List of last stands

A last stand is a military situation where a (normally) small defensive force holds a position against a significantly more powerful attacking force, often (though not necessarily) as their final act before being defeated. The defending force usually takes heavy casualties. This can take the form of a rearguard action, holding a defensible location, or simply by refusing to give up a position. Last stands are a last-resort tactic used when retreat or surrender is either impossible, or when fighting is essential to the success of their cause. While the defending force will most likely be defeated, they sometimes survive long enough for reinforcements to arrive and force the retreat of the attackers, or even force the enemy away by themselves. In various historical cases, last stands - though ending with a defeat in the strict, immediate military sense - became a moral victories, creating a heroic myth which could be a great political asset to the cause for which the last standers had fought.

List of land-based last stands

Name	Year	Defenders	Attackers	Description	Outcome
Battle of Thermopylae	480 BC	Greek city-states	Achaemenid Empire	A force of 7,000 allied Greek soldiers blocked the pass of Thermopylae from the invading Persian army numbering between 70,000 and 300,000 soldiers. The Greek defenders held their position for at least three days before being overrun. The battle has since become a symbol of courage against overwhelming odds.[1]	Persian victory
Battle of the Persian Gate	330 BC	Persian Empire	Kingdom of Macedon (League of Corinth)	A Persian force under Ariobarzanes held Alexander the Great and his hand-picked, 17,000-strong force back for a month behind the narrow pass reaching Persepolis before being attacked in a pincer movement. The Persians, who were unarmed at this time, fought to death.	Macedonian victory
Battle of Gaixia (Last Stand at the Wu River)	202 BC	Xiang Yu's Forces (Western Chu)	Liu Bang's Forces (Han)	After his defeat at the Battle of Gaixia, Xiang Yu was chased by Liu Bang's elite cavalry to the Wu River, where he made his famous last stand with the last 28 of his loyal soldiers. They killed hundreds of Han soldiers, but after being seriously wounded, Xiang Yu slit his own throat.	Han victory
Siege of Numantia	133 BC	Celtiberians	Roman Republic	The Roman consul Scipio Aemilianus with an army of 20,000 Roman legionnaires plus 40,000 allies and mercenary troops, surrounded the city of Numantia during the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula. Scipio's army constructed a wall around the city, created an artificial lake between that wall and the city walls, and erected several 10 feet towers from which archers could shoot into Numantia. The Romans asked for the full surrender of the Celtiberians. The inhabitants of Numantia refused to surrender and decided to die free rather than becoming slaves. Little by little the Numantians succumbed either from starvation, Roman arrows, or mass suicide. Overall the siege lasted between 8 and 16 months (depending on the sources) and ended with the burning and complete destruction of the city.[2][3]	Roman victory and culmination of the Numantine War and the Celtiberian Wars.
Battle of Lauro	45 BC	Pompeians	Caesarians	After being defeated during the Battle of Munda, Gnaeus Pompeius the Younger unsuccessfully attempted to escape the Caesarian forces that pursued him and his remaining followers. Eventually, the Pompeians were cornered and surrounded near Lauro. After one last breakout attempt that allowed some of his forces to escape, Gnaeus Pompeius (who was heavily wounded) and the remaining Pompeian defenders mostly fought to the death against the Caesarians.[4]	Caesarian victory, death of Gnaeus Pompeius the Younger
Siege of Masada	74 AD	Jewish Sicarii Rebels	Roman Empire	One of the final events in the First Jewish–Roman War, occurring at the hilltop fortress of Masada in current-day Israel, near the Dead Sea. The lengthy siege by Roman Empire troops culminated in the Roman legion surrounding Masada and constructing a siege ramp against the western face of the plateau, moving thousands of tons of stones and beaten earth over several months. Upon reaching the fortress, the Romans discovered that all 960 rebels had committed mass suicide. The siege of Masada is often revered in modern Israel as "a symbol of Jewish heroism".[5]	Roman victory
Battle of Karbala (680)	680 AD	Husayn of Banu Hashim and his Shia	Umayyad Caliphate	The Battle of Karbala took place on Muharram 10, in the year 61 AH of the Islamic calendar (October 10, 680 AD) in Karbala, in present-day Iraq. The battle took place between a small group of supporters and relatives of Muhammad's grandson, Husayn ibn Ali numbering to be 72 and a larger military detachment from the forces of Yazid I, the Umayyad caliph, numbering to be 30,000	Umayyad victory
Siege of Mecca (692)	692 AD	Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr's caliphate	Umayyad Caliphate	In 692 the armies of the Umayyad Caliphate besieged Mecca to put an end to the rival caliphate of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr. After six months of brutal fighting, with over 10,000 men including two of his sons having defected to the Umayyads, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr and his remaining loyal followers made a last stand at the Kaaba, where they fought to the death.[6]	Umayyad victory
Battle of Roncevaux Pass	778 AD	Franks	Basques	A large force of Basques ambushed Charlemagne's army. To escape, Charlemagne assigned a rearguard to delay the Basques until the Franks could retreat. The rearguard action was successful, but all of the soldiers who took part in it were killed.[7]	Basque victory
Battle of Stamford Bridge	1066	Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)	Kingdom of England	The battle was part of the Viking invasion of England. The battle took place near the town of Stamford Bridge. A force of 9,000 Vikings were opposed by ~15,000 English soldiers who achieved a decisive victory after extremely heavy fighting.[8]	Decisive English victory
Battle of Aljubarrota	1385	Kingdom of Portugal Kingdom of England	Crown of Castille Crown of Aragon Kingdom of France	The battle represented a standoff between numerically superior Castillian and French forces against the Portuguese and a small number of English Longbowmen. The Portuguese managed to secure a solid victory and, consequently, rule out Castillian ambitions to the Portuguese throne. John of the House of Aviz is officially declared King of Portugal.	Decisive Portuguese Victory
