List of town and city fires

This is a list of major urban conflagrations. Before the 20th century, fires were a major hazard to urban areas and the cause of massive amounts of damage to cities.

Further information: Fire and List of fires
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

For notable fires that involved a single structure, see list of building or structure fires. Other lists record wildfires (including forest fires) and transportation fires, though those that caused significant urban damage also appear on that list.

Antiquity through Middle Ages
  • 587 BC – The destruction of the Temple and city of Jerusalem
  • 146 BC – Carthage was systematically burned down over 17 days by the Romans at the end of the Third Punic War
  • 64 – Great Fire of Rome, Italy
  • 406 – A great fire burns down much of Constantinople.
  • 532 – The Nika riots result in the destruction of much of Constantinople by fire.
  • 847 – Borgo, Italy, the area around Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome, was devastated by fire.
  • 1041 – Fire destroys most of the old city of Bremen, Germany, including the cathedral.
  • 1046 – A fire in Hildesheim, Germany, destroys parts of the city, including the cathedral.
  • 1132 – In June, a huge fire in Hangzhou, China, destroyed 13,000 houses.[1]
  • 1135 – Great Medieval London Fire of 1135. The first of the two Great Medieval Fires of London. This blaze was so severe that it destroyed most of the city between St Paul's and St Clement Danes in Westminster.
  • 1137 – A Great Fire in Hangzhou, China, destroyed 10,000 houses.[1]
  • 1157 – First Fire of Lübeck, Germany, destroys the city.
  • 1204 – Sack of Constantinople (1204). Constantinople was burned three times during the Fourth Crusade.
  • 1212 – the Great Fire of Suthwark London 1212. The second of the two Great Medieval Fires of London. As many as 3,000 people died on the London Bridge while trying to flee the city.
  • 1251 – Second Fire of Lübeck, Germany, triggers the use of stone as a fire-safe building material.
  • 1253 – Great Fire of Utrecht, the Netherlands, lasted for 9 days and destroyed much of the city.
  • 1276 – Third Fire of Lübeck, Germany, results in a comprehensive fire safety system. This was the last major fire in the city before bombing of WW II.
  • 1327 – Fire of Munich, Germany, destroys one-third of the city, 30 deaths.
  • 1405 – Fire of Bern, Switzerland, destroys 600 houses, over 100 deaths.
  • 1421 – First Great Fire of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
  • 1438 – Great Fire of Gouda, the Netherlands, almost destroys the entire city.
  • 1452 – Second Great Fire of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, destroys three-quarters of the city.

16th century

17th century
  • 1615 – Great Fire of Wymondham, Norfolk England, two simultaneous fires destroyed 300 properties.
  • 1624 – Oslo, Norway, destroyed by fire.
  • 1625 – First Great Stockholm Fire, Sweden, burned for three days and destroyed a fifth of the infrastructure.
  • 1652 – Glasgow, Scotland, a third of the city destroyed and over 1,000 families left homeless.[2]
  • 1653 – Great Fire of Marlborough, England, destroyed the Guildhall, St Mary's Church, the County Armoury, and 224 dwellings.
  • 1654 – Delft Thunderclap, an explosion of a gunpowder storage facility killed between 100 and 200 people and destroyed the surrounding area of the city of Delft, the Netherlands.
  • 1656 – Fire of Aachen destroys 4,664 houses, kills 17.
  • 1657 – Great Fire of Meireki destroys two-thirds of the Japanese capital Edo (modern-day Tokyo).[3]
  • 1663 – Great Fire of Nagasaki destroys the port of Nagasaki in Japan.[4]
Great Fire of London, 1666
  • 1666 – Great Fire of London of 1666, which originated in a baker's shop on Pudding Lane and destroyed much of London.
  • 1675 – Great Fire of Northampton, England. The blaze was caused by sparks from an open fire in St. Mary's Street near Northampton castle. In 6 hours it devastated the town centre, destroying about 600 buildings (three-quarters of the town) including All Saints church. 11 people died and about 700 families were made homeless.
  • 1676 – Jamestown, Virginia was burned by Nathaniel Bacon and his followers during Bacon's Rebellion to prevent Governor Berkley from using it as a base.
  • 1677 – Fire of Rostock, Germany, destroys 700 houses and accelerates the city's economic decline at the end of the Hanseatic period.
  • 1678 – Hardegsen. Germany, experienced a fire during the Christmas fair that destroyed most of the town centre. There were no injuries as people were in church.
  • 1684 – Toompea (part of modern Tallinn), a fire destroyed most of the hilltop-town.
  • 1689 – Fire of Skopje of 1689, present-day capital of North Macedonia is burned.
  • 1692 – Two-thirds of Usingen, Germany, is razed, later replaced by a baroque town centre.
  • 1694 – Great Fire of Warwick, England
  • 1696 – St. John's, Newfoundland, and 35 other settlements were burned by French forces under Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville.

