Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the GDNF gene.[5] GDNF is a small protein that potently promotes the survival of many types of neurons.[6] It signals through GFRα receptors, particularly GFRα1.

GDNF
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesGDNF, ATF1, ATF2, HFB1-HSCR3, glial cell derived neurotrophic factor, ATF
External IDsOMIM: 600837 MGI: 107430 HomoloGene: 433 GeneCards: GDNF
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 5 (human)[1]
Band5p13.2Start37,812,677 bp[1]
End37,840,041 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2668

14573

Ensembl

ENSG00000168621

ENSMUSG00000022144

UniProt

P39905

P48540

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_010275
NM_001301332
NM_001301333
NM_001301357

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000505
NP_001177397
NP_001177398
NP_001265027
NP_954701

NP_001288261
NP_001288262
NP_001288286
NP_034405

Location (UCSC)Chr 5: 37.81 – 37.84 MbChr 15: 7.81 – 7.84 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

Function

This gene encodes a highly conserved neurotrophic factor. The recombinant form of this protein was shown to promote the survival and differentiation of dopaminergic neurons in culture, and was able to prevent apoptosis of motor neurons induced by axotomy. The encoded protein is processed to a mature secreted form that exists as a homodimer. The mature form of the protein is a ligand for the product of the RET (rearranged during transfection) protooncogene. In addition to the transcript encoding GDNF, two additional alternative transcripts encoding distinct proteins, referred to as astrocyte-derived trophic factors, have also been described. Mutations in this gene may be associated with Hirschsprung's disease.[6]

The most prominent feature of GDNF is its ability to support the survival of dopaminergic[7] and motorneurons. These neuronal populations die in the course of Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). GDNF also regulates kidney development and spermatogenesis, and has a powerful and rapid negative (ameliorating) effect on alcohol consumption.[8]

GDNF also promotes hair follicle formation and cutaneous wound healing by targeting resident hair follicle stem cells (BSCs) in the bulge compartment. [9]

GDNF family of ligands (GFL)

GDNF was discovered in 1991,[10] and is the first member of the GDNF family of ligands (GFL) found.

Interactions

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor has been shown to interact with GFRA2[11][12] and GDNF family receptor alpha 1.[11][12]

Potential as therapeutics

GDNF has been investigated as a treatment for Parkinson's disease, though early research has not shown a significant effect.[10][13][14] Vitamin D potently induces GDNF expression.[15]

In 2012, the University of Bristol began a five-year clinical trial on Parkinson's sufferers, in which surgeons introduced a port into the skull of each of the 41 participants through which the drug could be delivered, in order to enable it to reach the damaged cells directly.[16] The results of the double-blind trial, where half the participants were randomly assigned to receive regular infusions of GDNF and the other half placebo infusions, did not show a statistically significant difference between the active treatment group and those who received placebo, but did confirm the effects on damaged brain cells.[17] The trial was funded by Parkinson's UK with support from The Cure Parkinson's Trust, whose founder, Tom Isaacs, was one of the participants.[18]