Battle of Agincourt	1415	Kingdom of England	Kingdom of France	The battle had a numerically inferior force of English soldiers fight against French forces. The English use of longbows is what allowed them to defeat the French, whose armor was ineffective against the fired arrows.[9]	Decisive English victory
Fall of Constantinople	1453	Byzantine Empire Republic of Genoa Republic of Venice Kingdom of Sicily Papal States Ottoman defectors	Ottoman Empire	The conquest of Constantinople was directly after a 53-day siege. It dealt a heavy blow to Christendom, as the Ottoman armies were able to freely invade Europe without fearing an attack from the rear. It also helped the Renaissance, as several intellectuals fled the city and immigrated to Italy.[10]	Decisive Ottoman victory
Stand of the Swiss Guard	1527	Holy See Papal States	Habsburg Monarchy Holy Roman Empire Habsburg Spain	A battle that took place during the War of the League of Cognac. 189 Swiss Guards under the command of Captain Kaspar Röist were ordered by Pope Clement VII to defend Rome from the Habsburg Imperial and Spanish troops threatening to loot the city. The Guard held long enough for Clement VII to escape across the Passetto di Borgo to Castel Sant'Angelo with some survivors and refugees.	Habsburg victory; escape of Pope Clement VII
Siege of Diu	1538	Portuguese Empire	Gujarat Sultanate Ottoman Empire	Portuguese forces, under the command of António de Silveira, withstood a 2-month siege in Diu. Suffering heavy casualties (with only 40 survivors in the aftermath), the Portuguese repelled several Gujarati and Ottoman assaults on the fort. This enabled Diu to remain under Portuguese control until Operation Vijay during the annexation of Goa.	Portuguese victory
Siege of Katsurayama	1557	forces of Uesugi Kenshin	forces of Takeda Shingen	In March 1557, Katsurayama castle was attacked and besieged by the Takeda clan. The castle garrison, consisting of the Ochiai clan and elements of the Murakami clan, was loyal to Uesugi Kenshin and defended the fortress furiously, but was eventually overwhelmed by the Takeda army. All defending warriors fought to the death, while their families committed mass suicide and the castle was burned to the ground.	Takeda victory
Siege of Szigetvár	1566	Habsburg Monarchy	Ottoman Empire	The siege of Szigetvár was fought from 5 August to 8 September 1566 and, though it resulted in an Ottoman victory, there were heavy losses on both sides. Both commanders died during the battle — Zrinski in the final charge and Suleiman in his tent from natural causes. More than 20,000 Turks had fallen during the attacks and almost all of Zrinski's 2,300 man garrison was killed, with most of the final 600 men killed on the last day. Although the battle was an Ottoman victory, it stopped the Ottoman push to Vienna that year. Vienna was not threatened again until the Battle of Vienna in 1683.[11]	Pyrrhic Ottoman victory
Battle of Nishimonai	1601	Onodera clan	Mogami clan	Even though the Onodera clan that had ruled southern Akita, Japan, was completely defeated and exiled in 1600, one clan member, Onodera Shigemichi, continued to resist at his stronghold in Nishimonai and even refused to surrender when a large Mogami clan army arrived to eliminate this last remnant of Onodera resistance. Shigemichi and his loyal followers attempted to defend their castle against the Mogami, but were overwhelmed, whereupon he set fire to the fortress. According to some accounts, Shigemichi died in the flames, whereas others report that he managed to escape. Either way, Onodera Shigemichi is honored in Nishimonai until the present day.	Mogami clan victory
Rokugō rebellion	1603	Satake clan	Onodera clan loyalists	Around 1,000 rōnin, still loyal to their defeated and exiled former lord Onodera Yoshimichi, decided to rebel to protest against his poor treatment by the Tokugawa shogunate. Though their uprising had no chance of success, the rōnin attacked Rokugō, Akita, where they were quickly defeated by the Satake clan. The rebellion has since been considered an exceptional display of loyalty by samurai to their master.[12]	Satake clan victory
Battle of Cecora	September 17, 1620	Ottoman Empire, and Allies: Crimean Khanate Wallachia Lipka Tatars Principality of Transylvania	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, And Moldavia	A battle between the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth 9,000 troops (aided by rebel Moldavian 600–1000 troops) and Ottoman forces 20,000–60,000 (backed by Nogais), fought from 17 September to 7 October 1620 in Moldavia, near the Prut River. In the last stand during heavy assault on 6 October, most of the magnates and nobles broke and fled north, leaving infantry and camp, thus sealing the fate of the whole expedition: most of the Polish-Lithuanian troops were killed or captured. In the ensuing battle commander Stanisław Żółkiewski died and Koniecpolski and many others (Samuel Korecki, Mikolaj Struś, Mikołaj Potocki, Jan Żółkiewski, Łukasz Żołkiewski), Stanisław "Rewera" Potocki and Bohdan Khmelnytsky were taken captive. Before his death, Stanisław Żółkiewski received the blessing of his confessor, Father Szymon Wybierski (Wybierek, Wyberek) of the Society of Jesus, who stood by his side (7 October). Stanisław Żółkiewski's head was mounted on a pike and sent to the sultan; Duke Korecki, having often meddled in Moldavian territories, was executed in the Constantinople prison.	Decisive Ottoman Victory
Battle of Naseby	1645	Royalists	New Model Army	The Battle of Naseby had the main army of King Charles I effectively destroyed by the New Model Army led by Oliver Cromwell. This last stand did not involve total Royalists casualties, as the majority of the army surrendered to Cromwell.[13]	Decisive Parliamentarian victory
Battle of Pavan Khind	July 13, 1660	Maratha Empire	Bijapur Sultanate	The Battle of Pavan Khind was a rear guard action by Marathas led by Baji Prabhu Deshpande to aid escape of Maratha King Shivaji Maharaj to Vishalgad. Baji Prabhu held an Adilshahi force of 10,000+ with a small Maratha army of 300 in a pass now known as Pavan Khind. The Maratha army perished in the Adilshahi assault, but only after achieving their objective of the safe arrival of Shivaji Maharaj to Vishalgad.	Tactical Adilshahi victory Strategic Maratha Victory
