List of state leaders in 2012
Africa
- President – Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria (1999–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria (2008–2012)
- Abdelmalek Sellal, Prime Minister of Algeria (2012–2014)
- President – José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–present)
- President – Thomas Boni Yayi, President of Benin (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – Pascal Koupaki, Prime Minister of Benin (2011–2013)
- President – Ian Khama, President of Botswana (2008–2018)
- President – Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
- Prime Minister – Luc-Adolphe Tiao, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (2011–2014)
- President – Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi (2005–2020)
- President – Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
- Prime Minister – Philémon Yang, Prime Minister of Cameroon (2009–2019)
- President – Jorge Carlos Fonseca, President of Cape Verde (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – José Maria Neves, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (2001–2016)
- President – François Bozizé, President of the Central African Republic (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2008–2013)
- President – Idriss Déby, President of Chad (1990–present)
- Prime Minister – Emmanuel Nadingar, Prime Minister of Chad (2010–2013)
- President – Ikililou Dhoinine, President of the Comoros (2011–2016)
- President – Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo (1997–present)
- President – Joseph Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Dileita Mohamed Dileita, Prime Minister of Djibouti (2001–2013)
- Head of State –
- Mohamed Hussein Tantawi, Chairman of the Armed Forces Supreme Council of Egypt (2011–2012)
- Mohamed Morsi, President of Egypt (2012–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Kamal Ganzouri, Prime Minister of Egypt (2011–2012)
- Hesham Qandil, Prime Minister of Egypt (2012–2013)
- Head of State –
- President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Ignacio Milam Tang, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2008–2012)
- Vicente Ehate Tomi, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2012–2016)
- President – Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea (1991–present) [lower-alpha 1]
- President – Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (2001–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995–2012)
- Hailemariam Desalegn, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (2012–2018)
- President – Ali Bongo Ondimba, President of Gabon (2009–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Paul Biyoghé Mba, Prime Minister of Gabon (2009–2012)
- Raymond Ndong Sima, Prime Minister of Gabon (2012–2014)
- President – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia (1994–2017)
- President –
- John Atta Mills, President of Ghana (2009–2012)
- John Dramani Mahama, President of Ghana (2012–2017)
- President –
- President – Alpha Condé, President of Guinea (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – Mohamed Said Fofana, Prime Minister of Guinea (2010–2015)
- Head of State –
- Malam Bacai Sanhá, President of Guinea-Bissau (2009–2012)
- Raimundo Pereira, Acting President of Guinea-Bissau (2012)
- Mamadu Ture Kuruma, Chairman of the Military Command of Guinea-Bissau (2012)
- Manuel Serifo Nhamadjo, Acting President of Guinea-Bissau (2012–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Carlos Gomes Júnior, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2009–2012)
- Adiato Djaló Nandigna, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2012)
- Rui Duarte de Barros, Acting Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2012–2014)
- Head of State –
- President – Alassane Ouattara, President of the Ivory Coast (2010–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Guillaume Soro, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2007–2012)
- Jeannot Ahoussou-Kouadio, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2012)
- Daniel Kablan Duncan, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2012–2017)
- President – Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–2013)
- Prime Minister – Raila Odinga, Prime Minister of Kenya (2008–2013)
- Monarch – Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1996–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho (1998–2012)
- Tom Thabane, Prime Minister of Lesotho (2012–2015)
- President – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–2018)
- the Libyan National Transitional Council dissolved on 8 August
- Head of State –
- Mustafa Abdul Jalil, Chairman of the National Transitional Council of Libya (2011–2012)
- Mohammed Ali Salim, Acting Chairman of the General National Congress of Libya (2012)
- Mohammed Magariaf, Chairman of the General National Congress of Libya (2012–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Abdurrahim El-Keib, Acting Prime Minister of Libya (2011–2012)
- Ali Zeidan, Prime Minister of Libya (2012–2014)
- Head of State – Andry Rajoelina, President of the High Transitional Authority of Madagascar (2009–2014)
- Prime Minister – Omer Beriziky, Prime Minister of Madagascar (2011–2014)
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- President –
- Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi (2004–2012)
- Joyce Banda, President of Malawi (2012–2014)
- President –
- Head of State –
- Amadou Toumani Touré, President of Mali (2002–2012)
- Amadou Sanogo, Chairman of the National Committee for the Restoration of Democracy and State of Mali (2012)
- Dioncounda Traoré, Acting President of Mali (2012–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Cissé Mariam Kaïdama Sidibé, Prime Minister of Mali (2011–2012)
- Cheick Modibo Diarra, Acting Prime Minister of Mali (2012)
