Timeline of healthcare in China

This is a timeline of healthcare in China, focusing especially on modern science-based medicine healthcare. Major events such as crises, policies and organizations are included.

Big Picture
Year/periodKey developments
2500BP-1949Traditional Chinese Medicine prevails in this time which covers most of the history of China. Chinese herbology, acupuncture, dietary therapy, tai chi, tui na and qigong thrive.[1] Around the 19th century, western-inspired evidence-based medicine makes its way into the country.
1949–1980With modern medicine already established, after the Communist Party takes over in 1949, healthcare is nationalized. A national "patriotic health campaign" is attempted to address basic health and hygiene education, and basic primary care is dispatched to rural areas through barefoot doctors and other state-sponsored programs. During this period, Infant mortality falls from 200 to 34 per 1000 live births, and life expectancy increases from about 35 to 68 years.[2]
1978–presentPeriod of economic liberalization. The rural cooperative medical system disintegrates and the barefoot doctors program comes to an end. The increase in the elderly population and their lack of health insurance and pensions will also place enormous pressure on services for their care. All these changes have great impact on the rural health care system, leaving the urban system basically intact, and contribute to the rural-urban disparity in health care. Period of one-child policy.[3]

Full Timeline
Number of reported confirmed cases of malaria in China for the period 2002–2014.[4]
Year/periodType of eventEventLocation
11th Century BC – 771 BCOrganizationIn the Western Zhou dynasty, imperial doctors are divided into four departments: Dietetic (food and beverage hygiene); Diseases (internal medicine); Sores (external medicine); and Veterinary.[5]
770 BCE – AD 221CompilationMedical researchers compile the written records and oral knowledge of Chinese medicine from the previous ages and write the Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. This book systematizes and consolidates ancient medical experience and theory into one compendium.[5]
265 AD – 907 ADDevelopmentDuring the Jin and Tang dynasties, Chinese medicine experiences great development. In the study of the origins of disease, diagnosis, pharmacology, specialization, medical training, and other aspects, great achievements are made.[5]
960 AD – 1368 ADDevelopmentDuring the Song and Yuan periods, due to the invention of printing technology and further advances in paper making, large quantities of Chinese medical texts are printed, published, and distributed by the central government. This causes Chinese medicine to spread, giving rise to widespread and deep research.[5]
1700sDevelopmentThe earliest contemporary hospitals begin to appear in China in the form of missionary hospitals run by western churches.[6]
1844Organization (hospital)Renji Hospital is founded.[7][8]Shanghai
1876–1879CrisisNorthern Chinese Famine kills an estimated 13 million people.[9]Shaanxi, Hebei, Henan, Shandong and Jiangsu.
1883Organization (hospital)Sheng Jing Hospital is established.[10]Shenyang
1894Organization (medical school)Hebei Medical University is established.[11][12]Shijiazhuang
1901Organization (hospital)Haikou City People's Hospital is founded.[13]Haikou
1905PolicyThe central government establishes a Sanitary Department.[14]
1907Organization (hospital)Ruijin Hospital is founded.[15][16]Shanghai
1907Organization (medical school)Tongji Medical College is established.[17]Wuhan
1908Organization (medical school)Kung Yee Medical School and Hospital is established.[18]Guangzhou
1912Organization (medical school)Wenzhou Medical College is established.[19]Wenzhou
1912Organization (medical school)Zhejiang University School of Medicine is established.[20][21][22]Hangzhou
1912Organization (medical school)Peking University Health Science Center is established.[23]Beijing
1912Organization (medical school)Suzhou Medical College is established.[24][25]Suzhou
1917Organization (medical school)Peking Union Medical College is established.[26][27]Beijing
1919Organization (medical school)Shanxi Medical University is established.[28]Shanxi
1921Organization (medical school)Xiamen University is established.[29][30][31]Xiamen
1921Organization (medical school)Medical College of Nanchang University is established.[32][33]Nanchang
1927Organization (medical school)Fudan University Shanghai Medical College is established.[34][35]Shanghai
1928–1930CrisisFamine kills about 3 million people.[36]Henan, Shaanxi, and Gansu
1930-1939DevelopmentThe Rural Reconstruction Movement pioneers village health workers trained in basic health as a part of a coordinated system of rural uplift programs in the areas of health, education, employment etc.[37]
1933Organization (medical school)Kunming Medical University is established.[38]Kunming
1934Organization (medical school)Nanjing Medical University is established.[39][40]Zhenjiang
1935Organization (hospital)Shanghai Mental Health Center is founded.[41]Shanghai
1937Organization (medical school)Fujian Medical University is founded.[42][43]Fuzhou