18th century
  • 1702 – Uppsala, Sweden, devastated in large part and the cathedral and Uppsala Castle severely damaged.
  • 1702 – Bergen, at the time the largest city in Norway, seven-eighths destroyed during a storm.
  • 1711 – Great Boston Fire of 1711. Destroyed the First Town-House
  • 1726 – Reutlingen, Germany, Free Imperial City, 80% of all residential houses and almost all public buildings destroyed, making 1,200 families homeless.
  • 1728 – Copenhagen Fire of 1728, Denmark, two-fifths of the city burned down during three days. 3,650 families became homeless.
  • 1731 – Blandford Forum, Dorset, England, a large majority of the town was destroyed on 4 June. The aftermath of this fire had an Act of Parliament passed stating that rebuilding work must be in brick and tile.
  • 1731 – Tiverton fire, Devon, England, burned nearly 300 houses.
  • 1734 – Montreal, New France
  • 1752 – Fire destroys 18,000 houses in Moscow, 5–6 May.
  • 1754 – The Great Fire of Hindon swept through the village of Hindon, Wiltshire, burning 144 houses and buildings to the ground.
  • 1759 – The Second Great Stockholm Fire (Swedish: Mariabranden meaning brand = fire) in Södermalm, Stockholm, Sweden, destroyed about 300 buildings.
  • 1760 – Great Boston Fire of 1760, 349 buildings destroyed
  • 1775 – Great Fire of Tartu, Estonia, nearly 200 buildings destroyed
  • 1776 – First Great Fire of New York City of 1776
  • 1776 – Around two-thirds of Varaždin, the capital of Croatia at the time, destroyed in a fire of unknown origin.
  • 1787 – Great Boston Fire of 1787. 100 buildings destroyed in the southern part of Boston.[5]
  • 1788 – First Great New Orleans Fire of 1788, 856 out of 1,100 structures burned.
  • 1788 – Great Fire of Tenmei, Kyoto, Japan, 150 killed, 37,000 houses burned, on March 6.[6]
  • 1794 – Second Great New Orleans Fire of 1794, 212 structures destroyed.
  • 1795 – Copenhagen fire of 1795

19th century

1800s
  • 1805 – Detroit, Michigan, then a wooden frontier settlement, burned except for a river warehouse.

1810s

1820s

1830s

1840s
  • 1842 – Hamburg fire, about a quarter of the inner city destroyed, 51 killed, and an estimated 20,000 homeless.
Views of Pittsburgh the day after the 1845 Great Fire. Detail from William Coventry Wall print, "Great Conflagration at Pittsburgh".