- Django Sissoko, Acting Prime Minister of Mali (2012–2013)
- declared independence on 6 April; extinguished on 12 July
- Head of State –
- Mahmoud Ag Aghaly, President of the Executive Committee of Azawad (2012)
- Bilal Ag Acherif, Chairman of the Interim Council of Azawad (2012)
- Mahamadou Djeri Maïga, Acting Chairman of the Interim Council of Azawad [lower-alpha 2] (2012)
- Head of State –
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- President – Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, President of Mauritania (2009–2019)
- Prime Minister – Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2008–2014)
- President –
- Sir Anerood Jugnauth, President of Mauritius (2003–2012)
- Monique Ohsan Bellepeau, Acting President of Mauritius (2012)
- Kailash Purryag, President of Mauritius (2012–2015)
- Prime Minister – Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2005–2014)
- President –
- Monarch – Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Abdelilah Benkirane, Head of Government of Morocco (2011–2017)
- President – Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–2016)
- Prime Minister – Abdelkader Taleb Omar, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (2003–2018)
- President – Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Aires Ali, Prime Minister of Mozambique (2010–2012)
- Alberto Vaquina, Prime Minister of Mozambique (2012–2015)
- President – Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of Namibia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia (2005–2012)
- Hage Geingob, Prime Minister of Namibia (2012–2015)
- President – Mahamadou Issoufou, President of Niger (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Brigi Rafini, Prime Minister of Niger (2011–present)
- President – Goodluck Jonathan, President of Nigeria (2010–2015)
- President – Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Pierre Habumuremyi, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2011–2014)
- Governor – Mark Andrew Capes, Governor of Saint Helena (2011–2016)
- President – Manuel Pinto da Costa, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister –
- Patrice Trovoada, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2010–2012)
- Gabriel Costa, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2012–2014)
- President –
- Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–2012)
- Macky Sall, President of Senegal (2012–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye, Prime Minister of Senegal (2009–2012)
- Abdoul Mbaye, Prime Minister of Senegal (2012–2013)
- President –
- President – James Michel, President of Seychelles (2004–2016)
- President – Ernest Bai Koroma, President of Sierra Leone (2007–2018)
- the Somali Transitional Federal Government dissolved on 20 August
- President –
- Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, President of Somalia (2009–2012)
- Muse Hassan Sheikh Sayid Abdulle, Acting President of Somalia (2012)
- Mohamed Osman Jawari, Acting President of Somalia (2012)
- Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, President of Somalia (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, Prime Minister of Somalia (2011–2012)
- Abdi Farah Shirdon, Prime Minister of Somalia (2012–2013)
- President – Ahmed Mohamed Mohamoud, President of Somaliland (2010–2017)
- President – Abdirahman Farole, President of Puntland (2009–2014)
- President – Jacob Zuma, President of South Africa (2009–2018)
- President – Salva Kiir Mayardit, President of South Sudan (2005–present) [lower-alpha 3]
- President – Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–2019)
- Monarch – Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
- Prime Minister – Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (2008–2018)
- President – Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Mizengo Pinda, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2008–2015)
- President – Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo (2005–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Gilbert Houngbo, Prime Minister of Togo (2008–2012)
- Kwesi Ahoomey-Zunu, Prime Minister of Togo (2012–2015)
- President – Moncef Marzouki, President of Tunisia (2011–2014)
- Prime Minister – Hamadi Jebali, Prime Minister of Tunisia (2011–2013)
- President – Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister – Amama Mbabazi, Prime Minister of Uganda (2011–2014)
- President – Michael Sata, President of Zambia (2011–2014)
- President – Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)
- Prime Minister – Morgan Tsvangirai, Prime Minister of Zimbabwe (2009–2013)
Asia
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- President – Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan (2001–2014)
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Prince Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present) [lower-alpha 4]
- President – Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh (2009–2013)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Hasina, Prime Minister of Bangladesh (2009–present)
- Monarch – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (2006–present)
- Prime Minister – Jigme Thinley, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2008–2013)
- Monarch – Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present) [lower-alpha 5]
- Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Monarch – Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–present) [lower-alpha 6]
- Communist Party Leader –
- Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (2002–2012)
- Xi Jinping, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (2012–present)
- President – Hu Jintao, President of China (2003–2013)
- Premier – Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council of China (2003–2013)
