List of state leaders in 2008
Africa
- President – Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President of Algeria (1999–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Abdelaziz Belkhadem, Prime Minister of Algeria (2006–2008)
- Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister of Algeria (2008–2012)
- President – José Eduardo dos Santos, President of Angola (1979–2017)
- Prime Minister –
- Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, Prime Minister of Angola (2002–2008)
- Paulo Kassoma, Prime Minister of Angola (2008–2010)
- President – Thomas Boni Yayi, President of Benin (2006–2016)
- President –
- Festus Mogae, President of Botswana (1998–2008)
- Ian Khama, President of Botswana (2008–2018)
- President –
- President – Blaise Compaoré, President of Burkina Faso (1987–2014)
- Prime Minister – Tertius Zongo, Prime Minister of Burkina Faso (2007–2011)
- President – Pierre Nkurunziza, President of Burundi (2005–2020)
- President – Paul Biya, President of Cameroon (1982–present)
- Prime Minister – Ephraïm Inoni, Prime Minister of Cameroon (2004–2009)
- President – Pedro Pires, President of Cape Verde (2001–2011)
- Prime Minister – José Maria Neves, Prime Minister of Cape Verde (2001–2016)
- President – François Bozizé, President of the Central African Republic (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Élie Doté, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2005–2008)
- Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Prime Minister of the Central African Republic (2008–2013)
- President – Idriss Déby, President of Chad (1990–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye, Prime Minister of Chad (2007–2008)
- Youssouf Saleh Abbas, Prime Minister of Chad (2008–2010)
- President – Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, President of the Comoros (2006–2011)
- President – Denis Sassou Nguesso, President of the Republic of the Congo (1997–present)
- Prime Minister – Isidore Mvouba, Prime Minister of the Republic of the Congo (2005–2009)
- President – Joseph Kabila, President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2001–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- President – Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President of Djibouti (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Dileita Mohamed Dileita, Prime Minister of Djibouti (2001–2013)
- President – Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt (1981–2011)
- Prime Minister – Ahmed Nazif, Prime Minister of Egypt (2004–2011)
- President – Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President of Equatorial Guinea (1979–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2006–2008)
- Ignacio Milam Tang, Prime Minister of Equatorial Guinea (2008–2012)
- President – Isaias Afwerki, President of Eritrea (1991–present) [lower-alpha 1]
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- President – Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President of Ethiopia (2001–2013)
- Prime Minister – Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia (1995–2012)
- President – Omar Bongo, President of Gabon (1967–2009)
- Prime Minister – Jean Eyeghé Ndong, Prime Minister of Gabon (2006–2009)
- President – Yahya Jammeh, President of the Gambia (1994–2017)
- President – John Kufuor, President of Ghana (2001–2009)
- President –
- Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (1984–2008)
- Aboubacar Somparé, Acting President of Guinea (2008)
- Moussa Dadis Camara, President of Guinea (2008–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Lansana Kouyaté, Prime Minister of Guinea (2007–2008)
- Ahmed Tidiane Souaré, Prime Minister of Guinea (2008)
- Kabiné Komara, Prime Minister of Guinea (2008–2010)
- President –
- President – João Bernardo Vieira, President of Guinea-Bissau (2005–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Martinho Ndafa Kabi, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2007–2008)
- Carlos Correia, Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau (2008–2009)
- President – Laurent Gbagbo, President of the Ivory Coast (2000–2011)
- Prime Minister – Guillaume Soro, Prime Minister of the Ivory Coast (2007–2012)
- President – Mwai Kibaki, President of Kenya (2002–2013)
- Prime Minister – Raila Odinga, Prime Minister of Kenya (2008–2013)
- Monarch – Letsie III, King of Lesotho (1996–present)
- Prime Minister – Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime Minister of Lesotho (1998–2012)
- President – Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President of Liberia (2006–2018)
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- De facto Head of State – Muammar Gaddafi, Guide of the Revolution of Libya (1969–2011)
- De jure Head of State –
- Muhammad az-Zanati, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (1992–2008)
- Miftah Muhammed K'eba, General Secretary of the General People's Congress of Libya (2008–2009)
- Prime Minister – Baghdadi Mahmudi, General Secretary of the General People's Committee of Libya (2006–2011)
- President – Marc Ravalomanana, President of Madagascar (2002–2009)
- Prime Minister – Charles Rabemananjara, Prime Minister of Madagascar (2007–2009)
- President – Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi (2004–2012)
- President – Amadou Toumani Touré, President of Mali (2002–2012)
- Prime Minister – Modibo Sidibé, Prime Minister of Mali (2007–2011)
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- Head of State –
- Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, President of Mauritania (2007–2008)
- Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, President of the High Council of State of Mauritania (2008–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Zeine Ould Zeidane, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2007–2008)
- Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2008)
- Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf, Prime Minister of Mauritania (2008–2014)
- Head of State –
- President – Sir Anerood Jugnauth, President of Mauritius (2003–2012)
- Prime Minister – Navin Ramgoolam, Prime Minister of Mauritius (2005–2014)
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- Prefect –
- Vincent Bouvier, Prefect of Mayotte (2007–2008)
- Denis Robin, Prefect of Mayotte (2008–2009)
- Head of Government –
- Saïd Omar Oili, President of the General Council of Mayotte (2004–2008)
- Ahmed Attoumani Douchina, President of the General Council of Mayotte (2008–2011)
- Prefect –
- Monarch – Mohammed VI, King of Morocco (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Abbas El Fassi, Prime Minister of Morocco (2007–2011)
- President – Mohamed Abdelaziz, President of Western Sahara (1976–2016)
- Prime Minister – Abdelkader Taleb Omar, Prime Minister of Western Sahara (2003–2018)
- President – Armando Guebuza, President of Mozambique (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Luísa Diogo, Prime Minister of Mozambique (2004–2010)
- President – Hifikepunye Pohamba, President of Namibia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Nahas Angula, Prime Minister of Namibia (2005–2012)
- President – Mamadou Tandja, President of Niger (1999–2010)
- Prime Minister – Seyni Oumarou, Prime Minister of Niger (2007–2009)
- President – Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, President of Nigeria (2007–2010)
- President – Paul Kagame, President of Rwanda (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Bernard Makuza, Prime Minister of Rwanda (2000–2011)
- Governor – Andrew Gurr, Governor of Saint Helena (2007–2011)
- President – Fradique de Menezes, President of São Tomé and Príncipe (2003–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Tomé Vera Cruz, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2006–2008)
- Patrice Trovoada, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2008)
- Joaquim Rafael Branco, Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe (2008–2010)
- President – Abdoulaye Wade, President of Senegal (2000–2012)
- Prime Minister – Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré, Prime Minister of Senegal (2007–2009)
- President – James Michel, President of Seychelles (2004–2016)
- President – Ernest Bai Koroma, President of Sierra Leone (2007–2018)
- President –
- Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President of Somalia (2004–2008)
- Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe, Acting President of Somalia (2008–2009)
- Prime Minister – Nur Hassan Hussein, Prime Minister of Somalia (2007–2009)
- President – Dahir Riyale Kahin, President of Somaliland (2002–2010)
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- President – Mohamud Muse Hersi, President of Puntland (2005–2009)
- President –
- Jibrell Ali Salad, President of Maakhir (2007–2009)
- Abdullahi Ahmed Jama, President of Maakhir (claimant, 2008–2009)
- President –
- President –
- President –
- Thabo Mbeki, President of South Africa (1999–2008)
- Kgalema Motlanthe, President of South Africa (2008–2009)
- President –
- President – Omar al-Bashir, President of Sudan (1989–2019)
- Monarch – Mswati III, King of Swaziland (1986–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Themba Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (2003–2008)
- Bheki Dlamini, Acting Prime Minister of Swaziland (2008)
- Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime Minister of Swaziland (2008–2018)
- President – Jakaya Kikwete, President of Tanzania (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Edward Lowassa, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2005–2008)
- Mizengo Pinda, Prime Minister of Tanzania (2008–2015)
- President – Faure Gnassingbé, President of Togo (2005–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Komlan Mally, Prime Minister of Togo (2007–2008)
- Gilbert Houngbo, Prime Minister of Togo (2008–2012)
- President – Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President of Tunisia (1987–2011)
- Prime Minister – Mohamed Ghannouchi, Prime Minister of Tunisia (1999–2011)
- President – Yoweri Museveni, President of Uganda (1986–present)
- Prime Minister – Apolo Nsibambi, Prime Minister of Uganda (1999–2011)
- President –
- Levy Mwanawasa, President of Zambia (2002–2008)
- Rupiah Banda, President of Zambia (2008–2011)
- President –
- President – Robert Mugabe, President of Zimbabwe (1987–2017)
Asia
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- President – Hamid Karzai, President of Afghanistan (2001–2014)
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, King of Bahrain (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime Minister of Bahrain (1970–present) [lower-alpha 2]
- President – Iajuddin Ahmed, President of Bangladesh (2002–2009)
- Prime Minister – Fakhruddin Ahmed, Chief Adviser of Bangladesh (2007–2009)
- Monarch – Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, King of Bhutan (2006–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Kinzang Dorji, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2007–2008)
- Jigme Thinley, Prime Minister of Bhutan (2008–2013)
- Monarch – Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan of Brunei (1967–present) [lower-alpha 3]
- Prime Minister – Hassanal Bolkiah, Prime Minister of Brunei (1984–present)
- Monarch – Norodom Sihamoni, King of Cambodia (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia (1985–present) [lower-alpha 4]
- Communist Party Leader – Hu Jintao, General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (2002–2012)
- President – Hu Jintao, President of China (2003–2013)
- Premier – Wen Jiabao, Premier of the State Council of China (2003–2013)
- President –
- José Ramos-Horta, President of East Timor (2007–2012)
- Vicente Guterres, Acting President of East Timor (2008)
