Bremen (state)

Bremen (German: [ˈbʁeːmən] (listen)), officially the Free Hanseatic City of Bremen (German: Freie Hansestadt Bremen), is the smallest and least populous of Germany's 16 states. It is informally called Land Bremen ("State of Bremen"), although this is sometimes used in official contexts. The state consists of the city of Bremen as well as the small exclave of Bremerhaven in Northern Germany, surrounded by the larger state of Lower Saxony.

This article is about the German state. For the similarly named German city, see Bremen. For other uses, see Bremen (disambiguation).

Free Hanseatic City of Bremen

Freie Hansestadt Bremen
State
Flag
Coat of arms
Coordinates: 53°4′33″N 8°48′27″E
CountryGermany
CapitalBremen
Government
 • BodyBürgerschaft of Bremen
 • Senate PresidentAndreas Bovenschulte (SPD)
 • Governing partiesSPD / Alliance 90/The Greens / The Left
 • Bundesrat votes3 (of 69)
Area
 • City419.38 km2 (161.92 sq mi)
Population
 (2017-12-31)[1]
 • City681,032
 • Density1,600/km2 (4,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Bremer (m), Bremerin (f)
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
ISO 3166 codeDE-HB
Vehicle registration
  • HB (1906–1947; again since 1956)
  • BM (1947), AE (1947–1956)
GRP (nominal)€34 billion (2019)[2]
GRP per capita€49,000 (2019)
NUTS RegionDE5
HDI (2018)0.951[3]
very high · 3rd of 16
Websitebremen.de

Geography

The state of Bremen consists of two separated enclaves. These enclaves contain Bremen, officially the 'City' (Stadtgemeinde Bremen) which is the state capital, and the city of Bremerhaven (Stadt Bremerhaven). Both are located on the River Weser; Bremerhaven is further downstream than the main parts of Bremen and serves as a North Sea harbour (the name Bremerhaven means "Bremen's harbour"). Both enclaves are completely surrounded by the neighbouring State of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen). The two cities are the only administrative subdivisions the state has.

The territory of Bremen in the 14th and 18th centuries
The territory of Bremen since 1800

The highest point in the state is in Friedehorst Park (32.5m).

History

At the unwinding of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 the Free Imperial City of Bremen (as of 1646, after earlier privileges of autonomy of 1186) was not mediatised but became a sovereign state officially titled Free Hanseatic City of Bremen. Its currency was the Bremen thaler (until 1873). In 1811 the First French Empire annexed the city-state. Upon the first, albeit only preliminary, defeat of Napoléon Bonaparte, Bremen resumed its pre-1811 status as city-state in 1813.

The Vienna Congress of 1815 confirmed Bremen's—as well as Frankfurt's, Hamburg's, and Lübeck's—independence after pressuring by Bremen's emissary, and later burgomaster, Johann Smidt. Bremen became one of 39 sovereign states of the German Confederation. In 1827 the state of Bremen bought the tract of land from the Kingdom of Hanover, where future Bremerhaven would be established. Bremen became part of the North German Confederation in 1867 and became an autonomous component state of the newly founded German Empire in 1871 and stayed with Germany in its following forms of government.

Bremen, which in 1935 had become a regular city at the de facto abolition of statehood of all component German states within the Third Reich, was reestablished as a state in 1947. Being—at that time—actually located in the British Zone of Occupation the Control Commission for Germany - British Element and the Office of Military Government for Germany, U.S. (OMGUS) agreed in 1947 to constitute the cities of Bremen and then Wesermünde—in their borders altered in 1939—as a German state named again Free Hanseatic City of Bremen, becoming at that occasion an exclave of the American Zone of Occupation within the British zone.[4] In 1949 the city-state joined the then West German Federal Republic of Germany.

Religion in Bremen – 31 December 2018[5]
religion percent
Others or none
 
 57.2%
EKD Protestants
 
 32.7%
Roman Catholics
 
 10.1%

Politics

Political system

The legislature of the state of Bremen is the 83-member Bürgerschaft (citizens' assembly), elected by the citizens in the two cities of Bremen and Bremerhaven.