- Communist Party Leader –
- President –
- José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor (2007–2012)
- Taur Matan Ruak, President of East Timor (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão, Prime Minister of East Timor (2007–2015)
- President –
- President –
- Pratibha Patil, President of India (2007–2012)
- Pranab Mukherjee, President of India (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister – Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India (2004–2014)
- President –
- President – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia (2004–2014)
- Supreme Leader – Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
- President – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran (2005–2013)
- President – Jalal Talabani, President of Iraq (2005–2014) [lower-alpha 7]
- Prime Minister – Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq (2006–2014)
- President – Shimon Peres, President of Israel (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister of Israel (2009–present)
- Monarch – Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Yoshihiko Noda, Prime Minister of Japan (2011–2012)
- Shinzō Abe, Prime Minister of Japan (2012–present)
- Monarch – Abdullah II, King of Jordan (1999–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Awn Al-Khasawneh, Prime Minister of Jordan (2011–2012)
- Fayez Tarawneh, Prime Minister of Jordan (2012)
- Abdullah Ensour, Prime Minister of Jordan (2012–2016)
- President – Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–2019) [lower-alpha 8]
- Prime Minister –
- Karim Massimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2007–2012)
- Serik Akhmetov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2012–2014)
- Communist Party Leader – Kim Jong-un, First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (2012–present)
- De facto Head of State – Kim Jong-un, First Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea [lower-alpha 9] (2011–present)
- De jure Head of State – Kim Yong-nam, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea (1998–2019)
- Premier – Choe Yong-rim, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (2010–2013)
- President – Lee Myung-bak, President of South Korea (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister – Kim Hwang-sik, Prime Minister of South Korea (2010–2013)
- Monarch – Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (2006–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Jaber Al-Mubarak Al-Hamad Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (2011–2019)
- President – Almazbek Atambayev, President of Kyrgyzstan (2011–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Omurbek Babanov, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2011–2012)
- Aaly Karashev, Acting Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2012)
- Zhantoro Satybaldiyev, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2012–2014)
- Communist Party Leader – Choummaly Sayasone, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006–2016)
- President – Choummaly Sayasone, President of Laos (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – Thongsing Thammavong, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (2010–2016)
- President – Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister – Najib Mikati, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (2011–2014)
- Monarch – Tuanku Abdul Halim, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister – Najib Razak, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2009–2018)
- President –
- Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Maldives (2008–2012)
- Mohammed Waheed Hassan, President of the Maldives (2012–2013)
- President –
- President – Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President of Mongolia (2009–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Sükhbaataryn Batbold, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2009–2012)
- Norovyn Altankhuyag, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2012–2014)
- President – Thein Sein, President of Myanmar (2011–2016)
- President – Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal (2008–2015)
- Prime Minister – Baburam Bhattarai, Prime Minister of Nepal (2011–2013)
- Monarch – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–present)
- Prime Minister – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–present)
- President – Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2008–2012)
- Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2012–2013)
- President – Mahmoud Abbas, President of Palestine (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Salam Fayyad, Prime Minister of Palestine (2007–2013)
- President – Aziz Duwaik, Acting President of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) (2009–2014)
- Prime Minister – Ismail Haniyeh, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) (2007–2014)
- President – Benigno Aquino, President of the Philippines (2010–2016)
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–2013)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (2007–2013)
- Monarch – Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Abdullah, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- President – Tony Tan, President of Singapore (2011–2017)
- Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
- President – Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – D. M. Jayaratne, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2010–2015)
- President – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria (2000–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Adel Safar, Prime Minister of Syria (2011–2012)
- Riyad Farid Hijab, Prime Minister of Syria (2012)
- Omar Ibrahim Ghalawanji, Acting Prime Minister of Syria (2012)