- Fernando de Araújo, Acting President of East Timor (2008)
- Prime Minister – Xanana Gusmão, Prime Minister of East Timor (2007–2015)
- President –
- President – Pratibha Patil, President of India (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India (2004–2014)
- President – Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President of Indonesia (2004–2014)
- Supreme Leader – Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran (1989–present)
- President – Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President of Iran (2005–2013)
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- Head of State – Presidency Council of Iraq
- Members – Jalal Talabani (2006–2010; President of Iraq, 2006–2010), and Adil Abdul-Mahdi and Tariq al-Hashimi (2006–2010)
- Prime Minister – Nouri al-Maliki, Prime Minister of Iraq (2006–2014)
- Head of State – Presidency Council of Iraq
- President – Shimon Peres, President of Israel (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Ehud Olmert, Prime Minister of Israel (2006–2009)
- President – Mahmoud Abbas, President of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Salam Fayyad, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the West Bank) (2007–2013)
- Prime Minister – Ismail Haniyeh, Prime Minister of the Palestinian National Authority (in the Gaza Strip) (2007–2014)
- Monarch – Akihito, Emperor of Japan (1989–2019)
- Prime Minister –
- Yasuo Fukuda, Prime Minister of Japan (2007–2008)
- Tarō Asō, Prime Minister of Japan (2008–2009)
- Monarch – Abdullah II, King of Jordan (1999–present)
- Prime Minister – Nader al-Dahabi, Prime Minister of Jordan (2007–2009)
- President – Nursultan Nazarbayev, President of Kazakhstan (1990–2019) [lower-alpha 5]
- Prime Minister – Karim Massimov, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2007–2012)
- Communist Party Leader – Kim Jong-il, General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea (1997–2011)
- De facto Head of State – Kim Jong-il, Chairman of the National Defence Commission of North Korea [lower-alpha 6] (1993–2011)
- De jure Head of State – Kim Yong-nam, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly of North Korea (1998–2019)
- Premier – Kim Yong-il, Premier of the Cabinet of North Korea (2007–2010)
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- President –
- Roh Moo-hyun, President of South Korea (2003–2008)
- Lee Myung-bak, President of South Korea (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Han Duck-soo, Prime Minister of South Korea (2007–2008)
- Han Seung-soo, Prime Minister of South Korea (2008–2009)
- President –
- Monarch – Sheikh Sabah Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah, Emir of Kuwait (2006–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Nasser Al-Sabah, Prime Minister of Kuwait (2006–2011)
- President – Kurmanbek Bakiyev, President of Kyrgyzstan (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Igor Chudinov, Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan (2007–2009)
- Communist Party Leader – Choummaly Sayasone, General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (2006–2016)
- President – Choummaly Sayasone, President of Laos (2006–2016)
- Premier – Bouasone Bouphavanh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Laos (2006–2010)
- President –
- Fouad Siniora, Acting President of Lebanon (2007–2008)
- Michel Suleiman, President of Lebanon (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister – Fouad Siniora, President of the Council of Ministers of Lebanon (2005–2009)
- President –
- Monarch – Tuanku Mizan Zainal Abidin, Yang di-Pertuan Agong of Malaysia (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Prime Minister of Malaysia (2003–2009)
- President –
- Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President of the Maldives (1978–2008)
- Mohamed Nasheed, President of the Maldives (2008–2012)
- President –
- President – Nambaryn Enkhbayar, President of Mongolia (2005–2009)
- Prime Minister – Sanjaagiin Bayar, Prime Minister of Mongolia (2007–2009)
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- Head of State – Than Shwe, Chairman of the State Peace and Development Council of Myanmar (1992–2011)
- Prime Minister – Thein Sein, Prime Minister of Myanmar (2007–2011)
- the Kingdom was superseded on 28 May
- Monarch – Gyanendra, King of Nepal (2001–2008)
- Head of State –
- Girija Prasad Koirala, Acting Head of State of Nepal (2007–2008)
- Ram Baran Yadav, President of Nepal (2008–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime Minister of Nepal (2006–2008)
- Pushpa Kamal Dahal, Prime Minister of Nepal (2008–2009)
- Monarch – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Sultan of Oman (1970–2020)
- Prime Minister – Qaboos bin Said al Said, Prime Minister of Oman (1972–2020)
- President –
- Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan (2001–2008)
- Muhammad Mian Soomro, Acting President of Pakistan (2008)
- Asif Ali Zardari, President of Pakistan (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Muhammad Mian Soomro, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2007–2008)
- Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime Minister of Pakistan (2008–2012)
- President –
- President – Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, President of the Philippines (2001–2010)
- Monarch – Sheikh Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir of Qatar (1995–2013)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Hamad bin Jassim bin Jaber Al Thani, Prime Minister of Qatar (2007–2013)
- Monarch – Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Abdullah, Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia (2005–2015)
- President – S. R. Nathan, President of Singapore (1999–2011)
- Prime Minister – Lee Hsien Loong, Prime Minister of Singapore (2004–present)