The executive is constituted by the Senate of Bremen, elected by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate is chaired by the President of the senate (Senatspräsident), who is also one of the mayors of the city of Bremen (Bürgermeister) and is elected directly by the Bürgerschaft. The Senate selects of its members as a second mayor who serves as deputy of the president. In contrast to the Federal Chancellor of Germany or other German states, the President of the Senate has no authority to override senators on policy, which is decided upon by the senate collectively. Since 1945, the Senate has continuously been dominated by the Social Democratic Party.

On a municipal level, the two cities in the state are administered separately:

  • The administration of the city of Bremen is headed by the two mayors and controlled by the portion of the Bürgerschaft elected in the city of Bremen (68 members).
  • Bremerhaven, on the other hand, has a municipal assembly distinct from the state legislature and an administration under a distinct head mayor (Oberbürgermeister) and a distinct second mayor.

Political majorities

The political majorities in Bremen are based on a traditionally self-awareness of the Bremensians as liberal and open minded people. It is influenced historically by the pride to be an independent hanseatic city. Beside a trade-based class of merchants, in post-war Bremen, there was a majority of working class people, working at the shipyards. Since the 1990this the maritime industry has become more and more insignificant, but the priority to social themes in politics has remained.

Since the founding of the state of Bremen 1947, it has been ruled by a social democratic prime-minister. Comedian Jan Böhmermann, born and raised in Bremen said ironically that nobody in Bremen knowns anymore if there is a legislation or if it is just a scientific law that the mayor is always from the SPD.[6]

Historically the SPD has formed coalitions with FDP, CDU, Grüne and Linke.

Henning Scherf (SPD) remained Mayor and Senate President, in an SPD-CDU grand coalition. As promised he resigned after half of the legislative period. The Mayor and Senate President from 8 November 2005, until 17 July 2015, was Jens Böhrnsen.

2007 state elections

The 2007 elections were held on 13 May.

Party Votes % Change Seats change %
Social Democratic Party (SPD) 36.8% −5.5 33 −7 39.8%
Christian Democratic Union (CDU) 25.7% −4.1 23 −6 27.7%
Alliance '90/The Greens 16.4% +3.6 14 +2 16.9%
The Left Party.PDS 8.4% +6.7 7 +7 8.4%
Free Democratic Party (FDP) 6.0% +1.8 5 +4 6.0%
German People's Union (DVU) 2.7% +0.4 1 ±0 1.2%
Others 4.0% +1.4 0 ±0 0.0%
Totals 100.0% 83 100.0%
Results of the 2007 elections with SPD in red, CDU in black, Greens in green, FDP in yellow, The Left in purple, and DVU in brown. Note: The only DVU representative, Siegfried Tittmann, left the party in July 2007 and has not joined another party.

Coat of arms

The coat of arms and flag of Bremen state include:

  • Flag of Bremen
  • Greater coat of arms
  • Medium coat of arms
  • Lesser coat of arms
  • Coat of arms symbol/logo, free to use

Economy

The unemployment rate stood at 9.5% in October 2018 and was the highest of all 16 German states.[7]

Year[8] 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Unemployment rate in % 13.0 12.4 12.5 13.2 13.2 16.8 14.9 12.7 11.4 11.8 12.0 11.6 11.2 11.1 10.9 10.9 10.5 10.2

Education

The University of Bremen is the largest university in Bremen. Furthermore, Bremen has a University of the Arts Bremen, a University of Applied Sciences in Bremen and another one in Bremerhaven, and more recently the Jacobs University Bremen.

See also

References
  1. "Bevölkerung, Gebiet - Aktuelle Statistische Berichte - Bevölkerungsentwicklung im Land Bremen". Statistisches Landesamt Bremen (in German). September 2018.
  2. https://www.statistik-bw.de/VGRdL/tbls/tab.jsp
  3. "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
  4. This situation earned the state its new prefix "AE" for vehicle registration, meaning "American Exclave", used until the federal reform of vehicle registration with effect of 1 July 1956.
  5. Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland – Kirchemitgliederzahlen Stand 31. Dezember 2018 EKD, January 2020
  6. https://www.brandeins.de/magazine/brand-eins-neuland/land-bremen-mut-macht-erfinderisch/eten-supen-un-pupen-dat-mook-buten
  7. "Arbeitslosenquote nach Bundesländern in Deutschland 2018 | Statista". Statista (in German). Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  8. (Destatis), © Statistisches Bundesamt (13 November 2018). "Federal Statistical Office Germany - GENESIS-Online". www-genesis.destatis.de. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.