Battle of Hodów	June 11, 1694	Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth	Crimean Khanate	The 400-strong Polish cavalry charged the 700-strong Tatar vanguard and made them withdraw. Shortly afterwards Polish forces retreated to Hodów village due to overwhelming enemy numbers, and proceeded to fortify themselves using heavy wooden fences left there from earlier Tatar invasions. For the next 6 hours Polish troops resisted relentless Tatar attacks. Even after the Polish ran out of bullets, they continued to fire at the enemy, using Tatar arrowheads as improvised ammunition for their guns. Unable to defeat the Poles, the Tatars sent Polish-speaking Lipka Tatars to convince the Polish troops to surrender. When the Polish commander replied "Come and get us if you can", the Tatars withdrew to Kamieniec Podolski and gave up on the entire raid, having gained nearly nothing despite large troop losses and vast numerical advantage.	Decisive Polish Victory
Battle of Tarvis (1809)	May 18, 1809	Austrian Empire	First French Empire	The Storming of the Predil Blockhouse from 15 to 18 May saw the Franco-Italian army of Eugène de Beauharnais attacking Austrian Empire forces under Albert Gyulai. Eugène crushed Gyulai's division in a pitched battle near Tarvisio, then an Austrian town known as Tarvis. At nearby Malborghetto Valbruna (Malbotghet Wolfstal) and Predil Pass, small garrisons of Grenz infantry heroically defended two forts before being overwhelmed by sheer numbers. On 18 May, Predil fell to assault and the defenders were killed to the last man.	Strategic French Victory
Battle of the Alamo	1836	Republic of Texas	Mexico	The battle was part of the Texas Revolution. Following a 13-day siege of the Alamo, Mexican soldiers stormed the building, killing all of the defenders. In the following years, the battle is regarded akin to the legendary Battle of Thermopylae.[14]	Mexican victory
Battle of Blood River	1838	Voortrekkers	Zulu Kingdom	The Battle of Blood River had 464 Voortrekkers and 200 servants under Andries Pretorius attacked by 10,000 Zulu under Ndlela kaSompisi with an additional 70,000 held in reserve not taking part in the battle. Pretorius had set up a laager on a defensive position near the bank of Blood River. The Zulus attacked with overwhelming numbers over the course of several days, but Pretorius' technological advantage (muskets and two cannons) allowed him to successfully hold them off. By the end of the battle, three Voortrekkers were wounded while the Zulus had lost more than 3,000.[15]	Voortrekker victory Dingane's military weakened Mpande enters alliance with Pretorius Creation of the Natalia Republic
Retreat from Kabul	1842	British Empire	Emirate of Afghanistan	The 1842 Kabul Retreat took place during the First Anglo-Afghan War. Following an uprising in Kabul, Major General Sir William Elphinstone negotiated an agreement with Wazir Akbar Khan, one of the sons of the Afghan Emir Dost Mohammad Barakzai, by which his army was to withdraw to the British garrison at Jalalabad, more than 90 miles (140 km) away. As the army and its numerous dependents and camp-followers began its march, it came under attack from Afghan tribesmen. Many of the column died of exposure, frostbite or starvation or were killed during the fighting. The final stand was made just outside a village called Gandamak on 13 January.[16]	Afghan victory
Battle of Chapultepec/Niños Héroes	1847	Mexico	United States	Mexico City's Chapultepec Castle served as the Mexican Army's military academy. In the 13 September 1847 Battle of Chapultepec, during the Mexican–American War, it was defended by Mexican troops under the command of Nicolás Bravo, including cadets from the academy. The greatly outnumbered defenders battled General Winfield Scott's troops for about two hours before General Bravo ordered retreat, but six cadets refused to fall back and fought to the death. Legend has it that the last of the six, Juan Escutia, leapt from Chapultepec Castle wrapped in the Mexican flag to prevent the flag from being taken by the enemy.[17] These Niños Héroes (Spanish: [ˈniɲos ˈeɾoes], Boy Heroes), also known as the Heroic Cadets or Boy Soldiers, are a key part of Mexico's patriotic folklore, commemorated by a national holiday on September 13. However, several modern Mexican historians claim that parts of the story are not factual.[18]	American victory
Battle of Camarón	1863	France	Mexico	In the Battle of Camerón, 65 Foreign Legionnaires stood against 3,000 Mexican soldiers for over 10 hours. The Legionnaires only surrendered after an attempted bayonet charge, and a promise that they would receive medical attention and be allowed to keep their weapons and equipment.[19]	Tactical Mexican victory Strategic French victory
Raid on Godfrey Ranch	1865	United States	Lakota Cheyenne	The ranch was defended by three or four men who fought against 130 Native American warriors. Godfrey was aware of the planned attack and had fortified his ranch in preparation. The attack happened at night and continued until morning when the attackers retreated.[20]	American victory
Battle of Palmito Ranch	1865	CSA	United States	Union Colonel Theodore H. Barrett, newly assigned to command an all-black unit, and never having been in combat, ordered an attack on a Confederate camp near Fort Brown for unknown reasons. The Union attackers captured a few prisoners, but the following day the attack was repulsed near Palmito Ranch by Colonel John Salmon Ford, and the battle resulted in a Union defeat.	Confederate victory
Battle of Cerro Corá	1870	Paraguay	Empire of Brazil	The last engagement of the Paraguayan War, the Battle of Cerro Corá saw the complete destruction of all remaining forces of Paraguayan President Francisco Solano López. Although completely outnumbered, many of the Paraguayans refused to surrender and instead were killed in attempts to escape, made stubborn last stands or simply allowed themselves to be shot. Among those killed were President Lopez, Vice President Domingo Francisco Sánchez, Secretary of State Luis Caminos, and the son of the President, Juan Francisco López. According to one account, the President's last words were that he was "dying with [his] homeland". In this regard, historian Gabriele Esposito has commented that considering the enormous Paraguayan casualties during the war, López had "certainly ensured that most of [Paraguay's] people had died before him".[21]	Brazilian victory, end of the Paraguayan War
Custer's Last Stand	1876	United States	Lakota Dakota Northern Cheyenne Arapaho	Custer's Last Stand was part of the Battle of the Little Bighorn. George Custer † found himself on an open hilltop with a significantly larger force of Native Americans attacking them. Even though, according to Lakota accounts, the attack on Last Stand Hill produced the most casualties, the Lakota destroyed Custer's force within an hour.[22]	Native American victory
Battle of Shipka Pass	1877	Russian Empire Bulgaria	Ottoman Empire	During the second battle, 38,000 Ottomans decided to capture three positions guarded by 7,500 defenders. The Ottomans spent six days trying to capture the positions, but eventually retreated after Russian reinforcements arrived.[23]	Russian/Bulgarian victory