- Wael Nader al-Halqi, Prime Minister of Syria (2012–2016)
- President – Moaz al-Khatib, President of the Syrian National Coalition (2012–2013)
- President – Ma Ying-jeou, President of Taiwan (2008–2016)
- Premier –
- Wu Den-yih, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2009–2012)
- Sean Chen, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2012–2013)
- President – Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
- Prime Minister – Oqil Oqilov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1999–2013)
- Monarch – Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
- Prime Minister – Yingluck Shinawatra, Prime Minister of Thailand (2011–2014)
- President – Abdullah Gül, President of Turkey (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey (2003–2014)
- President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, President of Turkmenistan (2006–present)
- President – Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (2006–present)
- President – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1990–2016) [lower-alpha 10]
- Prime Minister – Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–2016)
- Communist Party Leader – Nguyễn Phú Trọng, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2011–present)
- President – Trương Tấn Sang, President of Vietnam (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister – Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (2006–2016)
- President –
- Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1978–2012) [lower-alpha 11]
- Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, President of Yemen (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Mohammed Basindawa, Prime Minister of Yemen (2011–2014)
- President –
Europe
- President –
- Bamir Topi, President of Albania (2007–2012)
- Bujar Nishani, President of Albania (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister – Sali Berisha, Prime Minister of Albania (2005–2013)
- President –
- Monarchs –
- French Co-Prince –
- Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
- François Hollande, French Co-prince of Andorra (2012–2017)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- Christian Frémont (2008–2012)
- Sylvie Hubac (2012–2015)
- Episcopal Co-Prince – Archbishop Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Episcopal Co-prince of Andorra (2003–present)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- Nemesi Marqués Oste (1993–2012)
- Josep Maria Mauri (2012–present)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- French Co-Prince –
- Prime Minister – Antoni Martí, Head of Government of Andorra (2011–2015)
- Monarchs –
- President – Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister – Tigran Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2008–2014)
- President – Heinz Fischer, Federal President of Austria (2004–2016)
- Chancellor – Werner Faymann, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2008–2016)
- President – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
- Prime Minister – Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (2003–2018)
- President – Bako Sahakyan, President of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–2020)
- Prime Minister – Arayik Harutyunyan, Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–2017)
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- President – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
- Prime Minister – Mikhail Myasnikovich, Prime Minister of Belarus (2010–2014)
- Monarch – Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993–2013)
- Prime Minister – Elio Di Rupo, Prime Minister of Belgium (2011–2014)
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Serb Member – Nebojša Radmanović (2006–2014; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2012–2013)
- Croat Member – Željko Komšić (2006–2014; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2011–2012)
- Bosniak Member – Bakir Izetbegović (2010–2018; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2012)
- Prime Minister –
- High Representative – Valentin Inzko, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2009–present)
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- President –
- Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria (2002–2012)
- Rosen Plevneliev, President of Bulgaria (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister – Boyko Borisov, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (2009–2013)
- President –
- President – Ivo Josipović, President of Croatia (2010–2015)
- Prime Minister – Zoran Milanović, Prime Minister of Croatia (2011–2016)
- President – Demetris Christofias, President of Cyprus (2008–2013)
- President – Derviş Eroğlu, President of Northern Cyprus (2010–2015)
- Prime Minister – İrsen Küçük, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2010–2013)
- President – Václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Petr Nečas, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2010–2013)
- Monarch – Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister – Helle Thorning-Schmidt, Prime Minister of Denmark (2011–2015)
- President – Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – Andrus Ansip, Prime Minister of Estonia (2005–2014)
- President –
- Tarja Halonen, President of Finland (2000–2012)
- Sauli Niinistö, President of Finland (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Jyrki Katainen, Prime Minister of Finland (2011–2014)
- President –
- President –
- Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (2007–2012)
- François Hollande, President of France (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- François Fillon, Prime Minister of France (2007–2012)
- Jean-Marc Ayrault, Prime Minister of France (2012–2014)
- President –
- President – Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Nika Gilauri, Prime Minister of Georgia (2009–2012)