- President – Mahinda Rajapaksa, President of Sri Lanka (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime Minister of Sri Lanka (2005–2010)
- President – Bashar al-Assad, President of Syria (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Muhammad Naji al-Otari, Prime Minister of Syria (2003–2011)
- President –
- Chen Shui-bian, President of Taiwan (2000–2008)
- Ma Ying-jeou, President of Taiwan (2008–2016)
- Premier –
- Chang Chun-hsiung, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2007–2008)
- Liu Chao-shiuan, President of the Executive Yuan of Taiwan (2008–2009)
- President –
- President – Emomali Rahmon, President of Tajikistan (1992–present)
- Prime Minister – Oqil Oqilov, Prime Minister of Tajikistan (1999–2013)
- Monarch – Bhumibol Adulyadej, King of Thailand (1946–2016)
- Prime Minister –
- Surayud Chulanont, Prime Minister of Thailand (2006–2008)
- Samak Sundaravej, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008)
- Somchai Wongsawat, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008)
- Chaovarat Chanweerakul, Acting Prime Minister of Thailand (2008)
- Abhisit Vejjajiva, Prime Minister of Thailand (2008–2011)
- President – Abdullah Gül, President of Turkey (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime Minister of Turkey (2003–2014)
- President – Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, President of Turkmenistan (2006–present)
- President – Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President of the United Arab Emirates (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates (2006–present)
- President – Islam Karimov, President of Uzbekistan (1990–2016) [lower-alpha 7]
- Prime Minister – Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan (2003–2016)
- Communist Party Leader – Nông Đức Mạnh, General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (2001–2011)
- President – Nguyễn Minh Triết, President of Vietnam (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister – Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (2006–2016)
- President – Ali Abdullah Saleh, President of Yemen (1978–2012) [lower-alpha 8]
- Prime Minister – Ali Muhammad Mujawar, Prime Minister of Yemen (2007–2011)
Europe
- President – Bamir Topi, President of Albania (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Sali Berisha, Prime Minister of Albania (2005–2013)
- Monarchs –
- French Co-Prince – Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- Emmanuelle Mignon (2007–2008)
- Christian Frémont (2008–2012)
- Co-Prince's Representative –
- Episcopal Co-Prince – Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Episcopal Co-prince of Andorra (2003–present)
- Co-Prince's Representative – Nemesi Marqués Oste (1993–2012)
- French Co-Prince – Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-prince of Andorra (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – Albert Pintat, Head of Government of Andorra (2005–2009)
- Monarchs –
- President –
- Robert Kocharyan, President of Armenia (1998–2008)
- Serzh Sargsyan, President of Armenia (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister –
- Serzh Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2007–2008)
- Tigran Sargsyan, Prime Minister of Armenia (2008–2014)
- President –
- President – Heinz Fischer, Federal President of Austria (2004–2016)
- Chancellor –
- Alfred Gusenbauer, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2007–2008)
- Werner Faymann, Federal Chancellor of Austria (2008–2016)
- President – Ilham Aliyev, President of Azerbaijan (2003–present)
- Prime Minister – Artur Rasizade, Prime Minister of Azerbaijan (2003–2018)
- President – Bako Sahakyan, President of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–2020)
- Prime Minister – Arayik Harutyunyan, Prime Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh (2007–2017)
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- President – Alexander Lukashenko, President of Belarus (1994–present)
- Prime Minister – Sergei Sidorsky, Prime Minister of Belarus (2003–2010)
- Monarch – Albert II, King of the Belgians (1993–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Guy Verhofstadt, Prime Minister of Belgium (1999–2008)
- Yves Leterme, Prime Minister of Belgium (2008)
- Herman Van Rompuy, Prime Minister of Belgium (2008–2009)
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Serb Member – Nebojša Radmanović (2006–2014; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2008–2009)
- Bosniak Member – Haris Silajdžić (2006–2010; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2008)
- Croat Member – Željko Komšić (2006–2014; Chairman of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2007–2008)
- Prime Minister – Nikola Špirić, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Bosnia and Herzegovina, (2007–2012)
- High Representative – Miroslav Lajčák, High Representative for Bosnia and Herzegovina (2007–2009)
- Head of State – Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- President – Georgi Parvanov, President of Bulgaria (2002–2012)
- Prime Minister – Sergei Stanishev, Prime Minister of Bulgaria (2005–2009)
- President – Stjepan Mesić, President of Croatia (2000–2010)
- Prime Minister – Ivo Sanader, Prime Minister of Croatia (2003–2009)
- President –
- Tassos Papadopoulos, President of Cyprus (2003–2008)
- Demetris Christofias, President of Cyprus (2008–2013)
- President – Mehmet Ali Talat, President of Northern Cyprus (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Ferdi Sabit Soyer, Prime Minister of Northern Cyprus (2005–2009)
- President –
- President – Václav Klaus, President of the Czech Republic (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Mirek Topolánek, Prime Minister of the Czech Republic (2006–2009)
- Monarch – Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark (1972–present)
- Prime Minister – Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime Minister of Denmark (2001–2009)