1850s

1860s

1870s
  • 1870 – Fire in Medina, Ohio, started in a wooden building with a barber shop and consumed all but two blocks of the business district, nearly wiping out the entire town.
  • 1871 – Strong winds fed several simultaneous fires in Wisconsin, Michigan and Illinois on October 8–9:
    • 1871 – Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed the downtown on October 8 and died out the following night. About 250 dead.
    • 1871 – Peshtigo Fire of 1871, several towns destroyed in a firestorm that reached Michigan, 1,500–2,500 dead. Deadliest wildfire in American history.
    • 1871 – Great Michigan Fire of 1871 was a series of simultaneous fires, the most prominent of which was the Port Huron Fire, which killed over 200 people in Port Huron, Michigan.
    • 1871 – The Urbana fire destroyed central Urbana, Illinois, on October 9.
  • 1872 – Great Boston Fire of 1872, destroyed 776 buildings and killed at least 20 people.
  • 1874 – Chicago Fire of 1874, July 14, was in some respects very similar to the 1871 fire, but was stopped by a new fire-proof wall. It destroyed 812 structures and killed 20 people.
  • 1875 – Great Whiskey Fire, Dublin, 18 June, killed 13 people, and destroyed a malt house, a bonded warehouse, houses and a tannery in Mill Street and Chamber Street.
  • 1877 – Paris, Texas, the first of three fires that destroyed much of the town.
  • 1877 – Saint John, New Brunswick, fire destroyed 1,600 buildings.
  • 1878 – The Great Fire of Hong Kong [15] destroyed 350 to 400 buildings across more than 10 acres (40,000 m2) of central Hong Kong.
  • 1879 – Hakodate fire, Hakodate, Hokkaidō, Japan, caused 67 fatalities, 20,000 homeless.[16]

1880s
City of St. John's after the Great Fire of 1892

1890s

20th century

1900s

1910s
  • 1911 – Oscoda/AuSable, Michigan
  • 1911 – Great Fire of 1911 in Bangor, Maine, destroyed hundreds of buildings.
  • 1912 – Houston, Texas, 56 city blocks; Houston's largest fire
  • 1912 – Maryland Agricultural College, now the University of Maryland.
  • 1914 – Great Salem Fire of 1914, Massachusetts
  • 1916 – Bergen, Norway. About 300 buildings razed.
  • 1916 – Matheson Fire, Matheson, Ontario
  • 1916 – Paris, Texas Fire of 1916. Largest of 3 historical fires that destroyed most of the central business district and a large residential section.
  • 1917 – The Halifax Explosion, the largest man-made explosion before the atomic bomb, sparked fires throughout Halifax, Nova Scotia.
  • 1917 – Great Atlanta fire of 1917, during which over 300 acres (1.2 km2, 73 blocks) were destroyed.
  • 1917 – Great Thessaloniki Fire of 1917, Thessaloniki, Greece. About 9,500 buildings were destroyed.
  • 1917 – In Gyöngyös, Hungary a fire destroyed a number of buildings, leaving around 8,000 people homeless.

1920s
  • 1921 – Tulsa Race Riot resulted in the destruction of 35 city blocks and 1,256 residences by arson.
  • 1922 - The Fire of Manisa, Manisa, Turkey
  • 1922 – The Great Fire of Smyrna, Izmir, Turkey
  • 1922 – Most of downtown Astoria, Oregon burns
  • 1922 – The Great Fire of 1922 in the Timiskaming District, Ontario, Canada, killed 43 people and burnt down 18 townships.
  • 1923 – 1923 Tokyo fire following the Great Kantō earthquake razed half the city with over 100,000 deaths.[23]
  • 1923 – 1923 Berkeley Fire, California, destroyed at least 640 structures.
  • 1925 – 1925 Decatur St. Fire, Atlanta, Georgia, left 6 firefighters dead, 8 other seriously injured.[24]
  • 1928 – Great Fall River fire of 1928, Massachusetts