Battle of Shiroyama	1877	Samurai of Satsuma	Imperial Japanese Army	500 samurai were surrounded by 30,000 Japanese soldiers. The samurai held their position, engaging in close-quarter fighting, as the Japanese soldiers were not trained for it. They continued to hold until their leader, Saigō Takamori †, was killed. They then decided to charge downhill and were subsequently killed.[24]	Imperial Japanese victory
Battle of Rorke's Drift	1879	British Empire	Zulu Kingdom	One hundred forty-one members of the British Army defended a mission station against a force of 3,000 to 4,000 Zulus. The battle happened soon after the British defeat at the Battle of Isandlwana. The British at Rorke's Drift had time to prepare defensive positions in anticipation of a Zulu attack. After several fierce assaults over 12 hours, the Zulu's attack was repulsed. Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to the defenders, among other decorations.[25]	British victory
Battle of La Concepción	1882	Chile	Peru	A force of 300 Peruvian soldiers accompanied by around 1000–1500 guerillas assaulted a garrison of 77 Chilean soldiers at Concepción. The Chileans entrenched themselves in the town's church and withstood the attack for a period of 27 hours, eventually being totally annihilated by the Peruvian forces.[26]	Peruvian victory
The Shangani Patrol	1893	British South Africa Company	Matabele Kingdom	During the First Matabele War, 34 men of the Shangani Patrol were ambushed by ~3,000 Matabele warriors. The Matabele leader offered to spare the Shangani Patrol if they surrendered, but they refused and kept fighting. Under the orders of Major Allan Wilson †, the remaining British took cover behind their dead horses and inflicted heavy casualties on the attackers. After they ran out of ammunition, the remaining survivors were finished off by an assagei spear charge. The British took total casualties, but killed ~500 of their attackers.[27] Usually, the Matabele mutilate the bodies of the enemy, but made an exception for Wilson's men. One of the Matabele leaders explained after the battle, "The white men died so bravely we would not treat them as we do the cowardly Mashonas and others."[27]	Matabele victory
Lapa Siege	1894	Brazil	Maragatos	During the Federalist Riograndense Revolution, around 800 defenders composed mostly of civilian volunteers held a rebel force 3 or 4 times larger, for 26 days. The city surrendered after the death of their commander, Gomes Carneiro, however, the rebel force had been delayed for enough time that the government managed to muster a counter-attack, which led to the defeat of the rebel forces.	Pyrrhic Maragato Victory
Battle of Saragarhi	1897	British Empire 36th Sikh Regiment	Pashtuns	On 12 September 1897, 21 Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs defended an army post from the 10,000 Pashtuns trying to capture it. The defenders all chose to fight, buying enough time for a British Indian relief party to recapture the fort. September 12 is remembered as Saragarhi Day among Sikh military personnel.[28]	Tactical Pashtun victory Strategic British Indian victory
Gavrilović's defense of Belgrade	1914	Serbia	Austria-Hungary	Gavrilović lead the Serbian defensive action that delayed the Austro-Hungarians in fully taking Belgrade during the first World War. The attacking force vastly outnumbered the Serbians, and were only gaining reinforcements. They also had a vast superiority in artillery. Gavrilović was forced to engage the Austro-Hungarians in close-quarter combat. Eventually, the defenders mounted a final charge in an attempt to destroy the enemy's bridgehead. A memorial planted by the enemy commander still stands today, reading "Here Lies Serbian Heroes."[29]	Failure to destroy Austro-Hungarian Bridgehead
Battle of Gravenstafel Ridge	1915	Canada	German Empire	The Battle of Gravenstafel was one of the six engagements that made up the Second Battle of Ypres. The battle had members of the Canadian Expeditionary Force hold their position, as well as the position of the French Moroccan and Algerian divisions, who had retreated after the gas attack. The Canadians fought for three days, despite being surrounded on three sides, gassed again, outnumbered, and outgunned.[30]	German attack repulsed
Meuse-Argonne Offensive	1918	United States 77th Division	German Empire	The Meuse-Argonne Offensive began on the morning of September 26, 1918. General Evan Johnson, the commander in charge of the Argonne part of the offensive, had a "no retreat" command for his divisions. Their communication line was cut and so they could not receive supplies of food or ammunition. Captain Nelson M. Holderman tried to lead an assault out through the back of the pocket, but failed to break out, incurring heavy casualties in the process. This infuriated Whittlesey, but seeing that there was nothing he could do he simply sent the survivors back to their defensive positions. Next came a grenade assault followed by mortars raining in on them, but the Americans did not stagger. On the morning of 4 October, patrols were sent out on their morning routes, and Whittlesey was unsure that any of the carrier pigeons had actually made it through. He was unsure if command actually knew of the desperate situation that was unfolding. Whittlesey believed that his orders to hold this position still applied, because the position was the key to breaking through the German lines. While Whittlesey and his men tenaciously defended their position, their parent 154th Brigade and the entire 77th Division launched a ferocious series of attacks to get to them. But with each attack, these efforts grew weaker and weaker as the combat power of the 77th ebbed. In the first 4 days of these attacks, the rest of the 308th infantry alone lost 766 men For the next few days, the Pocket held firm and the powerful American attacks started to push the Germans back and the 77th Division was now trying to infiltrate troops into the pocket. Whittlesey, meanwhile, asked for a volunteer to sneak through the lines and lead back help. Private Abraham Krotoshinsky undertook this mission and skillfully left the pocket by a circuitous route to the north which ultimately led to an infiltrating company of the 307th Infantry. Krotoshinsky acted as a guide to lead this group to help rescue the trapped company and establish a route for further fresh troops to come into the pocket. So on 8 October, the 77th relief force had linked up with Whittlesey's men. Immediately upon their relief, Whittlesey was promoted to Lieutenant Colonel. Of the over 500 soldiers who entered the Argonne Forest, only 194 walked out unscathed. The rest were killed, missing, captured, or wounded. Major Charles White Whittlesey, Captain George G. McMurtry, and Nelson M. Holderman received the Medal of Honor for their valiant actions. Whittlesey was also recognized by being a pallbearer at the ceremony interring the remains of the Unknown Soldier.	Allied victory due to the Armistice of November 11, 1918