1937Organization (hospital)Shanghai Children's Hospital is founded.[44][45]Shanghai
1941Organization (medical school)Fourth Military Medical University is established.[46][47]Xi'an
1942–1943CrisisFamine kills 2 to 3 million people.[48]Henan
1945Organization (medical school)Chengde Medical College is founded.[49][50]Hebei
1946Organization (medical school)Changzhi Medical College is established.[51]Changzhi
1946Organization (medical school)Liaoning Medical University is established.[52]Jinzhou
1947Organization (medical school)Chengdu Medical College is established.[53]Chengdu
1947Organization (medical school)Dalian Medical University is founded.[54]Dalian
1949BackgroundInauguration of the People’s Republic of China. At this time the country has 40,000 doctors to care for a population of nearly 540 million. Despite a low urbanization rate, most physicians are concentrated in cities.[55]
After 10 December 1949, the healthcare system of the Republic of China was moved to Taiwan.
1949Organization (hospital)Tianjin First Central Hospital is founded.[56]
1950-1959CampaignPeriod of the Patriotic Health Campaigns.[57]
1951Organization (pharmaceutical company)Guangzhou Pharmaceuticals is founded as a pharmaceutical wholesaling and distribution company.[58]Guangzhou
1951Organization (medical school)Tianjin Medical University is established. It is the first medical institution approved by the State Council of the People's Republic of China.[59][60]Tianjin
1951Organization (medical school)Southwest Medical University is established.[61][62]luzhou
1951Organization (hospital)Women's Hospital, Zhejiang University is founded.[63]
1951Organization (medical school)Weifang Medical University is established.[64]Weifang
1951Organization (medical school)Southern Medical University is established.[65][66]Guangzhou
1951Organization (medical school)Sichuan Medical University is established.[67]Luzhou
1951Organization (medical school)North Sichuan Medical University is established.[68][69]Nanchong
1953Organization (pharmaceutical company)North China Pharmaceutical Group Corp is founded.[70]
1954OrganizationThe Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China is established.[71]
1956Organization (medical school)Xinjiang Medical University is established.[72]Xinjiang
1956Organization (medical school)Beijing University of Chinese Medicine is founded.[73]Beijing
1956Organization (medical school)Chongqing Medical University is founded.[74][75]Chongqing
1956CrisisAn outbreak of the Influenza A virus subtype H2N2 occurs.[76]Guizhou
1957Organization (hospital)Shanghai Chest Hospital is founded.[77]Shanghai
1957ReportThere are over 200,000 village doctors across the nation, enabling farmers to receive basic health care at home and work every day.[78]
1958Organization (medical school)Bengbu Medical College is founded.[79]Bengbu
1958Organization (medical school)Ningxia Medical University is founded.[80][81]Yinchuan
1958Organization (medical school)Wannan Medical College is established.[82]Wuhu
1958CampaignThe Four Pests Campaign is initiated by Mao Zedong, who identifies the need to exterminate mosquitoes, flies, rats, and sparrows.[83]
1958Organization (hospital)Xinhua Hospital is founded.[84][85]Shanghai
1958–1959CampaignThe massive Great Leap Forward campaign is set to rapidly transform China into a modern communist society.[14]
1959–1961CrisisThe Great Chinese Famine leads to from about 15 million excess deaths (government statistics) to 30 million (scholarly estimates)[86] It is widely considered to be the direct consequence of the Great Leap Forward.
1960Organization (medical school)Capital University of Medical Sciences is founded.[87]Beijing
1965Mao Zedong's speech on health care mentions the concept of "barefoot doctor".[37]
1965Organization (medical school)Hubei University of Medicine is established.[88]Shiyan
1967CampaignThe Project 523 is launched with the purpose of finding new drugs for malaria, a disease claiming many lives at the time. More than 500 Chinese scientists recruited. Artemisinin is discovered. Officially terminated in 1981.[89]
1968PolicyThe barefoot doctors (farmers who receive minimal basic medical and paramedical training) program becomes integrated into national policy. In areas lacking medicine or urban-trained doctors, village doctors can go through short-term training – three months, six months, a year – before returning to their villages to farm and practise medicine.[78][90]
1970Organization (medical school)Binzhou Medical College is established.[91]Binzhou
1971Organization (pharmaceutical company)Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group is founded.[92]Taizhou
1976BackgroundMao Zedong dies.[93]
1978BackgroundThe Communist Deng Xiaoping becomes paramount leader of China, giving birth to a new era of reforms.[94]
1979Organization (medical school)Clinical Medicine College of Hangzhou Normal University is founded.[95]Hangzhou
1980PolicyOne-child policy is introduced as a part of the family planning policy.[96]
1980–1989StudyThe China–Cornell–Oxford Project is conducted to examine the diets, lifestyle, and disease characteristics of 6,500 people.[97]65 rural counties