- President – Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – Andrus Ansip, Prime Minister of Estonia (2005–2014)
- President – Tarja Halonen, President of Finland (2000–2012)
- Prime Minister – Matti Vanhanen, Prime Minister of Finland (2003–2010)
- President – Nicolas Sarkozy, President of France (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister – François Fillon, Prime Minister of France (2007–2012)
- President –
- Nino Burjanadze, Acting President of Georgia (2007–2008)
- Mikheil Saakashvili, President of Georgia (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Lado Gurgenidze, Prime Minister of Georgia (2007–2008)
- Grigol Mgaloblishvili, Prime Minister of Georgia (2008–2009)
- President – Sergei Bagapsh, President of Abkhazia (2005–2011)
- Prime Minister – Alexander Ankvab, Prime Minister of Abkhazia (2005–2010)
- President – Eduard Kokoity, President of South Ossetia (2001–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Yury Morozov, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2005–2008)
- Boris Chochiev, Acting Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2008)
- Aslanbek Bulatsev, Prime Minister of South Ossetia (2008–2009)
- President –
- President – Horst Köhler, Federal President of Germany (2004–2010)
- Chancellor – Angela Merkel, Federal Chancellor of Germany (2005–present)
- President – Karolos Papoulias, President of Greece (2005–2015)
- Prime Minister – Kostas Karamanlis, Prime Minister of Greece (2004–2009)
- President – László Sólyom, President of Hungary (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Ferenc Gyurcsány, Prime Minister of Hungary (2004–2009)
- President – Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President of Iceland (1996–2016)
- Prime Minister – Geir Haarde, Prime Minister of Iceland (2006–2009)
- President – Mary McAleese, President of Ireland (1997–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach of Ireland (1997–2008)
- Brian Cowen, Taoiseach of Ireland (2008–2011)
- President – Giorgio Napolitano, President of Italy (2006–2015)
- Prime Minister –
- President – Valdis Zatlers, President of Latvia (2007–2011)
- Prime Minister – Ivars Godmanis, Prime Minister of Latvia (2007–2009)
- Monarch – Hans-Adam II, Prince Regnant of Liechtenstein (1989–present)
- Regent – Hereditary Prince Alois, Regent of Liechtenstein (2004–present)
- Prime Minister – Otmar Hasler, Head of Government of Liechtenstein (2001–2009)
- President – Valdas Adamkus, President of Lithuania (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Gediminas Kirkilas, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2006–2008)
- Andrius Kubilius, Prime Minister of Lithuania (2008–2012)
- Monarch – Henri, Grand Duke of Luxembourg (2000–present)
- Prime Minister – Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1995–2013)
- President – Branko Crvenkovski, President of Macedonia (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister – Nikola Gruevski, President of the Government of Macedonia (2006–2016)
- President – Eddie Fenech Adami, President of Malta (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister – Lawrence Gonzi, Prime Minister of Malta (2004–2013)
- President – Vladimir Voronin, President of Moldova (2001–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Vasile Tarlev, Prime Minister of Moldova (2001–2008)
- Zinaida Greceanîi, Prime Minister of Moldova (2008–2009)
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- President – Igor Smirnov, President of Transnistria (1990–2011) [lower-alpha 9]
- Monarch – Albert II, Sovereign Prince of Monaco (2005–present)
- Prime Minister – Jean-Paul Proust, Minister of State of Monaco (2005–2010)
- President – Filip Vujanović, President of Montenegro (2002–2018) [lower-alpha 10]
- Prime Minister –
- Željko Šturanović, President of the Government of Montenegro (2006–2008)
- Milo Đukanović, President of the Government of Montenegro (2008–2010)
- Monarch – Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands (1980–2013)
- Prime Minister – Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime Minister of the Netherlands (2002–2010)
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- see § North America
- see § North America
- Monarch – Harald V, King of Norway (1991–present)
- Prime Minister – Jens Stoltenberg, Prime Minister of Norway (2005–2013)
- President – Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Donald Tusk, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Poland (2007–2014)
- President – Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President of Portugal (2006–2016)
- Prime Minister – José Sócrates, Prime Minister of Portugal (2005–2011)
- President – Traian Băsescu, President of Romania (2004–2014)
- Prime Minister –
- Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, Prime Minister of Romania (2004–2008)
- Emil Boc, Prime Minister of Romania (2008–2012)
- President –
- Vladimir Putin, President of Russia (1999–2008)
- Dmitry Medvedev, President of Russia (2008–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Viktor Zubkov, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2007–2008)
- Vladimir Putin, Chairman of the Government of Russia (2008–2012)
- President –
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- Captains-Regent –
- Mirko Tomassoni and Alberto Selva, Captains Regent of San Marino (2007–2008)
- Rosa Zafferani and Federico Pedini Amati, Captains Regent of San Marino (2008)
- Ernesto Benedettini and Assunta Meloni, Captains Regent of San Marino (2008–2009)
- Captains-Regent –
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- President – Boris Tadić, President of Serbia (2004–2012) [lower-alpha 11]
- Prime Minister –
- Vojislav Koštunica, President of the Government of Serbia (2004–2008)
- Mirko Cvetković, President of the Government of Serbia (2008–2012)