- Vano Merabishvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (2012)
- Bidzina Ivanishvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (2012–2013)
- President – Alexander Ankvab, President of Abkhazia (2011–2014)
- Prime Minister – Leonid Lakerbaia, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2011–2014)
- President –
- Vadim Brovtsev, Acting President of South Ossetia (2011–2012)
- Leonid Tibilov, President of South Ossetia (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Vadim Brovtsev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2009–2012)
- Rostislav Khugayev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2012–2014)
- President –
- President –
- Christian Wulff, Federal President of Germany (2010–2012)
- Horst Seehofer, Acting Federal President of Germany (2012)
- Joachim Gauck, Federal President of Germany (2012–2017)
- Chancellor – Angela Merkel, Federal Chancellor of Germany (2005–present)
- President –
- President – Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Lucas Papademos, Prime Minister of Greece (2011–2012)
- Panagiotis Pikrammenos, Prime Minister of Greece (2012)
- Antonis Samaras, Prime Minister of Greece (2012–2015)
- Alexis Tsipras, Prime Minister of Greece (since 2015)
- President –
- Pál Schmitt, President of Hungary (2010–2012)
- László Kövér, Acting President of Hungary (2012)
- János Áder, President of Hungary (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary (2010–present)
- President –
- President – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996–2016)
- Prime Minister – Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Prime Minister of Iceland (2009–2013)
- President – Michael D. Higgins, President of Ireland (2011–present)
- Prime Minister – Enda Kenny, Taoiseach of Ireland (2011–2017)
- President – Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy (2006–2015)
- Prime Minister – Mario Monti, President of the Council of Ministers of Italy (2011–2013)
- President – Andris Bērziņš, President of Latvia (2011–2015)
- Prime Minister – Valdis Dombrovskis, Prime Minister of Latvia (2009–2014)
- Monarch – Hans-Adam II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
- Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois, Regent of Liechtenstein (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Klaus Tschütscher, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (2009–2013)
- President – Dalia Grybauskaitė, President of Lithuania (2009–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Andrius Kubilius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2008–2012)
- Algirdas Butkevičius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2012–2016)
- Monarch – Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1995–2013)
- President – Gjorge Ivanov, President of Macedonia (2009–2019)
- Prime Minister – Nikola Gruevski, President of the Government of Macedonia (2006–2016)
- President – George Abela, President of Malta (2009–2014)
- Prime Minister – Lawrence Gonzi, Prime Minister of Malta (2004–2013)
- President –
- Marian Lupu, Acting President of Moldova (2010–2012)
- Nicolae Timofti, President of Moldova (2012–2016)
- Prime Minister – Vlad Filat, Prime Minister of Moldova (2009–2013)
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- President – Yevgeny Shevchuk, President of Transnistria (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister – Pyotr Stepanov, Prime Minister of Transnistria (2012–2013)
- President –
- Monarch – Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Michel Roger, Minister of State of Monaco (2010–2015)
- President – Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro (2003–2018) [lower-alpha 12]
- Prime Minister –
- Igor Lukšić, Prime Minister of Montenegro (2010–2012)
- Milo Đukanović, Prime Minister of Montenegro (2012–2016)
- Monarch – Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
- Prime Minister – Mark Rutte, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2010–present)
- see § North America
- see § North America
- see § North America
- Monarch – Harald V, King of Norway (1991–present)
- Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2005–2013)
- President – Bronisław Komorowski, President of Poland (2010–2015)
- Prime Minister – Donald Tusk, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (2007–2014)
- President – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – Pedro Passos Coelho, Prime Minister of Portugal (2011–2015)
- President –
- Traian Băsescu, President of Romania (2004–2014)
- Crin Antonescu, Acting President of Romania [lower-alpha 13] (2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Emil Boc, Prime Minister of Romania (2008–2012)
- Cătălin Predoiu, Acting Prime Minister of Romania (2012)
- Mihai Răzvan Ungureanu, Prime Minister of Romania (2012)
- Victor Ponta, Prime Minister of Romania (2012–2015)
- President –
- President –
- Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia (2008–2012)
- Vladimir Putin, President of Russia (2012–present)
- Prime Minister –
- President –
- Captains-Regent –
- Gabriele Gatti and Matteo Fiorini, Captains Regent of San Marino (2011–2012)
- Maurizio Rattini and Italo Righi, Captains Regent of San Marino (2012)
- Teodoro Lonfernini and Denise Bronzetti, Captains Regent of San Marino (2012–2013)
- Captains-Regent –
- President –
- Boris Tadić, President of Serbia (2004–2012) [lower-alpha 14]
- Slavica Đukić Dejanović, Acting President of Serbia (2012)
- Tomislav Nikolić, President of Serbia (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Mirko Cvetković, President of the Government of Serbia (2008–2012)
- Ivica Dačić, President of the Government of Serbia (2012–2014)
- President – Atifete Jahjaga, President of Kosovo (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister – Hashim Thaçi, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2008–2014)