Siege of Medina	1916–1919	Ottoman Empire	Kingdom of Hejaz British Empire	The defending commander of the Ottoman garrison in Medina Fahreddin Pasha was besieged by Arab forces but tenaciously defended the holy city. Fahreddin Pasha not only had to defend Medina but also protect the single-track narrow gauge Hejaz Railway from sabotage attacks by T. E. Lawrence and his Arab forces, on which his entire logistics depended.[31] Turkish garrisons of the isolated small train stations withstood the continuous night attacks and secured the tracks against increasing number of sabotages (around 130 major attacks in 1917 and hundreds in 1918 including exploding more than 300 bombs on 30 April 1918).[31] With the resignation of the Ottoman Empire from the war with the Armistice of Mudros between Ottoman Empire and Entente on 30 October 1918, it was expected that Fahreddin Pasha would also surrender. He refused and did not surrender even after the end of the war despite pleas from the Ottoman Sultan. He held the city until 72 days after the end of the war. After the Armistice of Moudros the closest Ottoman unit was 1300 km (808 miles) away from Medina.[32] Eventually, his men faced starvation due to a lack of supplies, and the remaining garrison, including Fahreddin Pasha, surrendered on 10 January 1919.[33]	Arab-British Victory
Battle of Zadwórze	1920	Poland	Russian SFSR	The Battle of Zadwórze was a battle of the Polish-Soviet War. It was fought on August 17, 1920 near the train station of Zadwórze, a small village located 33 kilometres from the city centre of Lwów (now Lviv). The battle, lasting roughly 24 hours, resulted in the complete destruction of the Polish forces but at the same time halted the Soviet advance, preventing the forces of Semyon Budyonny from seizing Lwów and so contributing to the successful defence of Warsaw. The battle has been called the Polish Thermopylae.	Soviet victory
Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig	1939	Poland	Nazi Germany	The Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig (Gdańsk) was one of the first acts of World War II in Europe, as part of the Invasion of Poland. On September 1, 1939, Polish personnel defended the building for some 15 hours against assaults by the SS Heimwehr Danzig (SS Danzig Home Defense), local SA formations and special units of Danzig police. All but four of the defenders, who were able to escape from the building during the surrender, were sentenced to death by a German court martial as illegal combatants on October 5, 1939 and executed.	German victory
Battle of Westerplatte	1939	Poland	Nazi Germany	The Battle of Westerplatte was the first battle in the Invasion of Poland and marked the start of the Second World War in Europe. Beginning on September 1, 1939, German naval forces and soldiers and Danzig police assaulted the Polish Military Transit Depot (Wojskowa Składnica Tranzytowa, or WST) on the peninsula of Westerplatte, in the harbour of the Free City of Danzig. The Poles held out for seven days in the face of a heavy attack that included dive bomber attacks.	German victory
Battle of Hel	1939	Poland	Nazi Germany	The Hel Peninsula, together with the town of Hel, was the pocket of Polish Army resistance that held out the longest against the German invasion. Approximately 2,800 soldiers of the Fortified Region Hel unit (Helski Rejon Umocniony), part of the Coastal Defence Group (Grupa Obrony Wybrzeża) under [Kapitan Stanislaw Zwartynski], defended the area against overwhelming odds from 9 September until 2 October 1939, when they surrendered.	German victory
Battle of Wizna	1939	Poland	Nazi Germany	The Battle of Wizna was fought during the early stages of the Invasion of Poland. The 700 Polish defenders held a fortified position for three days against a Nazi force that outnumbered them ~ 60–1. Captain Władysław Raginis † eventually ordered the last two bunkers to surrender after they ran out of ammunition, then committed suicide.[34]	German victory
Battle of Kollaa	1940	Finland	Soviet Union	The battle saw one undermanned Finnish division defend against Soviet forces of four divisions and one tank brigade in the Winter War.The Finns managed to put up stiff resistance and repulse all Soviet assaults. Kollaa held until the Armistice and end of the war. Sniper Simo Häyhä fought at Kollaa. [35]	Finnish defensive victory
Siege of Calais (1940)	1940	United Kingdom France	Nazi Germany	The siege of Calais was a battle for the port of Calais during the Battle of France in May 1940. The siege was fought at the same time as the Battle of Boulogne, just before Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF) through Dunkirk.	German victory
Battle of Belgium (1940)	1940	Chasseurs Ardennais	Nazi Germany	When the German armies, which included Rommel's Ghost Division, approached the unit, they were supposed to retreat but due to communication failure the order never reached them. Instead they honored their original orders, which were to defend the border at all cost. They fought so bravely and on such a large front, that they tricked the Axis into believing that they were facing a force much larger than 40 rifles strong. When finally they were captured and their captors asked them -”where are the others?” they simply laughed and answered. ”There are no others, we are all!”	German victory
Battle of Saumur (1940)	1940	France	Nazi Germany	In the late stages of the Battle of France, the cadet school at Saumar took upon itself the defence of the Loire river after Philippe Pétain's call for a cease fire, making it often considered to be one of the first acts of resistance. The cadets, numbering 560 as well as retreating soldiers they convinced to stand, defended the river for two days against the 1st Cavalry Division.	German victory, French Morale victory
Defense of Brest Fortress	1941	USSR	Nazi Germany	The defence of Brest Fortress took place 22–29 June 1941. The Brest Fortress, defended by the Red Army against the Wehrmacht, held out longer than expected and, after the Second World War had finished, became a symbol of Soviet resistance. In 1965 the fortress received the title of Hero Fortress for the 1941 defense.	German victory