References
  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000168621 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022144 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Lin LF, Doherty DH, Lile JD, Bektesh S, Collins F (May 1993). "GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons". Science. 260 (5111): 1130–2. doi:10.1126/science.8493557. PMID 8493557.
  6. "Entrez Gene: GDNF glial cell derived neurotrophic factor".
  7. Oo TF, Kholodilov N, Burke RE (Jun 2003). "Regulation of natural cell death in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra by striatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in vivo". Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (12): 5141–8. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05141.2003. PMID 12832538.
  8. Carnicella S, Kharazia V, Jeanblanc J, Janak PH, Ron D (Jun 2008). "GDNF is a fast-acting potent inhibitor of alcohol consumption and relapse". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (23): 8114–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711755105. PMC 2423415. PMID 18541917.
  9. Lisse TS, Sharma M, Vishlaghi N, Pullagura SR, Braun RE (Jun 2020). "GDNF Promotes Hair Formation and Cutaneous Wound Healing by Targeting Bulge Stem Cells". NPJ Regenerative Medicine. 5 (13). doi:10.1038/s41536-020-0098-z. PMC 7293257. PMID 32566252.
  10. Vastag B (Aug 2010). "Biotechnology: Crossing the barrier". Nature. 466 (7309): 916–8. doi:10.1038/466916a. PMID 20725015.
  11. Jing S, Yu Y, Fang M, Hu Z, Holst PL, Boone T, Delaney J, Schultz H, Zhou R, Fox GM (Dec 1997). "GFRalpha-2 and GFRalpha-3 are two new receptors for ligands of the GDNF family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (52): 33111–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33111. PMID 9407096.
  12. Cik M, Masure S, Lesage AS, Van Der Linden I, Van Gompel P, Pangalos MN, Gordon RD, Leysen JE (Sep 2000). "Binding of GDNF and neurturin to human GDNF family receptor alpha 1 and 2. Influence of cRET and cooperative interactions". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275 (36): 27505–12. doi:10.1074/jbc.M000306200. PMID 10829012.
  13. "Intermittent Bilateral Intraputamenal Treatment with GDNF". The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research | Parkinson's Disease.
  14. Brian Vastag. "Biotechnology: Crossing the barrier". Nature. Springer Nature. Retrieved 2019-03-27.
  15. Eserian JK (July 2013). "Vitamin D as an effective treatment approach for drug abuse and addiction". Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ideas. 7 (2): 35–39. doi:10.1016/j.jmhi.2013.02.001. Vitamin D is a potent inducer of endogenous GDNF. The most prominent feature of GDNF is its ability to support the survival of dopaminergic neurons.
  16. "The radical drug trial hoping for a miracle Parkinson's cure". BBC News. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  17. "GDNF clinical trial offers hope of restoring brain cells damaged in Parkinson's". Parkinsons UK. 27 February 2019. Retrieved 10 March 2019.
  18. "Pioneering trial offers hope for restoring brain cells damaged in Parkinson's". University of Bristol. 2019-02-19.

