genitive-locative	*h₁moy	nos/nes
ablative	*h₁méd	?
dative	*h₁mégʰyo	?
poss. adj.	*h₁mos	*ns-tero-s?

Alternative forms

*eǵh₂óm

Derived terms

*h₁mós
- Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: ἐμός (emós)
*memos (from gen. *méme, with loss of second m)?, *mewos (contaminated by *tewos, *sewos)?, *meyos (from dat. *mey)?
- Italic: *meos
  - Old Latin: meos
    - Latin: meus

Descendants

Albanian:
- Old Albanian: u (< *udh < *uǵ), ne (< *nōs)
  - Albanian: unë (< u + -në) (attest. 1462, Skanderbeg's counselor), ne
Anatolian: *ʔúǵ, *wéyes (see there for further descendants)
Armenian:
- Old Armenian: ես (es), մեք (mekʿ) (< *mes)
  - Armenian: ես (es), մենք (menkʿ)
Balto-Slavic: *eś, *ēˀź, *wēˀ, *mēˀs (< *mes)[3]
- Latvian: es, mēs
- Old Lithuanian: eš, aš, vèdu (< *we-du), mùdu (< *mu-du), mẽs
  - Lithuanian: aš, mùdu, mẽs
- Old Prussian: as, es, mes
- Sudovian: es
- Slavic: *ja, *(j)azъ, *vě, *my (see there for further descendants)
Celtic: *mī, *snīs (< *nēs-nēs) (see there for further descendants)
Germanic: *ek, *ik, *wet, *wīz (see there for further descendants)
Hellenic
- Ancient Greek: ἐγώ (egṓ), νώ (nṓ), ἡμεῖς (hēmeîs) (< *n̥sm-), ἐμός (emós)
  - Greek: εγώ (egó), εμείς (emeís)
Indo-Iranian: *aȷ́ʰám, *wáH, *wayám (see there for further descendants)
Italic: *egō, *nōs, *nosteros
- Faliscan: 𐌄𐌒𐌏 (eqo), 𐌄𐌊𐌏 (eko), 𐌄𐌂𐌏 (eco)
- Latin: ego, nōs, noster
- South Picene: 𐌄𐌊𐌞 (ekú)
- (possibly) Venetic: 𐌄𐌙𐌏 (ego)
Tocharian:
- Tocharian A: näṣ m, ñuk f (< *mne-ge), was
- Tocharian B: ñaś, ñäś, ñiś, wes

Coordinate terms

References

Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374
Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 378
Kapović, Mate (2006) Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic personal pronouns with emphasis on accentuation‎ (PhD dissertation), Zadar, Croatia: University of Zadar, page 159

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[1] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 374

[2] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 378

[3] Kapović, Mate (2006) Reconstruction of Balto-Slavic personal pronouns with emphasis on accentuation‎ (PhD dissertation), Zadar, Croatia: University of Zadar, page 159