- UN Special Representative – Farid Zarif, Special Representative of the UN Secretary-General for Kosovo (2011–2015)
- President –
- President – Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia (2004–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Iveta Radičová, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2010–2012)
- Robert Fico, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2012–2018)
- President –
- Danilo Türk, President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
- Borut Pahor, President of Slovenia (2012–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Borut Pahor, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2008–2012)
- Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2012–2013)
- President –
- Monarch – Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
- Prime Minister – Mariano Rajoy, President of the Government of Spain (2011–2018)
- Monarch – Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
- Prime Minister – Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–2014)
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [lower-alpha 15]
- Members – Doris Leuthard (2006–present), Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008–2015; President of Switzerland, 2012), Ueli Maurer (2009–present), Didier Burkhalter (2009–present), Johann Schneider-Ammann (2010–present), Simonetta Sommaruga (2010–present), and Alain Berset (2012–present)
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [lower-alpha 15]
- President – Viktor Yanukovych, President of Ukraine (2010–2014)
- Prime Minister – Mykola Azarov, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2010–2014)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
- Prime Minister – David Cameron, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2010–2016)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Adam Wood, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (2011–2016)
- Chief Minister – Allan Bell, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (2011–2016)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Peter Walker, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (2011–2015)
- Chief Minister –
- Lyndon Trott, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2008–2012)
- Peter Harwood, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2012–2014)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir John McColl, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (2011–2016)
- Chief Minister – Ian Gorst, Chief Minister of Jersey (2011–2018)
- Governor – Sir Adrian Johns, Governor of Gibraltar (2009–2013)
- Chief Minister – Fabian Picardo, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (2011–present)
- Monarch – Pope Benedict XVI, Sovereign of Vatican City (2005–2013)
- Head of Government – Cardinal Giuseppe Bertello, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (2011–present)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
- Secretary of State – Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State (2006–2013)
North America
- Governor – Alistair Harrison, Governor of Anguilla (2009–2013)
- Chief Minister – Hubert Hughes, Chief Minister of Anguilla (2010–2015)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-General – Dame Louise Lake-Tack, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2004–2014)
- Governor – Fredis Refunjol, Governor of Aruba (2004–2016)
- Prime Minister – Mike Eman, Prime Minister of Aruba (2009–present)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Arthur Foulkes, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2010–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2007–2012)
- Perry Christie, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2012–2017)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General –
- Elliott Belgrave, Acting Governor-General of Barbados (2011–2012)
- Sandra Mason, Acting Governor-General of Barbados (2012)
- Sir Elliott Belgrave, Governor-General of Barbados (2012–2017)
- Prime Minister – Freundel Stuart, Prime Minister of Barbados (2010–2018)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–present)
- Prime Minister – Dean Barrow, Prime Minister of Belize (2008–present)
- Governor –
- Richard Gozney, Governor of Bermuda (2007–2012)
- David B. Arkley, Acting Governor of Bermuda (2012)
- George Fergusson, Governor of Bermuda (2012–2016)
- Premier –
- Paula Cox, Premier of Bermuda (2010–2012)
- Craig Cannonier, Premier of Bermuda (2012–2014)
- Governor –
- Governor – William Boyd McCleary, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (2010–2014)
- Premier – Orlando Smith, Premier of the British Virgin Islands (2011–2019)
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- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
- Governor-General – David Johnston, Governor General of Canada (2010–2017)
- Prime Minister – Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015)
- Governor – Duncan Taylor, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2010–2013)
- Premier –
- McKeeva Bush, Premier of the Cayman Islands (2009–2012)
- Julianna O'Connor-Connolly, Premier of the Cayman Islands (2012–2013)
- President – Laura Chinchilla, President of Costa Rica (2010–2014)
- Communist Party Leader – Raúl Castro, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Cuba (2011–present)
- President – Raúl Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister – Raúl Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2008–2018)
- Governor –
- Frits Goedgedrag, Governor of Curaçao (2010–2012)
- Adèle van der Pluijm-Vrede, Acting Governor of Curaçao (2012–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Gerrit Schotte, Prime Minister of Curaçao (2010–2012)