Further reading
  • Hofstra RM, Osinga J, Buys CH (1998). "Mutations in Hirschsprung disease: when does a mutation contribute to the phenotype". European Journal of Human Genetics. 5 (4): 180–5. PMID 9359036.
  • Martucciello G, Ceccherini I, Lerone M, Jasonni V (Jul 2000). "Pathogenesis of Hirschsprung's disease". Journal of Pediatric Surgery. 35 (7): 1017–25. doi:10.1053/jpsu.2000.7763. PMID 10917288.
  • Schindelhauer D, Schuffenhauer S, Gasser T, Steinkasserer A, Meitinger T (Aug 1995). "The gene coding for glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) maps to chromosome 5p12-p13.1". Genomics. 28 (3): 605–7. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1202. PMID 7490108.
  • Tomac A, Lindqvist E, Lin LF, Ogren SO, Young D, Hoffer BJ, Olson L (Jan 1995). "Protection and repair of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system by GDNF in vivo". Nature. 373 (6512): 335–9. doi:10.1038/373335a0. PMID 7830766.
  • Oppenheim RW, Houenou LJ, Johnson JE, Lin LF, Li L, Lo AC, Newsome AL, Prevette DM, Wang S (Jan 1995). "Developing motor neurons rescued from programmed and axotomy-induced cell death by GDNF". Nature. 373 (6512): 344–6. doi:10.1038/373344a0. PMID 7830769.
  • Schaar DG, Sieber BA, Sherwood AC, Dean D, Mendoza G, Ramakrishnan L, Dreyfus CF, Black IB (Dec 1994). "Multiple astrocyte transcripts encode nigral trophic factors in rat and human". Experimental Neurology. 130 (2): 387–93. doi:10.1006/exnr.1994.1218. PMID 7867768.
  • Lin LF, Doherty DH, Lile JD, Bektesh S, Collins F (May 1993). "GDNF: a glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic neurons". Science. 260 (5111): 1130–2. doi:10.1126/science.8493557. PMID 8493557.
  • Bermingham N, Hillermann R, Gilmour F, Martin JE, Fisher EM (Dec 1995). "Human glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) maps to chromosome 5". Human Genetics. 96 (6): 671–3. doi:10.1007/BF00210297. PMID 8522325.
  • Gash DM, Zhang Z, Ovadia A, Cass WA, Yi A, Simmerman L, Russell D, Martin D, Lapchak PA, Collins F, Hoffer BJ, Gerhardt GA (Mar 1996). "Functional recovery in parkinsonian monkeys treated with GDNF". Nature. 380 (6571): 252–5. doi:10.1038/380252a0. PMID 8637574.
  • Jing S, Wen D, Yu Y, Holst PL, Luo Y, Fang M, Tamir R, Antonio L, Hu Z, Cupples R, Louis JC, Hu S, Altrock BW, Fox GM (Jun 1996). "GDNF-induced activation of the ret protein tyrosine kinase is mediated by GDNFR-alpha, a novel receptor for GDNF". Cell. 85 (7): 1113–24. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81311-2. PMID 8674117.
  • Angrist M, Bolk S, Halushka M, Lapchak PA, Chakravarti A (Nov 1996). "Germline mutations in glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and RET in a Hirschsprung disease patient". Nature Genetics. 14 (3): 341–4. doi:10.1038/ng1196-341. PMID 8896568.
  • Salomon R, Attié T, Pelet A, Bidaud C, Eng C, Amiel J, Sarnacki S, Goulet O, Ricour C, Nihoul-Fékété C, Munnich A, Lyonnet S (Nov 1996). "Germline mutations of the RET ligand GDNF are not sufficient to cause Hirschsprung disease". Nature Genetics. 14 (3): 345–7. doi:10.1038/ng1196-345. PMID 8896569.
  • Ivanchuk SM, Myers SM, Eng C, Mulligan LM (Dec 1996). "De novo mutation of GDNF, ligand for the RET/GDNFR-alpha receptor complex, in Hirschsprung disease". Human Molecular Genetics. 5 (12): 2023–6. doi:10.1093/hmg/5.12.2023. PMID 8968758.
  • Haniu M, Hui J, Young Y, Le J, Katta V, Lee R, Shimamoto G, Rohde MF (Dec 1996). "Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor: selective reduction of the intermolecular disulfide linkage and characterization of its disulfide structure". Biochemistry. 35 (51): 16799–805. doi:10.1021/bi9605550. PMID 8988018.
  • Bär KJ, Facer P, Williams NS, Tam PK, Anand P (Apr 1997). "Glial-derived neurotrophic factor in human adult and fetal intestine and in Hirschsprung's disease". Gastroenterology. 112 (4): 1381–5. doi:10.1016/S0016-5085(97)70154-9. PMID 9098026.
  • Jing S, Yu Y, Fang M, Hu Z, Holst PL, Boone T, Delaney J, Schultz H, Zhou R, Fox GM (Dec 1997). "GFRalpha-2 and GFRalpha-3 are two new receptors for ligands of the GDNF family". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272 (52): 33111–7. doi:10.1074/jbc.272.52.33111. PMID 9407096.
  • Eng C, Myers SM, Kogon MD, Sanicola M, Hession C, Cate RL, Mulligan LM (Feb 1998). "Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the human GDNFR-alpha gene". Oncogene. 16 (5): 597–601. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1201573. PMID 9482105.
  • Amiel J, Salomon R, Attié T, Pelet A, Trang H, Mokhtari M, Gaultier C, Munnich A, Lyonnet S (Mar 1998). "Mutations of the RET-GDNF signaling pathway in Ondine's curse". American Journal of Human Genetics. 62 (3): 715–7. doi:10.1086/301759. PMC 1376953. PMID 9497256.
  • Yamaguchi Y, Wada T, Suzuki F, Takagi T, Hasegawa J, Handa H (Aug 1998). "Casein kinase II interacts with the bZIP domains of several transcription factors". Nucleic Acids Research. 26 (16): 3854–61. doi:10.1093/nar/26.16.3854. PMC 147779. PMID 9685505.
  • Oo TF, Kholodilov N, Burke RE (Jun 2003). "Regulation of natural cell death in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra by striatal glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in vivo". Journal of Neuroscience. 23 (12): 5141–8. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-12-05141.2003. PMID 12832538.
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