The lone Soviet tank during the Battle of Raseiniai	1941	USSR	Nazi Germany	During the battle for the village of Raseiniai, which took place 23-27 June 1941, a lone KV tank held off the advance of the 6th Panzer Division for a single day, before being overrun and knocked out on the morning of June 25th.	German victory
Pavlov's House	1942	Soviet Union	Nazi Germany	Pavlov's House was a fortified apartment building that was defended against heavy German attack during the Battle of Stalingrad. The defense was led by Sergeant Yakov Pavlov, whose understrength platoon would hold the tactically vital building for 60 days, following Stalin's Order No. 227. Sergeant Pavlov would be awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his actions.[36]	Soviet victory
Last stand of the Italian-Croatian Legion	1942	Italian-Croatian Legion	Soviet Union	In course of the Operation Little Saturn, the Italian-Croatian Legion (a unit of about 1000 Croatian volunteers fighting for the Royal Italian Army) was surrounded by the Red Army at the Hills 168 and 210 near Meshkov. For two days, the Croatians fought fiercely against the Russians, but on 21 December their ammunition ran out – nevertheless, the legionaries did not surrender and when the final Soviet assault overrun their position, all were killed in battle.[37]	Soviet victory, Italian-Croatian Legion completely destroyed
Last stand of the 44th Infantry Division's Panzerjäger-Abteilung 46	1942	Nazi Germany	Soviet Union	As part of Operation Koltso, the Soviet 21st and 65th Armies attacked the Marinovka salient of the German Stalingrad pocket with hundreds of tanks, hoping to easily overrun the three weakened German divisions in their way. Despite this, the Germans fiercely and desperately resisted. In one of the most notable cases, the German 44th Infantry Division's Panzerjäger-Abteilung 46 ("tank-hunter unit 46"), counting 128 soldiers, repulsed four waves of attacking heavy and medium tanks (including KV-1s and T-34s) with just three 7.62 cm Pak 36(r) anti-tank guns. The unit inflicted heavy losses on the Soviets, destroying dozens of tanks, while suffering 64 killed and 58 wounded. By the end, just six men and one anti-tank gun were still combat-ready, but eventually their ammunition ran out and their position was overrun by the Soviet Army. Panzerjäger-Abteilung 46 was completely destroyed.[38][39]	Soviet victory, Panzerjäger-Abteilung 46 completely destroyed
Last Battle of Pohorje Battalion	1943	Liberation Front of the Slovene Nation	Nazi Germany	The Pohorje Battalion was an armed unit of Slovene Partisans, resistance army of the Slovenian people, organized on territory occupied by Third Reich during the Second World War. As other units of Slovene Partisans, it performed its actions in a guerrilla-like way, avoiding larger conflicts against a much stronger opponent. Their last battle was fought in winter camp, where they were planning to spend the winter. On 8 January, 69 fighters (among them women and children) were surrounded by some 2000 men of the German armed forces. In a two and half hour long fight, all but one of the defenders, who was too severely wounded to kill himself, were killed (their commandant gave the order that none should be captured alive). The captured partisan was shot subsequently, yet the last stand of the battalion became a symbol of a heroic stance against occupation and a legendary action of the Slovenian people in a fight for their freedom.[40]	German victory
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising	1943	Jewish Resistance ŻOB ŻZW Polish Resistance Home Army People's Guard	Nazi Germany	The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising was an act of Jewish resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto, opposing Nazi Germany's final effort to transport the remaining Ghetto population to Treblinka extermination camp. They fought for 27 days until the Ghetto was burnt down by the Waffen-SS.[41]	German victory
Battle of Tali-Ihantala	1944	Finland Nazi Germany	Soviet Union	The battle saw 50,000 highly trained Finns with German equipment defend against a poorly-supplied Soviet force of 150,000. The Finns defended against heavy Soviet attack for 14 days. The Red Army failed to make their planned breakthrough, so the battle is regarded as a Finnish victory.[42]	Finnish defensive victory
Battle of Hill 262	1944	Poland	Nazi Germany	Hill 262 had encircled and entrenched Polish soldiers fight against German soldiers retreating from the Falaise Pocket. The Poles were able to direct heavy artillery fire on the Germans, which prompted a counterattack. Exhausted and low on ammunition, the defenders resorted to close-quarter combat to defeat a German attempt to overrun their position. They ensured the closure of the pocket and were relieved by the Canadian Grenadier Guards.[43]	Polish victory
Battle of Arnhem	1944	United Kingdom Poland	Nazi Germany	In the Battle of Arnhem, the British 1st Airborne Division and the 1st Polish Parachute Brigade were trapped and unable to be relieved. They put up a heavy resistance and fought for several days. Five of the British soldiers that fought would be awarded the Victoria Cross. The 1st Airborne suffered very heavy casualties, from which it never recovered.[44]	German victory
Warsaw Uprising	1944	Home Army	Nazi Germany	The Warsaw Uprising was planned by the Polish Government-In-Exile and Home Army. The purpose was to liberate Warsaw from the occupying Germans. The Home Army was to resist for four days, then be relieved by the advancing Red Army. The Soviets stopped their advance on the city outskirts and the Home Army was forced to fight for 63 days before they surrendered.[45]	German victory Destruction of Warsaw
Siege of Bastogne	1944	United States	Nazi Germany	Members of the 101st Airborne were ordered to defend the vital crossroad at Bastogne from capture by the XLVII Panzer Corps. Outnumbered, under-equipped, and surrounded, the Americans held out for seven days, before being relieved by elements of General Patton's Third Army.[46]	American victory
Battle of Berlin	1945	Nazi Germany	Soviet Union Poland	The Battle of Berlin was Hitler's attempt at delaying the Soviets long enough so that the nearby 12th army could arrive and defeat the Soviets. The battle lasted 16 days before the unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was declared.[47]	Decisive Soviet victory