- Stanley Betrian, Acting Prime Minister of Curaçao (2012)
- Daniel Hodge, Prime Minister of Curaçao (2012–2013)
- Governor –
- President –
- Nicholas Liverpool, President of Dominica (2003–2012)
- Eliud Williams, President of Dominica (2012–2013)
- Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime Minister of Dominica (2004–present)
- President –
- President –
- Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (2004–2012)
- Danilo Medina, President of the Dominican Republic (2012–present)
- President –
- President – Mauricio Funes, President of El Salvador (2009–2014)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Carlyle Glean, Governor-General of Grenada (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister – Tillman Thomas, Prime Minister of Grenada (2008–2013)
- President –
- Álvaro Colom, President of Guatemala (2008–2012)
- Otto Pérez Molina, President of Guatemala (2012–2015)
- President –
- President – Michel Martelly, President of Haiti (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister –
- Garry Conille, Prime Minister of Haiti (2011–2012)
- Laurent Lamothe, Prime Minister of Haiti (2012–2014)
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- President – Porfirio Lobo Sosa, President of Honduras (2010–2014)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Patrick Allen, Governor-General of Jamaica (2009–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Andrew Holness, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2011–2012)
- Portia Simpson-Miller, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2012–2016)
- President –
- Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–2012)
- Enrique Peña Nieto, President of Mexico (2012–2018)
- President –
- Governor – Adrian Davis, Governor of Montserrat (2011–2015)
- Premier – Reuben Meade, Premier of Montserrat (2009–2014)
- President – Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (2007–present)
- President – Ricardo Martinelli, President of Panama (2009–2014)
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- Prefect – Philippe Chopin, Prefect of Saint Barthélemy (2011–2015)
- Head of Government – Bruno Magras, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy (2007–present)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–2013)
- Prime Minister – Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1995–2015)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
- Governor-General – Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–2017)
- Prime Minister – Kenny Anthony, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (2011–2016)
- Prefect – Philippe Chopin, Prefect of Saint Martin (2011–2015)
- Head of Government –
- Frantz Gumbs, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2009–2012)
- Alain Richardson, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2012–2013)
- Prefect – Patrice Latron, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2011–2014)
- Head of Government – Stéphane Artano, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2006–2018)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–2019)
- Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2001–present)
- Governor – Eugene Holiday, Governor of Sint Maarten (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – Sarah Wescot-Williams, Prime Minister of Sint Maarten (2010–2014)
- President – George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Kamla Persad-Bissessar, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2010–2015)
- Governor – Ric Todd, Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2011–2013)
- Premier – Rufus Ewing, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2012–2016)
- President – Barack Obama, President of the United States (2009–2017)
- Governor – Luis Fortuño, Governor of Puerto Rico (2009–2013)
- Governor – John de Jongh, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (2007–2015)
Oceania
- Governor – Togiola Tulafono, Governor of American Samoa (2003–2013)
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- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
- Governor-General – Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister – Julia Gillard, Prime Minister of Australia (2010–2013)
- Administrator –
- Brian Lacy, Administrator of Christmas Island (2009–2012)
- Jon Stanhope, Administrator of Christmas Island (2012–2014)
- Shire-President – Foo Kee Heng, Shire president of Christmas Island (2011–2013)
- Administrator –
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- Administrator –
- Brian Lacy, Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2009–2012)
- Jon Stanhope, Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2012–2014)
- Shire-President – Aindil Minkom, Shire president of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2011–2015)
- Administrator –
- Administrator –
- Owen Walsh, Administrator of Norfolk Island (2007–2012)
- Neil Pope, Administrator of Norfolk Island (2012–2014)
- Chief Minister – David Buffett, Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (2010–2013)
- Administrator –
- President – Ratu Epeli Nailatikau, President of Fiji (2009–2015)
- Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–present)
- High Commissioner –
- Richard Didier, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2011–2012)
- Jean-Pierre Laflaquière, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2012–2013)
- President – Oscar Temaru, President of French Polynesia (2011–2013)
- High Commissioner –
- Governor – Eddie Baza Calvo, Governor of Guam (2011–2019)
- President – Anote Tong, President of Kiribati (2003–2016)
- President –
- Jurelang Zedkaia, President of the Marshall Islands (2009–2012)
- Christopher Loeak, President of the Marshall Islands (2012–2016)
- President –
- President – Manny Mori, President of Micronesia (2007–2015)
