Timeline of healthcare in Japan
This is a timeline of healthcare in Japan. Major events such as crises, policies and organizations are included, especially those focusing on modern healthcare.
Big picture
| Year/period | Key developments |
|---|---|
| 6th-7th Centuries | Kampō medicine, which is the study of Chinese medicine, is introduced in Japan through Korea. Based on this study, the Japanese create their own unique system of diagnosis and therapy.[1] |
| 1200-1603 | Medicine in Japan becomes more practical. Most of the physicians are Buddhist monks who continue to use the formulas, theories and practices that had been introduced from Tang China. Japanese physicians begin to achieve a more independent view on Chinese medicine.[2] |
| 1603-1868 | Edo period. Rangaku, literally "Dutch learning" is developed in Japan through its contacts with the Dutch colonists as they are the only European foreigners tolerated in Japan. Books and medical sciences are obtained from the Dutch, and then analyzed and translated into Japanese. Great debates occur between the proponents of traditional Chinese medicine and those of the new Western learning.[3] |
| 1853-1922 | Meiji Restoration. Japan opens to Western influence. Several Western hospitals start to be founded. Traditional medicine enters a period of rapid decline.[2] |
| 1922-onward | With a pertaining law, modern health care system develops initially emulating the German system. Health insurance is established as mandatory.[4] |
| 1950-1990 | Japanese economic miracle era. Life expectancy rises rapidly as mortality rates due to communicable diseases plummet, followed by a large reduction in stroke mortality rates.[5] |
| 1990–present | Japan achieves the highest life expectancy of any country in the world. Also, child mortality falls among the lowest levels at a global scale. Actual issues of its healthcare system are the growing senior population that has impact on government spending, and high rates of suicide among the Japanese.[6][7] |
Full timeline
Evolution of life expectancy in Japan for the period 1865-2011.[8]
| Year/period | Type of Event | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 912–995 | Development | Ishinpō, the oldest surviving Japanese medical text is written by Tamba Yasuyori.[9] | |
| 1556 | Development | The first western hospital in Japan is established in Ōita by the Jesuit missionary Luis de Almeida[10] | Ōita |
| 1804 | Development | The first operation performed under general anesthesia by a Japanese physician, Hanaoka Seishu, using a datura.[11] | |
| 1820s | Development | Japanese ranpô medical practitioners translate Dutch medical texts, also integrating their readings with clinical diagnoses.[12] | |
| 1871 | Discovery/infection | The first case of Japanese encephalitis viral disease (JE) is documented in Japan.[13] | |
| 1872 | Organization (public medical school) | Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine is established.[14][15] | Kyoto |
| 1874 | Organization (hospital) | Juzen Hospital is founded into what will later become Yokohama City University Hospital.[16][17] | Yokohama |
| 1889 | Organization (hospital) | Koyama Fukusei Hospital is founded.[18] | Gotemba, Shizuoka |
| 1891 | Organization (hospital) | St. Luke's International Hospital is founded as a medical mission facility by the Episcopal Church in the United States. The hospital is now one of central Tokyo's largest and most comprehensive medical care facilities.[19] | Tokyo |
| 1891 | Organization (private medical school) | Kitasato Shibasaburō (disciple of Robert Koch), founds the first Institute of Infectious Diseases, thus introducing the study of bacteriology in Japan.[20] | Tokyo |
| 1901 | Organization (private medical school) | Iwate Medical University is established.[21][22] | Morioka, Iwate |
| 1905 | Development | National health insurance emerges in Japan as the result of a gradual process when the Kamegafuchi Textile Company starts providing limited benefits for its employees. In the following decades, more and more corporations begin offering benefits through mutual aid societies.[4] | |
| 1909 | Organization (hospital) | Oku-Komyo-En Sanatorium is founded for treating leprosy.[23] | Setouchi, Okayama |
| 1909 | Organization (hospital) | Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium is established as a sanatorium for leprosy patients or ex-leprosy patients.[24] | Koshi, Kumamoto |
| 1913 | Organization (hospital) | Kizawa Memorial Hospital is founded.[25][26] | Gifu |
| 1918 | Organization (hospital) | Tokyo Medical University (TMU) is founded with the then status of Tokyo Isen. TMU is one of the old medical schools of Japan’s Taishō period. The school will not receive university status until 1946.[27] | Tokyo |
| 1922 | Policy | First health insurance law enacted. Inspired by the German system established by Chancellor Bismarck in 1883.[4] | |
| 1927 | Policy | The first Employee Health Insurance plan is created following the implementation of the 1922 law. Aimed at industrial employees and miners, but excluding the self-employed and employees in companies with fewer than five.[4][28] | |
| 1927 | Organization (private medical school) | Osaka Higher School of Medicine is established.[29][30] | Takatsuki, Osaka |
| 1928 | Organization (public medical school) | Tokyo Medical and Dental University is established.[31] | Bunkyō, Tokyo |
| 1928 | Organization (private medical school) | Showa Medical School is established.[32][33] | Tokyo |
| 1930 | Organization (hospital) | Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium is founded for the treatment of leprosy.[34][35] | Setouchi, Okayama |
| 1931 | Organization (hospital) | Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium is founded.[36] | Miyakojima, Okinawa |
| 1932 | Organization (hospital) | Kuryu Rakusen-en Sanatorium is founded. | Kusatsu, Gunma |
| 1933 | Organization (hospital) | Shima Hospital is founded (destroyed during the atomic bomb explosion).[37] | Hiroshima |
| 1938 | Policy | Health insurance is extended to farmers, fishermen, foresters and other groups not covered by the 1922 law.[4] | |