1930s
  • 1931 – Napier and Hastings, New Zealand. Fire engulfed much of these twin cities in the aftermath of the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake.
  • 1931 – Downtown fire in Marshfield, Wisconsin, killed 6 on March 28.
  • 1931 – Half of downtown Lillooet, British Columbia, Canada, was destroyed by fire.
  • 1934 – Hakodate, Hokkaido, a household fire began on March 21 and spread to the surrounding areas including a local court, department store, school and hospital. Over two days 2,166 people lost their lives, with 9,485 injured, 145,500 people made homeless, and 11,055 buildings lost.
  • 1938 – 1938 Changsha Fire, 56,000 buildings burned by the Chinese army during the Second Sino-Japanese War to prevent the Japanese from getting resources, 3,000 civilians killed.
  • 1939 – Luftwaffe Bombing of Warsaw on September 1, 1939, at the outbreak of World War II, left an estimated 1,500 killed.[25]
  • 1939 – Great Lagunillas Fire at Ciudad Ojeda, Venezuela, on November 14.

1940s
  • 1940–1945 – Air raids during World War II resulted in many major city fires:
    • 1940 – Bombing of Rotterdam, 14 May, forcing the capitulation of the Dutch government. 800 killed, 24.000 houses destroyed, 80,000 left homeless.
    • 1940 – The Second Great Fire of London, one of the most-destructive air raids of The Blitz. 1,500 were killed.
    • 1942 – German air bombardment of Stalingrad, Soviet Union, resulting in firestorm and 955 fatalities (original Soviet estimate).
    • 1943 – Hamburg, 45,000 killed (largest in an air-raid on Germany)
    • 1943 – Kassel, 10,000 killed
    • 1944 – Braunschweig, 2,600 killed but 30,000 rescued
    • 1944 – Darmstadt, 12,000 killed
    • 1944 – Heilbronn, 6,500 killed
    • 1945 – Dresden, around 30,000 killed in firestorm during one of the most-controversial Allied air-raids.
    • 1945 – Pforzheim, a quarter of the town's population (17,000) killed.
    • 1945 – Hildesheim, 1,500 killed
    • 1945 – Tokyo, causing the largest urban conflagration in history, with over 100,000 killed.
    • 1945 – Würzburg, 5,000 killed
    • 1945 – Kobe, 8,800 killed
    • 1945 – Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 105,000 to 120,000 killed; large fires in each city.
  • 1941 – The great fire of Santander, Spain, destroyed the greater part of the medieval town centre.
  • 1944 – Destruction of Warsaw by the German army and Waffen SS, as a reprisal for the Warsaw Uprising, included the deliberate burning of many buildings.[26]
  • 1946 – Bandung, a city in West Java, Indonesia, was burned on March 24 by Indonesians to prevent the Dutch from retaking the city, an event called "Bandung sea of fire".
  • 1947 – Texas City Disaster, two ships explode, igniting fires throughout the city and chemical works, 460–600 killed.
  • 1948 – Fukui earthquake with fire, 46,000 buildings and houses lost on June 28.
  • 1949 – A fire burned for 18 hours in Chongqing's waterfront and banking district, on September 2, killed 2865 people[27] and left more than 100,000 homeless. 7,000 buildings were destroyed.[28]

1950s

1960s

1970s
  • 1973 – Second Great Chelsea, Massachusetts, fire on October 14 destroyed 18 city blocks.
  • 1974 – Chelsea, Massachusetts, a May 24 fire at the American Barrel Company spread to several other businesses in a two block area.