- declared independence on 17 February
- President – Fatmir Sejdiu, President of Kosovo (2006–2010)
- Prime Minister –
- Agim Çeku, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2006–2008)
- Hashim Thaçi, Prime Minister of Kosovo (2008–2014)
- UN Special Representative –
- President – Ivan Gašparovič, President of Slovakia (2004–2014)
- Prime Minister – Robert Fico, Prime Minister of Slovakia (2006–2010)
- President – Danilo Türk, President of Slovenia (2007–2012)
- Prime Minister –
- Janez Janša, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2004–2008)
- Borut Pahor, Prime Minister of Slovenia (2008–2012)
- Monarch – Juan Carlos I, King of Spain (1975–2014)
- Prime Minister – José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, President of the Government of Spain (2004–2011)
- Monarch – Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden (1973–present)
- Prime Minister – Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime Minister of Sweden (2006–2014)
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [lower-alpha 12]
- Members – Moritz Leuenberger (1995–2010), Pascal Couchepin (1998–2009; President of Switzerland, 2008), Samuel Schmid (2000–2008), Micheline Calmy-Rey (2002–2011), Hans-Rudolf Merz (2003–2010), Doris Leuthard (2006–present), and Eveline Widmer-Schlumpf (2008–2015)
- Council – Federal Council of Switzerland [lower-alpha 12]
- President – Viktor Yushchenko, President of Ukraine (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Yulia Tymoshenko, Prime Minister of Ukraine (2007–2010)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom (1952–present)
- Prime Minister – Gordon Brown, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (2007–2010)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir Paul Haddacks, Lieutenant Governor of the Isle of Man (2005–2011)
- Chief Minister – Tony Brown, Chief Minister of the Isle of Man (2006–2011)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Sir Fabian Malbon, Lieutenant Governor of Guernsey (2005–2011)
- Chief Minister –
- Mike Torode, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2007–2008)
- Lyndon Trott, Chief Minister of Guernsey (2008–2012)
- Lieutenant-Governor – Andrew Ridgway, Lieutenant Governor of Jersey (2006–2011)
- Chief Minister –
- Frank Walker, Chief Minister of Jersey (2005–2008)
- Terry Le Sueur, Chief Minister of Jersey (2008–2011)
- Governor – Sir Robert Fulton, Governor of Gibraltar (2006–2009)
- Chief Minister – Peter Caruana, Chief Minister of Gibraltar (1996–2011)
- Monarch – Pope Benedict XVI, Sovereign of Vatican City (2005–2013)
- Head of Government – Cardinal Giovanni Lajolo, President of the Governorate of Vatican City (2006–2011)
- Holy See (sui generis subject of public international law)
- Secretary of State – Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, Cardinal Secretary of State (2006–2013)
North America
- Governor – Andrew George, Governor of Anguilla (2006–2009)
- Chief Minister – Osbourne Fleming, Chief Minister of Anguilla (2000–2010)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Antigua and Barbuda (1981–present)
- Governor-General – Dame Louise Lake-Tack, Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda (2007–2014)
- Prime Minister – Baldwin Spencer, Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda (2004–2014)
- Governor – Fredis Refunjol, Governor of Aruba (2004–2016)
- Prime Minister – Nelson Oduber, Prime Minister of Aruba (2001–2009)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Bahamas (1973–present)
- Governor-General – Arthur Dion Hanna, Governor-General of the Bahamas (2006–2010)
- Prime Minister – Hubert Ingraham, Prime Minister of the Bahamas (2007–2012)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Barbados (1966–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Clifford Husbands, Governor-General of Barbados (1996–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Owen Arthur, Prime Minister of Barbados (1994–2008)
- David Thompson, Prime Minister of Barbados (2008–2010)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Belize (1981–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Colville Young, Governor-General of Belize (1993–present)
- Prime Minister –
- Said Musa, Prime Minister of Belize (1998–2008)
- Dean Barrow, Prime Minister of Belize (2008–present)
- Governor – Sir Richard Gozney, Governor of Bermuda (2007–2012)
- Premier – Ewart Brown, Premier of Bermuda (2006–2010)
- Governor – David Pearey, Governor of the British Virgin Islands (2006–2010)
- Premier – Ralph T. O'Neal, Premier of the British Virgin Islands (2007–2011)
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- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada (1952–present)
- Governor-General – Michaëlle Jean, Governor General of Canada (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Stephen Harper, Prime Minister of Canada (2006–2015)
- Governor – Stuart Jack, Governor of the Cayman Islands (2005–2009)
- Head of Government – Kurt Tibbetts, Leader of Government Business of the Cayman Islands (2005–2009)
- President – Óscar Arias, President of Costa Rica (2006–2010)
- Communist Party Leader –
- President –
- Fidel Castro, President of the Council of State of Cuba (1976–2008)
- Raúl Castro, Acting President of the Council of State of Cuba (2006–2008), President of the Council of State of Cuba (2008–2018)
- Prime Minister –
- Fidel Castro, President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (1959–2008)
- Raúl Castro, Acting President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2006–2008), President of the Council of Ministers of Cuba (2008–2018)
- President – Nicholas Liverpool, President of Dominica (2003–2012)
- Prime Minister – Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime Minister of Dominica (2004–present)