Battle for Castle Itter	1945	United States Wehrmacht French resistance Austrian resistance	Nazi Germany	Troops of the 23rd Tank Battalion of the 12th Armored Division of the US XXI Corps led by Captain John C. "Jack" Lee, Jr., a number of Wehrmacht soldiers led by Major Josef "Sepp" Gangl, SS-Hauptsturmführer Kurt-Siegfried Schrader, and recently freed French prisoners of war defended Castle Itter against an attacking force from the 17th SS Panzergrenadier Division until relief from the American 142nd Infantry Regiment of the 36th Division of XXI Corps arrived.	Allied victory
Battle of Pusan Perimeter	1950	United Nations United States United Kingdom South Korea	North Korea	The Battle of the Pusan Perimeter was a defensive action between United Nations Command (UN) and North Korean forces lasting from August 4 to September 18, 1950. The UN army of 92,000 combat troops was pushed into a 140-mile (230 km) long defensive line around the port of Busan by the North Korean army of 70,000 combat troops. The United Nations troops endured six weeks of assault until the North Korean force had to retreat due to lack of supply and massive losses.	United Nations victory
Battle of the Imjin River	1951	United Nations United Kingdom Belgium Philippines Luxembourg	China	The Chinese had attacked positions on the lower Imjin River in an attempt to breakthrough and recapture the South Korean capital, Seoul. The primarily British forces, alongside Philippine and Belgian forces with a small Luxembourg detachment, fought a delaying action against the numerically superior Chinese and held their position for three days, inflicting enormous casualties upon their opponents. This allowed the UN to prepare defensive positions to the north of Seoul and halt the Chinese advance.[48]	Disputed Successful UN delaying action
Battle of Yultong	1951	United Nations Philippines	China	As part of the First Chinese Spring Offensive, the Chinese 44th Division attacked the US 65th Infantry Regiment of the US 3rd Infantry Division near Yeoncheon on the night of April 22. The Filipino 10th BCT, part of the 65th Infantry Regiment, was soon trapped at the Yultong area by 23:00. Although the 10th BCT had lost all contacts with the outside world, the Filipinos held their position until the Chinese stopped their attacks on the morning of April 23. The 10th BCT's action at Yultong allowed the US 3rd Infantry Division to successfully withdraw from the battlefield and later turned the tide of Korean War.	Filipino victory
Battle of Kapyong	1951	United Nations Australia Canada New Zealand South Korea United Kingdom United States	China North Korea	The battle had most of the Chinese People's Volunteer Army in the area attack the Australians on Hill 504 and Canadians on Hill 677. The Australians and Canadians were outnumbered, but refused to give up their positions. The two battalions defended against the entire Chinese division and eventually forced them to withdraw and regroup. Their fighting was key in preventing a breakthrough on the United Nations Command central front.[49]	United Nations victory
Siege of Jadotville	1961	ONUC Ireland	State of Katanga Luba warriors Belgian settlers Mercenaries	155–158 Irish UN troops were attacked by ~3,000 Katangese troops. The Irish were able to repel attacks for six days before their ammunition and supplies were exhausted. The attackers suffered heavy casualties, before the defenders (none of whom were killed) surrendered. The Irish were captured, but released one month later.[50]	Katangese victory
Battle of Rezang La	1962	India	Peoples Republic of China	120 soldiers of Charlie Company, 13th Kumaon Regiment, Indian Army, led by Maj. Shaitan Singh, PVC made a last stand at the Rezang La pass near Chushul, Ladakh against the Invading Chinese (PLA) forces in the 1962 Indo-Sino Conflict. 114 of the 120 soldiers were killed. Maj Shaitan Singh was awarded Indias Highest Gallantry award, The Param Vir Chakra. The Indian forces defended Rezang La against successive waves of Chinese troops causing 1300+ casualties, before being finally run over.	PLA Victory
Battle of Hill 488	1966	United States	North Vietnam Viet Cong	A small reconnaissance platoon was attacked by ~250–300 PAVN and Viet Cong soldiers. They held their position for three days, losing 6 men Killed in action from the 1st Reconnaissance Battalion. Before they were evacuated, the Marines had to forbid automatic fire in order to conserve ammunition, later resorting to hand-to-hand combat and throwing rocks in the hope that they would be confused for grenades. The commander of the platoon, Jimmie E. Howard, would be awarded the Medal of Honor.[51]	Tactical American victory
Battle of Longewala	1971	India	Pakistan	The Battle of Longewala (4–7 December 1971) was one of the first major engagements in the western sector during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971, fought between assaulting Pakistani forces and Indian defenders at the Indian border post of Longewala, in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan state in India. About 120 Indian soldiers from the 23rd battalion of the Punjab Regiment held on and fought against the invading force of 2000 Pakistani soldiers.[52]	Decisive Indian victory
Battle of Hilli	1971	Pakistan	India	The Battle of Hilli (22 November–18 December 1971) was one of the most brutal battles in East Pakistan(now Bangladesh) Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. It was fought between the Indian army along with Mitro Bahini forces against the Pakistani soldiers, in the Hilli–Bogra area in northern Bangladesh. Only one brigade (205 Brigade) of the Pakistan army held back Indian and Mukti-Bahini forces several times their sizes for almost a week. The highly pitched battle was a significant one as it involved great personal valour on both sides. This is highlighted by the fact that soldiers on both sides won their nation's highest military honours. Even though the Pakistani High Command had surrendered on 16 December, this brigade refused to surrender, and fought on until the commander was ambushed and severely wounded in a Mukti-Bahini attack on his jeep.[53]	Indian and Bangladesh Victory
Defence of Kamalpur	1971	Pakistan	India Indian Air Force Bangladesh	Defense of Kamalpur (14 November- 4 December 1971) was one of the fierce battle during 1971 war. It was fought by Indian army and Mukthi Bahini against the Pakistan army in Kamalpur, East Pakistan (now Bangladesh. 140 Pakistani soldiers of 31 Baloch company fought against 4,000 Indian soldiers belonging to 95 Brigade group. Indian army and Mukthi Bahini made some unsuccessful attempt to overrun the Pakistani soldiers positions at Kamalpur. The besieged Pakistani soldiers defended the area held by them for 21 days. After that, they were ordered to surrender by their superiors.[54][55]	Pakistani troops were ordered to surrender on the radio after defending the area for 21 days.
