List of military alliances
This is the list of military alliances. Numerous forms of military and defensive alliances have existed between states since early human history.This is a comprehensive list of the most important.
Historical examples
Ancient Period
| Alliance | Timespan | Members |
|---|---|---|
| Latin League | 7th century - 334 BC | Various tribes in Latium |
| Peloponnesian League | 6th century - 338 BC | Various city-states in the Peloponnese, dominated by Sparta |
| Foedus Cassianum | 493 BC | Treaty between Roman Republic and Latin League |
| Delian League | 478 - 404 BC | See article |
| Second Athenian League | 378 - 355 BC | Various city-states around the Aegean, led by Athens |
| League of Corinth | 338 - 322 BC | Greek states, excluding Sparta |
Medieval Period
- 634–1853 Christian–Islamic Wars
- Crusades – France, England, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Republic of Venice
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- Reconquista – Portugal, Castile
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- Jihad – Fatimid Caliphate, Sultanate of Damascus
- Ethio-Portuguese Treaties – Portugal, Ethiopia
- Crusades – France, England, Holy Roman Empire, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Republic of Venice
- 1337–1453 100 Years War
Early Modern Period
- 1494–1559 Italian Wars
- League of Cambrai – The Papal States, France, Aragon, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Ferrara
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- Catholic League (Italian) – The Papal States, Venice, England, Aragon, Holy Roman Empire
- League of Cambrai – The Papal States, France, Aragon, Holy Roman Empire, Duchy of Ferrara
- 1546–1547 Schmalkaldic War
- Schmalkaldic League – German Protestant States
- 1571 Christian–Islamic Wars
- Holy League – Papal States, Spain, Republic of Venice, others
- Holy League – Papal States, Spain, Republic of Venice, others
- 1618–1648 Thirty Years' War
- Catholic League (German) – Bavaria, other Catholic German States
- Protestant Union – Protestant German States
- Treaty of Nonsuch – Dutch Republic, England
- 1683–1699 Great Turkish War (War of the Holy League)
- 1688–1697 War of the Grand Alliance (Nine Years' War, King William's War, or War of the League of Augsburg)
- League of Augsburg – Netherlands, Holy Roman Empire, Spain, Austria, England, Piedmont-Savoy, Sweden, Scotland, versus
- France and Irish and Scottish Jacobites
- 1700–1721 Great Northern War
- Anti-Swedish alliance – Russia, Denmark–Norway, Saxony, Poland-Lithuania, Prussia and Hanover
- 1701–1714 War of the Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War)
- Holy Roman Empire (including: Austria, Prussia, and Hanover), Kingdom of Great Britain (including Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland), Dutch Republic, Duchy of Savoy, Kingdom of Portugal, Spain loyal to Charles, Muscogee (Creek), Chickasaw, and Yamasee, versus
- Kingdom of France, Spain loyal to Philip, Bavaria, Wabanaki Confederacy, Caughnawaga Mohawk, Choctaw, Timucua, Apalachee, and Natchez, versus
- Iroquois Confederacy
- 1717 Christian–Islamic Wars
- 1718–1720 War of the Quadruple Alliance
- 1739–1748 War of the Austrian Succession (King George's War, War of Jenkins' Ear, First Carnatic War, First Silesian War, and Second Silesian War)
- 1754–1763 Seven Years' War (French and Indian War, Pomeranian War, Third Carnatic War, Fantastic War, or Third Silesian War)
- Alliance of Prussia, Great Britain, Hanover, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Iroquois Confederacy, Portugal, Hesse-Kassel, Schaumburg-Lippe,
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- Alliance of France, Austria, Russian Empire, Spanish Empire, Sweden, Saxony, Mughal Empire
- Alliance of Prussia, Great Britain, Hanover, Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Iroquois Confederacy, Portugal, Hesse-Kassel, Schaumburg-Lippe,
- 1775–1783 American Revolutionary War
- Native Americans
- Treaty of Alliance, 1778–1800 – United States, France
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- Treaty of Aranjuez, 1779–1783 – France, Spain
- First League of Armed Neutrality, 1780–1783 – Russia, Denmark–Norway, Sweden, Prussia, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, Portugal, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, the Ottoman Empire
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Nineteenth century
All the participants in the Napoleonic Wars. Blue: The Coalition and their colonies and allies. Green: The First French Empire, its protectorates, colonies, and allies.
- 1803–1815 Napoleonic Wars
- The Quadruple Alliance of 1814/15 – United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia.
- First through Seventh Coalitions
- The Quadruple Alliance of 1814/15 – United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia.