1980s
  • 1981 – Arson fire in Lynn, Massachusetts levelled downtown factory area under redevelopment.[35]
  • 1982 – Keane fire, Alberta, Canada, consumed more than 500,000 hectares of forest[36]
  • 1982 – Village of Lopez, Sullivan County, Pennsylvania, United States, entire business district, including two hotels and the fire department leveled by a wind-whipped fire. It also sparked a 100 acre forest fire nearby.
  • 1983 – 1983 Buffalo propane explosion in Buffalo, New York kills five firefighters and two others and destroys millions in property.
  • 1983 – Dushore, Pennsylvania A fire destroyed two blocks of the historic business district, eight businesses and four homes. The fire was intentionally set.
  • 1984 – Oil spill set fire to the shantytown of Vila Socó, Cubatão, São Paulo, Brazil, on February 25; official death toll is 93 people although speculation is more than 200.
  • 1985 – MOVE incident in Philadelphia destroyed 65 houses on Osage Avenue and left 250 homeless.
  • 1985 – Annanar forest fire, Portugal, 1,500 km2 destroyed, killing 14.
  • 1986 – Chu Ku Tsai village fire, Hong Kong, left 2,000 homeless on Lunar New Year holiday.[29]
  • 1986 – Aberdeen Typhoon Shelter fire, Aberdeen, Hong Kong, 150 vessels destroyed, 1,700 homeless and 2 injured on December 25.[29]
  • 1988 – Great Lashio Fire, Lashio, Myanmar, killed 134 and destroyed 2,000 buildings.
  • 1988 – A fire in Lisbon, Portugal, destroyed 7 blocks of houses (7,500 m2) on August 25.
  • 1988 – The Perkasie, Pennsylvania, fire destroyed one and a half blocks of its historic downtown.

1990s

21st century

2000s
  • 2001 – Terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Of the initial casualties, approximately 2,600 deaths (including 343 firefighters and 71 law enforcement officers) were caused by fires that followed the crashes of jetliners into the World Trade Center towers in New York. At the Pentagon in Washington, DC, 125 people were killed by the plane crash and subsequent fire.
  • 2002 – Lagos armoury explosion caused fires in Northern Lagos, Nigeria, which killed at least 1,100 people.
  • 2002 – Edinburgh Cowgate fire, Scotland, 150 people fled their homes but there were no injuries.[37]
  • 2002 – Rodeo–Chediski Fire
  • 2003 – Canberra bushfires killed 4 and destroyed over 500 homes
  • 2003 – Cedar Fire, San Diego, second-largest California brush fire that killed 15 and destroyed 2,232 homes.
  • 2007 – Greek forest fires destroyed 2,100 buildings.
  • 2008 – Camden Market Fire, which caused severe damage to one of North London's most famous shopping districts.
  • 2009 – February Black Saturday Bushfires in Victoria, Australia, resulted in 173 deaths

2010s
  • 2010 – Dhaka fire kills 117 people in the Nimtali area of Old Dhaka, Bangladesh.
  • 2011 – Devastating fire in Manila, Philippines,[38] leaves about 8,000 people homeless and 9 injured in a Makati City squatter community.
  • 2012 – Hurricane Sandy caused a six-alarm fire that destroyed 121 homes in Breezy Point, Queens, New York.
  • 2013 – Yarnell Hill Fire burned over 13 square miles, destroyed over 100 homes,[39] and killed 19 firefighters.[40]
  • 2013 – Lac-Mégantic derailment caused an explosion and fire in the town centre that destroyed over 30 buildings and killed 46.[41][42] The event was the deadliest train accident in Canada since 1864.[43]
  • 2013 – Boardwalk fire in Seaside Heights & Seaside Park, New Jersey, US. At least 19 buildings destroyed, 30 businesses lost, no major injuries.[44]
  • 2014 – Valparaíso wildfire devastated several areas of Valparaíso, Chile, destroying 2,500 homes and killing at least 15 people.
  • 2015 – Tianjin Port fire and explosions killed at least 173 people, damaged 300 buildings and over 10,000 vehicles.
  • 2016 – Fort McMurray wildfire in Alberta destroyed approximately 2,400 homes and buildings, and forced a complete evacuation.[45]
  • 2016 – The Gatlinburg Fire began as a wildfire in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, and spread into the town of Gatlinburg, Tennessee, killing 14.
  • 2017- October 2017 Iberian wildfires. A fire started in Galicia, a province with high risk of wildfire and spread dangerously quick thanks to Hurricane Ophelia (2017) through Spain and Portugal.
  • 2017 – In October, 17 separate fires raged across five counties in Northern California, causing extensive damage in Sonoma and Napa Counties. The fires burned 160,000 acres, destroyed 5,700 buildings, and killed 43. The two largest fires were the Tubbs Fire and Atlas Fire. The city of Santa Rosa, California sustained heavy damage, with over 2,800 buildings destroyed.
  • 2018 – Kemerovo fire at the Winter Cherry complex mall in Kemerovo, Russia, killed at least 64 people. The blaze started on the top floor of the four-story complex, and people were seen jumping from windows to escape it.[46][47]
  • 2018 – Camp Fire. California's deadliest and most destructive wildfire left at least 81 people dead and torched more than 152,000 acres. The fire burned through the towns of Paradise and Concow and other populated areas including Magelia, CenterVille and Butte Creek Canyons, and destroyed the historic Honey Run Covered Bridge, one of the last three-tier bridges that stood in the United States.
  • 2018 – Between July 23 and July 25 Greece experienced a national tragedy when a huge fire near Marathon in Attika killed 100 people. The inefficient fire service is said to have been a major factor for the disastrous outcome. The fire broke out in a nearby forest and quickly expanded to the surrounding towns.
  • 2019 – Another Dhaka fire kills 78 people on February 20 in Churihatta, Chawkbazar area of old Dhaka, Bangladesh.