1981OrganizationThe National Family Planning Commission is formed. Dissolved in 2003.[98]
1984ReformThe government starts to implement free-market reforms. Free medical care is abolished.[99]
1985PolicyThe Ministry of Health officially cancels the title of barefoot doctor.[14] Those able to pass qualifying examinations are now termed “rural doctors”, while others are re-categorized as health workers or medical aides.[55]
1985OrganizationChina’s State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine is established.[100]
1989ProjectThe China Health and Nutrition Survey is started.[101]
1989Organization (pharmaceutical company)CSPC Zhongrun is founded as a pharmaceutical manufacturer.[102][103]
1989Organization (medical school)Changsha Medical University is founded.[104]Changsha
1993Organization (pharmaceutical company)Jilin Aodong Medicine is established as a state-owned enterprise that manufactures patent drugs and pharmaceutical packaging products.[105]Dunhua
1994Organization (pharmaceutical company)Tasly is founded. Notably producer of traditional Chinese medicines.[106][107]Tianjin
1995Organization (pharmaceutical company)Tiens Group is founded.[108]Tianjin
1995Organization (Healthcare provider)Shenzhen Goldway Industrial is founded as a manufacturer of medical devices.[109]Shenzhen
1995Organization (pharmaceutical company)China Nepstar is founded as a drugstore chain.[110][111]Shenzhen
1997BackgroundDeng Xiaoping dies.[112]
1998PolicyHealth insurance becomes available for working urban residents through the Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance program, which covers employees in private and state-owned enterprises, government, social organizations, and non-profits.[55]
1998Organization (hospital)Shanghai Children's Medical Center is founded.[113]Shanghai
1999Organization (pharmaceutical company)Haifu is established as a manufacturer of non-invasive ultrasound therapeutic systems for tumors.[114][115]Chongqing
2000Organization (pharmaceutical company)Guizhentang Pharmaceutical company is founded as a company that profits from extracting bile out of Bile bears to make traditional Chinese medicine.[116]Quanzhou
2000Organization (pharmaceutical company)WuXi PharmaTech is founded.[117][118]Shanghai
2000Organization (healthcare provider)Zhuhai Fornia Medical Device Company is founded as a Chinese-American joint venture that manufactures medical devices.[119][120]Zhuhai
2000Organization (pharmaceutical company)Sinovac Biotech is founded as a manufacturer of vaccines against human infectious diseases.[121][122]Beijing
2002PolicyThe system of Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is established by the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine, creating a nationwide infrastructure for disease control and prevention.[14]
2002–2003CrisisThe Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) epidemic outbreaks in China.[123]Guangdong Province
2003Organization (pharmaceutical company)China National Pharmaceutical Group is founded. It is the largest pharmaceutical company in China.[124]Beijing
2003Organization (pharmaceutical company)Nanjing Ange Pharmaceutical is founded as a drug manufacturer.[125]Nanjing
2003OrganizationThe National Population and Family Planning Commission supersedes the National Family Planning Commission. Dissolved in 2013.[126]
2005Organization (hospital)Beijing New Century International Hospital for Children is founded.Beijing
2007OrganizationZhejiang Xinhua Compassion Education Foundation is founded as an NGO to address malnourished children in rural China.[127]
2007ExecutionZheng Xiaoyu, the former head of the State Food and Drug Administration, is executed for corruption.[128]
2008CrisisChinese milk scandal: It involves milk and infant formula along with other food materials and components being adulterated with melamine. An estimated 300,000 victims reported.[129] Six infants die from kidney stones and other kidney damage with an estimated 54,000 babies being hospitalized.[130][131]
2010StudyThe China Family Panel Studies is launched in 2010 by the Institute of Social Science Survey (ISSS) of Peking University.[132]
2011StudyThe China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study is conducted in order to examine health and economic adjustments to rapid ageing of the population in China.[133]
2011ReportMedical and healthcare institutions around the country number 954,000, licensed doctors (assistants) reach 2,466,000, or 1.8 per thousand people, registered nurses total 2,244,000, or 1.7 per thousand people, hospital beds reach 5,160,000, or 3.8 per thousand people.[134]
2012AchievementHealth insurance reaches 95 percent of the Chinese population.[99]
2013OrganizationThe National Health and Family Planning Commission) supersedes the National Population and Family Planning Commission.[135]Beijing
2015PolicyThe Chinese news agency Xinhua announces plans of the government to abolish the one-child policy, now allowing all families to have two children.[136]

See also

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