Barium oxide

Barium oxide, BaO, baria, is a white hygroscopic non-flammable compound. It has a cubic structure and is used in cathode ray tubes, crown glass, and catalysts. It is harmful to human skin and if swallowed in large quantity causes irritation. Excessive quantities of barium oxide may lead to death.

"BaO" redirects here. For other uses, see BAO (disambiguation) and Bao (disambiguation).
Barium oxide
Names
Other names
Barium monoxide
Barium protoxide
Calcined baryta
Baria
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.013.753
EC Number
  • 215-127-9
RTECS number
  • CQ9800000
UNII
UN number 1884
Properties
BaO
Molar mass 153.326 g/mol
Appearance white solid
Density 5.72 g/cm3, solid
Melting point 1,923 °C (3,493 °F; 2,196 K)
Boiling point ~ 2,000 °C (3,630 °F; 2,270 K)
3.48 g/100 mL (20 °C)
90.8 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Reacts to form Ba(OH)2
Solubility soluble in ethanol, dilute mineral acids and alkalies; insoluble in acetone and liquid ammonia
-29.1·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
cubic, cF8
Fm3m, No. 225
Octahedral
Thermochemistry
70 J·mol−1·K−1[1]
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298)
 −582 kJ·mol−1[1]
Hazards
Safety data sheet See: data page
GHS pictograms
GHS Signal word Danger
GHS hazard statements
 H301, H302, H314, H315, H318, H332, H412
P210, P220, P221, P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P273, P280, P283, P301+310, P301+312, P301+330+331, P302+352, P303+361+353, P304+312, P304+340, P305+351+338, P306+360, P310, P312, P321, P330, P332+313
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterHealth code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gasReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no code
0
3
0
Flash point Non-flammable
Related compounds
Other anions
 Barium hydroxide
Barium peroxide
Other cations
 Calcium oxide
Strontium oxide
Supplementary data page
Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constant (εr), etc.
Thermodynamic
data
 Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

It is prepared by heating barium carbonate with coke, carbon black or tar or by thermal decomposition of barium nitrate.

Uses

Barium oxide is used as a coating for hot cathodes, for example, those in cathode ray tubes. It replaced lead(II) oxide in the production of certain kinds of glass such as optical crown glass. While lead oxide raised the refractive index, it also raised the dispersive power, which barium oxide does not alter.[2] Barium oxide also has use as an ethoxylation catalyst in the reaction of ethylene oxide and alcohols, which takes place between 150 and 200 °C.[3]

It is also a source of pure oxygen through heat fluctuation. It readily oxidises to BaO2 by formation of a peroxide ion. The complete peroxidation of BaO to BaO2 occurs at moderate temperatures but the increased entropy of the O2 molecule at high temperatures means that BaO2 decomposes to O2 and BaO at 1175K.[4]

The reaction was used as a large scale method to produce oxygen before the air separation became the dominant method in the beginning of the 20th century. The method was named after its inventors the Brin process.[5]

Preparation

Barium oxide is made by heating barium carbonate. It may also be prepared by thermal decomposition of barium nitrate.[6] Likewise, it is often formed through the decomposition of other barium salts.[7]

2Ba + O2 → 2BaO
BaCO3 → BaO + CO2

Safety issues

Barium oxide is an irritant. If it contacts the skin or the eyes or is inhaled it causes pain and redness. However, it is more dangerous when ingested. It can cause nausea and diarrhea, muscle paralysis, cardiac arrhythmia, and can cause death. If ingested, medical attention should be sought immediately.

Barium oxide should not be released environmentally; it is harmful to aquatic organisms.[8]

See also

References
  1. Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009). Chemical Principles 6th Ed. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 978-0-618-94690-7.
  2. "Barium Oxide (chemical compound)". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
  3. Nield, Gerald; Washecheck, Paul; Yang, Kang (1980-07-01). "United States Patent 4210764". Retrieved 2007-02-20.
  4. S.C. Middleburgh, K.P.D. Lagerlof, R.W. Grimes - Accommodation of Excess Oxygen in Group II Oxides http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05452.x/pdf
  5. Jensen, William B. (2009). "The Origin of the Brin Process for the Manufacture of Oxygen". Journal of Chemical Education. 86 (11): 1266. Bibcode:2009JChEd..86.1266J. doi:10.1021/ed086p1266.
  6. Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8
  7. "Compounds of barium: barium (II) oxide". Web Elements. The University of Sheffield. 2007-01-26. Retrieved 2007-02-22.
  8. "Barium Oxide (ICSC)". IPCS. October 1999. Archived from the original on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-19.
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