See also

References
  1. Daily Life in China by Jacques Gernet, 34–35
  2. "17 June 1652 - Great Fire of Glasgow". glasgowlife.org.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  3. Blusse, Leonard & Cynthia Vaillé (2005). The Desjima Dagregisters, Volume XII 1650–1660. Leiden
  4. "Cultural Properties", Official site, Nagasaki: Thomeizan Kofukuji, retrieved 23 December 2016
  5. http://www.celebrateboston.com/disasters/great-boston-fire-1787.htm
  6. Screech, Timon (2006). Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822. Routledge. pp. 152–154, 249–250. ISBN 978-0-7007-1720-0.
  7. Caminate Guiada Centro Historico de Ponce: Calle Isabel II. (In Spanish). Retrieved December 4, 2009. Archived March 16, 2010, at WebCite
  8. Verdadera y Auténtica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce.' By Dr. Eduardo Neumann. 1913. (In Spanish) Reprinted by the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (1987)Page 194.
  9. Puerto Rico. Cuerpo de Bomberos. Historia. Datos Historicos. (In Spanish) Archived 2005-12-15 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 14, 2010.
  10. E. Merton Coulter, "The Great Savannah Fire of 1820", Georgia Historical Quarterly 23:1–27
  11. James C. Massey, Exec. Vice Pres., and Shirley Maxwell, Associate, National Preservation Institute (National Building Museum) Washington, D.C. and the Federal Historic Preservation Office, U.S. Department of the Treasury. (Washington, D.C.) January 7, 1988. In National Register of Historic Places Registration Form—U.S. Custom House, Ponce. United States Department of the Interior. National Park Service. (Washington, D.C.) Section 8, Page 3. Listing Reference Number 88000073. February 10, 1988.
  12. Kalbfleisch, John (12 July 2003). "The Great Fire of Montreal". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  13. "Destructive fire in Auckland". Taranaki Herald - archived by PapersPast. 24 July 1858. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
  14. "Population of the four main cities, 1858–1936". Te Ara - The Encyclopedia of New Zealand - teara.govt.nz. Retrieved 28 September 2018.
  15. Adam Nebbs (2010-09-20). "The Great Fire of Hong Kong". Open Library. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  16. Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. (1879). "Commercial Reports by Her Majesty's Consuls in Japan", Parliamentary papers, Volume 91, pp. 2–5.
  17. Eli D. Oquendo Rodriguez. De criadero a partido: Ojeada a la Historia de los Origenes de Ponce, 1645-1810. Lajas, Puerto Rico: Editorial Akelarre. 2015. page 43.
  18. Dato' Haji Muhammad Saleh bin Haji Awang (Misbaha) (1983). Sejarah Darul Iman hingga 1337H = 1918M. Kuala Lumpur: Utusan Publications & Distributors Sdn. Bhd. pp. 218–219. ISBN 9789676100115. OCLC 23565321.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
  19. Great Spokane Fire of 1889
  20. "Great Lynn Fire of 1889". Celebrateboston.com. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  21. "25 de Enero Fire. Noticias Online. Ponce conmemora 110 años de los héroes del Polvorín, (In Spanish). By Jose Fernandez Colon. Published January 24, 2009. Retrieved November 19, 2009". Noticiasonline.com. 2009-01-24. Archived from the original on February 2, 2015. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  22. "Great 1902 Confligration". www.patersonfirehistory.com. Retrieved 1 November 2015.