| 1938 | Organization (hospital) | Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium is founded for leprosy patients.[38] | Nago, Okinawa |
| 1943 | Organization (hospital) | Amami Wakoen Sanatorium is founded for treating for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients.[39] | Amami, Kagoshima |
| 1944 | Organization (public medical school) | Fukushima Woman's Medical School is established.[40][41] | Fukushima, Fukushima |
| 1945 | Organization (hospital) | Suruga Sanatorium is founded for treating leprosy.[42][43] | Gotenba, Shizuoka |
| 1945 | Organization (public medical school) | Nara Medical School is founded.[44] | Kashihara, Nara |
| 1947 | Organization (private medical school) | Osaka Women’s Medical College is established. In 1954, it is renamed Kansai Medical University.[45][46] | Moriguchi, Osaka |
| 1948 | Organization (public medical school) | Wakayama Medical University is established.[47][48] | Wakayama, Wakayama |
| 1949 | Program launch | Several volunteer organizations are formed to combat parasitic worms. Biannual school-based mass screening and treatment are implemented.[49] | |
| 1950 | Organization (public medical school) | Sapporo Medical University is founded.[50][51] | Sapporo |
| 1952 | Organization (hospital) | NTT Medical Center Tokyo is founded.[52] | Shinagawa, Tokyo |
| 1955 | Program launch | The Japan Association of Parasite Control (JAPC) is formed, aimed especially at targeting Ascaris lumbricoides infection.[49] | |
| 1957 | Organization (research institute) | National Institute of Radiological Sciences founded.[53][54] | Inage-ku (Chiba) |
| 1958 | Policy | the 1938 law is revised to include the remaining 30 percent of the population not previously covered.[4] | |
| 1961 | Policy/achievement | Japan achieves universal health insurance coverage and almost everyone becomes insured.[4][55] | |
| 1964 | Organization (private medical school) | Fujita Health University is founded. | Toyoake, Aichi |
| 1967 | Policy | The Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approves four Kampō medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program.[56] | |
| 1970 | Organization (private medical school) | Kawasaki Medical School is established.[57][58] | Kurashiki, Japan |
| 1970 | Organization (hospital) | Kanagawa Children's Medical Center founded.[59] | Yokohama |
| 1971 | Organization (private medical school) | St. Marianna University School of Medicine is founded.[60] | Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki |
| 1971 | Organization (private medical school) | Aichi Medical University is founded.[61] | Nagakute, Aichi |
| 1971 | Organization (hospital) | Fujisawa City Hospital founded.[62] | Fujisawa |
| 1972 | Organization (private medical school) | Saitama Medical University is established.[63][64] | Moroyama, Saitama |
| 1972 | Organization (private medical school) | Jichi Medical University is established.[65][66] | Shimotsuke, Tochigi |
| 1972 | Organization (private medical school) | Hyogo College of Medicine is established.[67][68] | Nishinomiya, Hyōgo |
| 1972 | Organization (private medical school) | Kanazawa Medical University is established.[69][70] | Uchinada, Ishikawa |
| 1973 | Organization (public medical school) | Asahikawa Medical University is established. | Asahikawa, Hokkaido |
| 1973 | Organization (public medical school) | National Defense Medical College is founded.[71][72] | Tokorozawa, Saitama |
| 1974 | Organization (public medical school) | Shiga University of Medical Science is founded.[73][74] | Ōtsu, Shiga |
| 1974 | Organization (public medical school) | Hamamatsu University School of Medicine is founded.[75] | Hamamatsu |
| 1973 | Policy | Catastrophic Coverage Act is enacted. Once a patient's monthly copayment reaches a cap, no further copayment is required.[76] | |
| 1976 | Policy | 82 kampo medicines are approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. This number increases to 148 Kampo formulation extracts, 241 crude drugs, and 5 crude drug preparations.[56] | |
| 1978 | Organization (private medical school) | University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan is founded.[77][78] | Kitakyushu City |
| 1983 | Policy | Health and Medical Service Law for the Aged enacted. All elderly persons are covered by government-sponsored insurance.[4][79] | |
| 1986 | Organization (research center-hospital) | Kanagawa Cancer Center is founded.[80] | Kanagawa |
| 2000 | Study | Nationwide study reports that 72% of registered physicians prescribe Kampō medicines.[81] | |
| 2005 | Organization (hospital) | National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center founded.[82] | Gifu |
| 2009 | Report | John Creighton Campbell, professor at the University of Michigan and Tokyo University, tells the New York Times that Japanese people are "the healthiest" group on the planet.[83] | |
| 2009 | Achievement | People in Japan reaches the longest life expectancy at birth of any country in the world at 83 years (male 79.6 years, female 86.4 years).[84] | |
| 2011 | Policy | The Government of Japan begins issuing six-month medical visas to allow visitors that much time to receive medical treatment in Japan. The government also plans to set up a special office that will promote medical tourism.[11] | |
| 2011 | Study | A study of 13 industrialized countries (Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States) released shows Japan spending the least on health care.[11] | |
| 2011 | Organization (hospital) | Nagoya City West Medical Center is founded.[85] | Kita-ku, Nagoya |
| 2011 | Crisis | Medical records at many hospitals along the Tohoku coast are lost in the tsunami.[11] | |
| 2014 | Report | Statistics show for the first time that suicide is the most common cause of death among those aged 10 to 19.[86][87] | |
| 2014 | Achievement | Japan reaches the lowest rate of heart disease in the OECD, and the lowest level of dementia in the developed world.[88] | |
See also
References
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