- 1812–1815 War of 1812
- United States and Allies – United States, Choctaw, Cherokee, Creek (White Sticks)
- British Empire and Allies – United Kingdom, Shawnee, Creek (Red Sticks), Ojibway, Chickamauga, Fox, Iroquois, Miami, Mingo, Ottawa, Kickapoo, Delaware (Lenape), Mascouten, Potawatomi, Sauk, Wyandot, Spain
Holy Alliance 1815.
- 1815–1825 Absolutist–Liberal conflicts
- The Quadruple Alliance of 1834
- 1853–1856 Crimean War
- Alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.
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- Alliance of France, Britain, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia.
- Triple Alliance of 1865 – Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina
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- 1873–1878 & 1881–1887 League of the Three Emperors – Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary and German Empire
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- 1879–1918 Dual Alliance – Austria-Hungary and German Empire
- 1882–1914 Triple Alliance – German Empire, Austria–Hungary and Kingdom of Italy
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- 1886–1894 First Samoan Civil War
- Alliance of Mataafans and United States, versus
- Alliance of Tamasese and German Empire
- 1892–1917 Franco-Russian Alliance – French Third Republic and Russian Empire
- 1898–1899 Second Samoan Civil War
- Alliance of Samoa, United States, and United Kingdom versus
- Alliance of Mataafans and German Empire
- 1899–1901 Boxer Rebellion
- Eight-Nation Alliance – Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
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- Eight-Nation Alliance – Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States
Twentieth century
- First Balkan War
- 1912–1913 Balkan League – Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia
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- 1912–1913 Balkan League – Greece, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Serbia
Alliances in the First World War
- World War I
- 1902–1923 Anglo-Japanese Alliance – United Kingdom and Japan
- 1907–1918 the Entente and the Allies – Russia (to 1917), United Kingdom, France, Italy, United States (from 1917), Japan, Serbia, Romania, Portugal (from 1916), China (from 1917)
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- 1914–1918 the Central Powers – Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria
- 1902–1923 Anglo-Japanese Alliance – United Kingdom and Japan
- Interwar period
- 1920–1938 Little Entente – Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia
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- 1934–1938 Balkan Pact – Greece, Turkey, Romania and Yugoslavia
- 1934–1938 Rome Protocols – Italy, Austria, and Hungary
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- 1934–1935 Stresa Front – the United Kingdom, France, and Italy
- 1920–1938 Little Entente – Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia
- 1931–1945 Second Sino-Japanese War (After Pearl Harbor, folded into the greater World War II.)
- 1931–1938 – China, Germany
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- 1937–1941 Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact – China, Soviet Union
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- 1931–1938 – China, Germany
Alliances in the Second World War
- World War II
- 1939–1945 Allies – Poland, United Kingdom, France (Third Republic)/Free France, Soviet Union (from 22 June 1941), United States (from 7 December 1941), China (at war with Japan from 1937; declared war on Germany 9 December 1941), and many others.
- 1942–1945
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- 1942–1945
- 1939–1945 Iberian Pact – Portugal, Spain
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- 1940–1945 Axis – Germany, Japan, Italy, Romania, Finland. Hungary, Bulgaria, Thailand, and their puppet states.
- 1939–1945 Allies – Poland, United Kingdom, France (Third Republic)/Free France, Soviet Union (from 22 June 1941), United States (from 7 December 1941), China (at war with Japan from 1937; declared war on Germany 9 December 1941), and many others.
Alliances during the Cold War (1980)
- Cold War
- 1947 Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Pact) – Most of the countries of the Americas.
- 1948–1954
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- 1949
- 1950 Indo-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship - Friendship treaty between India and Nepal.
- 1950
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- 1951 ANZUS Treaty (ANZUS) – United States, Australia, New Zealand.
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- 1954–1977
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- 1954–2011
- 1955–1979
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- 1955–1980 Sino-American Mutual Defense Treaty – United States, Republic of China
- 1955–1991 Warsaw Pact – Soviet Union, East Germany, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania
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- 1958 North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) – United States and Canada.
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- 1970–1974 Alcora Exercise – Portugal, South Africa and Rhodesia.
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- 1971 Five Power Defence Arrangements (FPDA) – United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia, Singapore.
- 1971 Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation - India and Soviet Union.
- Bangladesh Liberation War - India, Pakistan and East Pakistan
- 1972 Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace - Historical treaty for bilateral relations between India and the newly established state of Bangladesh.
- 1979 Imperial Union (IU), also referred to as the Mecca Treaty Organization (MTO) - France, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan
- 1979-1989 Afghan War Allies - China, Egypt, France, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, West Germany, United Kingdom, United States
- 1981 Strategic Cooperation Agreement - Israel and United States.
- 1981 ECOMOG of Economic Community of West African States.