- President – Leonel Fernández, President of the Dominican Republic (2004–2012)
- President – Antonio Saca, President of El Salvador (2004–2009)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Grenada (1974–present)
- Governor-General –
- Sir Daniel Williams, Governor-General of Grenada (1996–2008)
- Carlyle Glean, Governor-General of Grenada (2008–2013)
- Prime Minister –
- Keith Mitchell, Prime Minister of Grenada (1995–2008)
- Tillman Thomas, Prime Minister of Grenada (2008–2013)
- President –
- Óscar Berger, President of Guatemala (2004–2008)
- Álvaro Colom, President of Guatemala (2008–2012)
- President –
- President – René Préval, President of Haiti (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Jacques-Édouard Alexis, Prime Minister of Haiti (2006–2008)
- Michèle Pierre-Louis, Prime Minister of Haiti (2008–2009)
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- President – Manuel Zelaya, President of Honduras (2006–2009)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Jamaica (1962–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Kenneth O. Hall, Governor-General of Jamaica (2006–2009)
- Prime Minister – Bruce Golding, Prime Minister of Jamaica (2007–2011)
- President – Felipe Calderón, President of Mexico (2006–2012)
- Governor – Peter Waterworth, Governor of Montserrat (2007–2011)
- Chief Minister – Lowell Lewis, Chief Minister of Montserrat (2006–2009)
- Governor – Frits Goedgedrag, Governor of the Netherlands Antilles (2002–2010)
- Prime Minister – Emily de Jongh-Elhage, Prime Minister of the Netherlands Antilles (2006–2010)
- President – Daniel Ortega, President of Nicaragua (2007–present)
- President – Martín Torrijos, President of Panama (2004–2009)
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- Prefect – Dominique Lacroix, Prefect of Saint Barthélemy (2007–2009)
- Head of Government – Bruno Magras, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Barthélemy (2007–present)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1983–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Cuthbert Sebastian, Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1996–2013)
- Prime Minister – Denzil Douglas, Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis (1995–2015)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Lucia (1979–present)
- Governor-General – Dame Pearlette Louisy, Governor-General of Saint Lucia (1997–2017)
- Prime Minister – Stephenson King, Prime Minister of Saint Lucia (2007–2011)
- Prefect – Dominique Lacroix, Prefect of Saint Martin (2007–2009)
- Head of Government –
- Louis Constant Fleming, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2007–2008)
- Marthe Ogoundélé, Acting President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2008)
- Frantz Gumbs, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Martin (2008–2009)
- Prefect –
- Yves Fauqueur, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2006–2008)
- Jean-Pierre Berçot, Prefect of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2008–2009)
- Head of Government – Stéphane Artano, President of the Territorial Council of Saint Pierre and Miquelon (2006–2018)
- Prefect –
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (1979–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Frederick Ballantyne, Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2002–2019)
- Prime Minister – Ralph Gonsalves, Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (2001–present)
- President – George Maxwell Richards, President of Trinidad and Tobago (2003–2013)
- Prime Minister – Patrick Manning, Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago (2001–2010)
- Governor –
- Premier – Michael Misick, Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands (2003–2009)
- President – George W. Bush, President of the United States (2001–2009)
- Governor – Aníbal Acevedo Vilá, Governor of Puerto Rico (2005–2009)
- Governor – John de Jongh, Governor of the United States Virgin Islands (2007–2015)
Oceania
- Governor – Togiola Tulafono, Governor of American Samoa (2003–2013)
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- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Australia (1952–present)
- Governor-General –
- Michael Jeffery, Governor-General of Australia (2003–2008)
- Quentin Bryce, Governor-General of Australia (2008–2014)
- Prime Minister – Kevin Rudd, Prime Minister of Australia (2007–2010)
- Administrator –
- Neil Lucas, Administrator of Christmas Island (2006–2008)
- Julian Yates, Acting administrator of Christmas Island (2008)
- Sheryl Klaffer, Acting administrator of Christmas Island (2008–2009)
- Shire-President – Gordon Thomson, Shire president of Christmas Island (2003–2011)
- Administrator –
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- Administrator –
- Neil Lucas, Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2006–2008)
- Julian Yates, Acting Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2008)
- Sheryl Klaffer, Acting Administrator of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2008–2009)
- Shire-President – Mohammad Said Chongkin, Shire president of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (2007–2009)
- Administrator –
- Administrator – Owen Walsh, Administrator of Norfolk Island (2007–2012)
- Chief Minister – Andre Nobbs, Chief Minister of Norfolk Island (2007–2010)
- President – Ratu Josefa Iloilo, President of Fiji (2007–2009)
- Prime Minister – Frank Bainimarama, Prime Minister of Fiji (2007–present)
- High Commissioner –
- Anne Bouquet, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2005–2008)
- Éric Spitz, Acting High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2008)
- Adolphe Colrat, High Commissioner of the Republic in French Polynesia (2008–2011)
- President –
- Oscar Temaru, President of French Polynesia (2007–2008)
- Gaston Flosse, President of French Polynesia (2008)