- President – Sprent Dabwido, President of Nauru (2011–2013)
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- High Commissioner – Albert Dupuy, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (2010–2013)
- Head of Government – Harold Martin, President of the Government of New Caledonia (2011–2014)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Jerry Mateparae, Governor-General of New Zealand (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister – John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand (2008–2016)
- Queen's Representative – Sir Frederick Tutu Goodwin, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (2001–2013)
- Prime Minister – Henry Puna, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2010–present)
- Premier – Toke Talagi, Premier of Niue (2008–present)
- Administrator – Jonathan Kings, Administrator of Tokelau (2011–2015)
- Head of Government –
- Foua Toloa, Head of Government of Tokelau (2011–2012)
- Kerisiano Kalolo, Head of Government of Tokelau (2012–2013)
- Governor – Benigno Fitial, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (2006–2013)
- President – Johnson Toribiong, President of Palau (2009–2013)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Michael Ogio, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2011–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Peter O'Neill, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2011–2019)
- Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (claimant, 2011–2012)
- Governor – Victoria Treadell, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2010–2014)
- Mayor – Mike Warren, Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands (2008–2013)
- Head of State – Tufuga Efi, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa (2007–2017)
- Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa (1998–present)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Frank Kabui, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (2009–2019)
- Prime Minister – Gordon Darcy Lilo, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2011–2014)
- Monarch –
- George Tupou V, King of Tonga (2006–2012)
- Tupou VI, King of Tonga (2012–present)
- Prime Minister – Sialeʻataongo Tuʻivakanō, Prime Minister of Tonga (2010–2014)
- Monarch –
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Iakoba Italeli, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2010–present)
- Prime Minister – Willy Telavi, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2010–2013)
- President – Iolu Abil, President of Vanuatu (2009–2014)
- Prime Minister – Sato Kilman, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2011–2013)
- Administrator – Michel Jeanjean, Administrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna (2010–2013)
- Head of Government –
- Pesamino Taputai, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2011–2012)
- Vetelino Nau, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2012)
- Sosefo Suve, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2012–2013)
South America
- President – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina (2007–2015)
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- President – Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019)
- President – Dilma Rousseff, President of Brazil (2011–2016)
- President – Sebastián Piñera, President of Chile (2010–2014)
- President – Juan Manuel Santos, President of Colombia (2010–2018)
- President – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017)
- Governor – Nigel Haywood, Governor of the Falkland Islands (2010–2014)
- Head of Government –
- Tim Thorogood, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (2008–2012)
- Keith Padgett, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (2012–2016)
- President – Donald Ramotar, President of Guyana (2011–2015)
- Prime Minister – Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1999–2015)
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- President –
- Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay (2008–2012)
- Federico Franco, President of Paraguay (2012–2013)
- President –
- President – Ollanta Humala, President of Peru (2011–2016)
- Prime Minister –
- Oscar Valdés, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2011–2012)
- Juan Jiménez Mayor, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2012–2013)
- President – Dési Bouterse, President of Suriname (2010–present)
- President – José Mujica, President of Uruguay (2010–2015)
- President – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (2002–2013)
Notes
- Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
- During the incapacity of Acherif on 26 June – 12 July.
- South Sudan only became independent in 2011.
- Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister in 1993–98.
- In 2005–10, the three-member Presidency Council was head of state collectively—whilst Talabani held his position as President amongst the entity.
- Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
- Kim was commonly referred to as supreme leader prior to the end of 2011, and then appointed as First Chairman of the National Defence Commission on 13 April—nevertheless serving as the de facto leader of North Korea throughout.
- Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
- Saleh was president of North Yemen until 1990.
- Montenegro only became independent in 2006.
- During the suspension of Băsescu on 10 July – 27 August.
- Serbia only became independent in 2006.
- The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. As a party to the Council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
External links
- Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
- WorldStatesmen—an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories
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