- 1982 Regional Security System (RSS) – several Eastern Caribbean countries.
- 1972 Indo-Bangla Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Peace - Historical treaty for bilateral relations between India and the newly established state of Bangladesh.
- 1980–1988 Iran–Iraq War (First Persian Gulf War)
- 1987–1989 Tanker War – Iraq, Kuwait, United States, Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia
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- 1987–1989 Tanker War – Iraq, Kuwait, United States, Soviet Union, Saudi Arabia
- 1990–1991 Gulf War (Persian Gulf War, Second Persian Gulf War, First Gulf War, Gulf War I, Kuwait War, or First Iraq War)
- Coalition: United States, Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom, Egypt, France, Syria, Morocco, Kuwait, Oman, Pakistan, Canada, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bangladesh, Italy, Australia, Netherlands, Niger, Sweden, Argentina, Senegal, Spain, Bahrain, Belgium, Poland, South Korea, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Denmark, New Zealand, Hungary, and Norway
- 1991–1999 Yugoslav Wars
- 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence
- 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995–1996 United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia (UNCRO): Argentina, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Indonesia, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United States
- 1992–1995 Bosnian War
- 1992 Allies: Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia
- 1994–1995 Allies: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, NATO
- 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1993–1995 Operation Deny Flight (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995 Operation Deliberate Force (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995–1996 Implementation Force (IFOR): Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1996–2004 Stabilization Force SFOR: Albania, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Morocco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1996 Shanghai Cooperation Organisation – An economic, military and political organisation including the Russian Federation, People's Republic of China, Republic of Kazakhstan, Republic of Tajikistan, Kyrgyz Republic, Republic of Uzbekistan and as of 2015, the Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. Afghanistan, Belarus, Iran, Mongolia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cambodia, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Turkey, and Turkmenistan all hold the statuses of observer states, dialogue partners or guest attendees.
- 2004–present European Union Force Althea (EUFOR Althea): Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Chile, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom
- 1992–2003 operations in Macedonia:
- 1992–1995 United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR): Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovak Republic, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, United States
- 1995–1999 United Nations Preventive Deployment Force (UNPREDEP): Argentina, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, Ghana, Indonesia, Ireland, Jordan, Kenya, Nepal, New Zealand, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United States
- 1999 Operation Allied Force (NATO):
- 2001 Operation Essential Harvest (NATO):
- 2001–2002 Operation Amber Fox (NATO):
- 2002–2003 Operation Allied Harmony (NATO):
- 2003 European Union Force Concordia (EUFOR Concordia):
- 1997–1999 Kosovo War
- Alliance: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo, NATO (since 1999)
- 1999 Operation Allied Force (NATO): Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States
- 1999–present Kosovo Force (KFOR): Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States
- Alliance: Kosovo Liberation Army, Armed Forces of the Republic of Kosovo, NATO (since 1999)
- 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence
Current military-security alliances
Continental
Africa
- Economic Community of Central African States
- Council for Peace and Security in Central Africa (COPAX)
- Economic Community of West African States
Asia
- Axis of Resistance
- Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
Europe
North America
Oceania
South America
- Forum for the Progress and Development of South America (PROSUR) - currently being reformed to replace the Union of South American Nations.
Intercontinental
Africa and Asia
- Islamic Military Alliance (IMAFT), a 34-member alliance based at a joint command center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Its creation was first announced by Mohammad bin Salman Al Saud, the Saudi Minister of Defense, on December 14, 2015.
Africa and South America
Americas
- Rio Pact
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Eurasia
- Union State is an alliance between Russia and Belarus
- Agreement on Strategic Partnership and Mutual Support an alliance between Turkey and Azerbaijan
- 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship a twenty-year treaty between China and Russia outlying economic, militaristic, diplomatic, and geopolitical cooperation between the two states.
- RSII Coalition
North America and Asia
North America and Europe
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North America and Oceania
Tri-continental
- ABCA Armies, Air and Space Interoperability Council and AUSCANNZUKUS is collectively known as the Five Eyes -
- Five Power Defence Arrangements
Global
- Multinational Force and Observers
- Department of Peacekeeping Operations
- United Nations Security Council
- Major non-NATO Ally, allies of the United States, but not a member of NATO.
- Combined Maritime Forces (CMF) is a series of three 33 nation naval task forces, each with a specific role including; anti-piracy, anti-terrorism, and maritime security.[2]
- International Association of Gendarmeries and Police Forces with Military Status
- International Maritime Security Construct, an alliance led by the United States dedicated to security in the Persian Gulf amid American tensions with Iran.
Proposed Alliances
Tri-continental
- CANZUK is a proposed alliance between the major nations of the Commonwealth Realm
References
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