- Gaston Tong Sang, President of French Polynesia (2008–2009)
- High Commissioner –
- Governor – Felix Perez Camacho, Governor of Guam (2003–2011)
- President – Anote Tong, President of Kiribati (2003–2016)
- President –
- Kessai Note, President of the Marshall Islands (2000–2008)
- Litokwa Tomeing, President of the Marshall Islands (2008–2009)
- President –
- President – Manny Mori, President of Micronesia (2007–2015)
- President – Marcus Stephen, President of Nauru (2007–2011)
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- High Commissioner – Yves Dassonville, High Commissioner of New Caledonia (2007–2010)
- Head of Government – Harold Martin, President of the Government of New Caledonia (2007–2009)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of New Zealand (1952–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Anand Satyanand, Governor-General of New Zealand (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Helen Clark, Prime Minister of New Zealand (1999–2008)
- John Key, Prime Minister of New Zealand (2008–2016)
- Queen's Representative – Sir Frederick Tutu Goodwin, Queen's Representative of the Cook Islands (2001–2013)
- Prime Minister – Jim Marurai, Prime Minister of the Cook Islands (2004–2010)
- Premier –
- Young Vivian, Premier of Niue (2002–2008)
- Toke Talagi, Premier of Niue (2008–present)
- Premier –
- Tokelau (dependent territory of New Zealand)
- Administrator – David Payton, Administrator of Tokelau (2006–2009)
- Head of Government –
- Kuresa Nasau, Head of Government of Tokelau (2007–2008)
- Pio Tuia, Head of Government of Tokelau (2008–2009)
- Governor – Benigno Fitial, Governor of the Northern Mariana Islands (2006–2013)
- President – Tommy Remengesau, President of Palau (2001–2009)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Papua New Guinea (1975–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Paulias Matane, Governor-General of Papua New Guinea (2004–2010)
- Prime Minister – Sir Michael Somare, Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea (2002–2010)
- Governor – George Fergusson, Governor of the Pitcairn Islands (2006–2010)
- Mayor – Mike Warren, Mayor of the Pitcairn Islands (2008–2013)
- Head of State – Tufuga Efi, O le Ao o le Malo of Samoa (2007–2017)
- Prime Minister – Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi, Prime Minister of Samoa (1998–present)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of the Solomon Islands (1978–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Nathaniel Waena, Governor-General of the Solomon Islands (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister – Derek Sikua, Prime Minister of the Solomon Islands (2007–2010)
- Monarch – George Tupou V, King of Tonga (2006–2012)
- Prime Minister – Feleti Sevele, Prime Minister of Tonga (2006–2010)
- Monarch – Elizabeth II, Queen of Tuvalu (1978–present)
- Governor-General – Sir Filoimea Telito, Governor-General of Tuvalu (2005–2010)
- Prime Minister – Apisai Ielemia, Prime Minister of Tuvalu (2006–2010)
- President – Kalkot Mataskelekele, President of Vanuatu (2004–2009)
- Prime Minister –
- Ham Lini, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2004–2008)
- Edward Natapei, Prime Minister of Vanuatu (2008–2010)
- Administrator –
- Head of Government – Victor Brial, President of the Territorial Assembly of Wallis and Futuna (2007–2010)
South America
- President – Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President of Argentina (2007–2015)
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- President – Evo Morales, President of Bolivia (2006–2019)
- President – Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President of Brazil (2003–2010)
- President – Michelle Bachelet, President of Chile (2006–2010)
- President – Álvaro Uribe, President of Colombia (2002–2010)
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- President – Rafael Correa, President of Ecuador (2007–2017)
- Governor – Alan Huckle, Governor of the Falkland Islands (2006–2010)
- Head of Government –
- Michael Blanch, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (2007–2008)
- Tim Thorogood, Chief Executive of the Falkland Islands (2008–2012)
- President – Bharrat Jagdeo, President of Guyana (1999–2011)
- Prime Minister – Sam Hinds, Prime Minister of Guyana (1999–2015)
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- President –
- Nicanor Duarte, President of Paraguay (2003–2008)
- Fernando Lugo, President of Paraguay (2008–2012)
- President –
- President – Alan García, President of Peru (2006–2011)
- Prime Minister –
- Jorge Del Castillo, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2006–2008)
- Yehude Simon, President of the Council of Ministers of Peru (2008–2009)
- President – Ronald Venetiaan, President of Suriname (2000–2010)
- President – Tabaré Vázquez, President of Uruguay (2005–2010)
- President – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela (2002–2013)
Notes
- Eritrea only became independent in 1993.
- Bahrain only became independent in 1971.
- Brunei only became independent in 1984.
- Hun Sen was titled Second Prime Minister in 1993–98.
- Kazakhstan only became independent in 1991.
- The position of Chairman of the National Defence Commission was declared to be the highest office of state by the constitution that came into effect in 1998.
- Uzbekistan only became independent in 1991.
- Saleh was president of North Yemen until 1990.
- Transnistria only declared independence in 1991.
- Montenegro only became independent in 2006.
- Serbia only became independent in 2006.
- The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. As a party to the Council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
External links
- Rulers—a list of rulers throughout time and places
- WorldStatesmen—an online encyclopedia of the leaders of nations and territories
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