Fall of Saigon	1975	United States South Vietnam	North Vietnam Viet Cong	An army of 120,000 North Vietnamese soldiers marched into the city of Saigon. The United States began evacuating South Vietnamese civilians, but was ultimately unable to halt the invaders, and the city was ultimately taken over, putting an end to the Vietnam War.	North Vietnamese victory
Badaber uprising	1982	Soviet POWs Afghan POWs	Mujahideen (Jamiat-e-Islami) Pakistan	The Badaber uprising was an armed rebellion of 52 Soviet and Afghan prisoners who were held at the fortess of Badaber on 26–27 April 1985. Though the prisoners managed to seize the complex from their guards and looted the local armory for weapons, they were quickly put under siege by Mujahideen reinforcements and the Pakistan Army. For two days, the prisoners managed to hold off the attackers, but their situation remained desperate as they could not escape and negotiations with the Mujahideen failed. The battle eventually ended when the fortress exploded, either because the armory had been detonated by the prisoners or because an artillery shell had struck it. Almost all prisoners were killed in the explosion.	Pyrrhic Pakistani and Mujahideen victory: almost all POWs killed, Badaber fortress is completely destroyed
Battle of Sirte	2016	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (Libyan forces)	Libyan Government of National Accord United States United Kingdom Italy	In May 2016, forces of the Libyan Government of National Accord (GNA) with support of an international coalition attacked the Islamic State-held city of Sirte. By this point, the Islamic State had already lost most of its territory in Libya, and it resolved to bitterly defend the town. Though part of Sirte's garrison broke out and escaped, the 2,500 Islamic State fighters left behind mostly fought to the death.[56] The Government of National Accord declared the city cleared of Islamic State forces in December 2016.	Major GNA victory
Battle of Baghuz Fawqani	2019	Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant	Syrian Democratic Forces CJTF–OIR Iraq Syria	The Battle of Baghuz Fawqani was an offensive by the Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF), assisted by American-led coalition airstrikes, artillery, and special forces personnel, that began on 9 February 2019 as part of the Deir ez-Zor campaign of the Syrian Civil War. The battle, composed of a series of ground assaults, took place in and around the Syrian town of Al-Baghuz Fawqani in the Middle Euphrates River Valley, near the Iraq–Syria border, and was regarded as the territorial last stand of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) in eastern Syria.[57][58]	Decisive SDF/CJTF–OIR victory

List of naval last stands

Name	Year	Defenders	Attackers	Description	Outcome
Battle of Myeongnyang	1597	Joseon Navy	Fleet of Toyotomi Hideyoshi	The battle had Admiral Yi Sun-Sin take the remaining 13 ships of the Joseon Navy and hold the Myeongnyang Strait against the 133 warships and over 200 supply ships of the attacking Japanese force. Due to Admiral Sun-sin's remarkable skill as a naval commander, he destroyed 33 enemy ships and forced a Japanese retreat. Admiral Sun-sin only lost ten sailors as none of his ships were sunk.[59]	Joseon victory
The Iceland Gap Action	1939	Royal Navy HMS Rawalpindi	Kriegsmarine Scharnhorst Gneisenau	The engagement was between the armed merchant cruiser HMS Rawalpindi armed with eight 6-inch (152 mm) guns and two powerful German battlecruisers Scharnhorst and Gneisenau, armed with 18 11-inch (279 mm) guns and 24 6-inch guns. Rawalpindi sighted the German ships and the captain elected to go down fighting rather than to flee. Rawalpindi was sunk in 40 minutes, with the loss of 238 men.	German victory
HMS Glowworm action	1940	Royal Navy HMS Glowworm	Kriegsmarine Admiral Hipper Two German destroyers	The engagement was between the 1,370-ton destroyer HMS Glowworm and the 16,170-ton cruiser Admiral Hipper. Glowworm had attacked two German destroyers, which requested help from the cruiser. After the British destroyer fired all her torpedoes, and having her guns destroyed, she collided with Admiral Hipper, and sunk. The Germans recovered 40 British sailors. Glowworm's commanding officer, Lieutenant Commander Gerard Roope was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross on the recommendation of the German captain.[60]	German victory
Battle of Convoy HX 84	1940	Royal Navy HMS Jervis Bay SS Beaverford MV San Demetrio Several merchant ships	Kriegsmarine German cruiser Admiral Scheer	On 5 November 1940, the German "pocket battleship" Admiral Scheer located convoy HX 84 and proceeded to attack, the sole escort HMS Jervis Bay (An armed merchant cruiser) proceeded to charge the much larger and more advanced ship, instructing the convoy to scatter in the process. She managed to delay the Admiral Scheer for 22 minutes at the cost of many of the crew being killed or injured, including Captain Edward Fegen, who was later awarded a Victoria Cross for his actions. By the time HMS Jervis Bay had been sunk the merchant ships had all but scattered, however, the Admiral Scheer did manage to locate a small number of merchant ships; including the SS Beaverford, which despite the very unequal matchup (The SS Beaverford having one 4 inch gun and one 3 inch gun, whilst the Admiral Scheer had six 11 inch guns alone) the SS Beaverford managed to further delay the attacking vessel for 4 hours in a cat and mouse game, using its speed and the smoke produced to allow the convoy to escape. However, the SS Beaverford was sunk with all hands.	German tactical victory, British strategic victory
The sinking of Bismarck	1941	Kriegsmarine Bismarck	Royal Navy HMS Ark Royal HMS King George V HMS Rodney 3 cruisers 6 destroyers	After the German victory at the Battle of the Denmark Strait, the Royal Navy deployed a large force tasked with the destruction of the German battleship Bismarck to counter the destruction of the battlecruiser HMS Hood. Three days after the engagement, Bismarck was found and engaged in its final action. Over the course of the night, the British forces crippled Bismarck's steering gear and repeatedly harassed the Germans with attacks by British destroyers. On the morning of May 27, HMS King George V, HMS Rodney, and the cruisers all took part in the sinking of Bismarck.[61] Admiral Tovey, who commanded the engagement, said that "The Bismarck had put up a most gallant fight against impossible odds worthy of the old days of the Imperial German Navy, and she went down with her colours flying."[61]	British victory
Sinking of HMS Peterel	1941	Royal Navy HMS Peterel	Empire of Japan Izumo Toba Shore batteries	Due to the war in Europe most naval assets in the east had been recalled to serve in the Battle of the Atlantic, one of these remaining assets was HMS Peterel which served to dissuade the Japanese from moving against the foreign quarter of Shanghai. However, following the Attack on Pearl Harbor the Japanese moved against the Anglo-American assets in the area seizing USS Wake, later demanding the surrender of HMS Peterel with an overwhelming force of the cruiser Izumo, the gunboat Toba, and several shore batteries. Despite this overwhelming force there was a need to stall for time in order to burn the code books and scuttle the vessel. In order to do this all possible resistance was rendered with the operational small arms (two Lewis guns being the most formidable) as the 3-inch (76 mm) guns had been disabled, until the vessel capsized and sank due to the weight of incoming fire with the loss of a large number of crew.	Japanese victory
Battle off Samar	1944	United States	Empire of Japan	The Battle off Samar had Task Unit 77.4.3 ("Taffy 3") fight against Japanese Center Force. The Japanese flagship was the battleship Yamato, which alone outweighed all of Taffy 3 together. The Americans had a few destroyers, escort carriers, destroyer escorts, and 400 aircraft. The Japanese fleet had several battleships and heavy cruisers. Despite the mismatch, the Americans put up so much resistance, Admiral Kurita thought he was facing the entire Third Fleet and retreated.[62]	American victory