  23. James, Charles D. (2002). "The 1923 Tokyo Earthquake and Fire" (PDF). Nisee.berkeley.edu. pp. 2–3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-03-16.
  24. "Item Display". usg.edu. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
  25. Special Correspondent (3 September 1939). "World War 2: 1,500 reported dead as German war planes drop bombs in Poland". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 September 2016.
  26. Editors. "Warsaw Uprising". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 30 September 2016.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
  27. Death Toll in Chungking Fire Is Put at 2,865, Chicago Daily Tribune (October 3, 1949)
  28. New blows suffered by Chiang regime, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (September 5, 1949)
  29. Fung, May; So, Sanna (1997-01-26). "Black days in HK's history". The Standard. Hong Kong. Archived from the original on 2014-03-26. Retrieved 2011-11-03.
  30. ja:岩内大火 (Japanese language edition) Retrieved date on 19 November 2019.
  31. Salvini, Emil R. (June 30, 2009). "The Freeman Pier Fire- 1955– Seaside". Tales of the New Jersey Shore and its Environs.
  32. "Seaside begins rebuilding as fire ashes cool". The Star-Ledger. Seaside Heights. 1955.
  33. "Fire Loss High, Insurance Low; Concessions Listed". Seaside Heights. 1955.
  34. "California Wildfires – 1961 Bel Air-Brentwood fire – Bel Air Brush Wildfire – Stone Canyon, Roscomare Rd". Cccarto.com. 1961-11-06. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  36. Tymstra, The Chinchaga Firestorm (1950), p. 63-4
  37. Seenan, Gerard (8 December 2002). "Fire devastates Edinburgh's Old Town". The Guardian. Retrieved 4 December 2016.
  38. Tina Santos (19 April 2011). "Makati fire displaces 2,500 families". Philippine Daily Inquirer.
  39. Lee, Amanda (2013-07-05). "Yarnell Hill Fire cut off Hotshots' access to safety zone | azfamily.com Phoenix". Azfamily.com. Archived from the original on 2013-07-08. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  40. "The Basics". www.YarnellFallenFireFighters.com. Retrieved 2013-09-16.
  41. "Montreal, Maine & Atlantic Railway Derailment in Lac-Mégantic, Quebec" (PDF). mmarail.com. 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  42. "Search resumes in Lac-Mégantic for 5 still missing". cbc.ca/. 2013-07-21. Retrieved 2013-10-23.
  43. "Canada train derailment: Death toll at 50; Lac-Megantic residents jeer rail CEO". Associated Press. 2013-07-11. Retrieved 2013-07-11.
  44. Double Down (September 12, 2013). "Seaside Businesses Impacted by the Boardwalk Fire". WKXW, New Jersey 101.5 FM Radio.
  45. "Fort McMurray fire largely contained thanks to rain, firefighters' efforts". www.cbc.ca. Retrieved 2016-06-13.
  46. "Russia fire: Children killed in Kemerovo shopping centre blaze". BBC News. 25 March 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  47. "Fire tragedy at Kemerovo shopping mall leaves at least 64 dead". TASS. 26 March 2018.
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