Azerbaijani alphabet

From the nineteenth century there were efforts by some intellectuals like Mirza Fatali Akhundov and Mammad agha Shahtakhtinski to replace the Arabic script and create a Latin alphabet for Azeri. In 1929, a Latin alphabet was created by Soviet Union sponsored Yeni türk əlifba komitəsi (New Turkish Alphabet Committee; Јени түрк əлифба комитəси) in Baku which hoped that the new alphabet would divide the Azerbaijanis in the USSR from those living in Iran.[2] An additional reason for the soviet regime's encouragement of a non-Arabic script was that they hoped the transition would work towards secularizing Azerbaijan's Muslim culture and since language script reform, proposed as early as the 19th century by Azeri intellectuals (e.g. Mirza Fatali Akhundov), had previously been rejected by the Azeri religious establishment on the grounds that Arabic script, the language of the Koran, was "holy and should not be tampered with"[3] there was some historical basis for the reform which received overwhelming support at the First Turcological Congress in Baku during 1926 where the reform was voted for 101 to 7. The Azeri poet Samad Vurgun declared "Azerbaijani people are proud of being the first among Oriental nations that buried the Arabic alphabet and adopted the Latin alphabet. This event is written in golden letters of our history"[4] As a result, in the Soviet Union in 1926 the Uniform Turkic Alphabet was introduced to replace the varieties of the Arabic script in use at the time.[5] In 1939, during the Red terror campaign, Joseph Stalin ordered that the Azeri script used in the USSR again be changed, this time to the Cyrillic script in order to sever the soviet Azerbaijanis ties with the people in the Republic of Turkey.[6]

At the same time that the leaders of the Soviet Union were attempting to isolate the Soviet population of Azeri speakers from the neighboring populations in Persia and Turkey, the Persian government of the Azeri speaking Qajar dynasty was overthrown by Reza Shah (1925–41) who quickly established the Pahlavi dynasty and banned the publication of texts in Azeri.

When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 and Azerbaijan gained its independence, one of the first laws passed in the new Parliament was the adoption of a new Latin-script alphabet.

• From 1929 until 1939 (old alphabet defined using the Latin script):

  Aa, Bʙ, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ƣƣ, Hh, Ii, Ьь, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Ɵɵ, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Vv, Xx, Yy, Zz, Ƶƶ

• From 1939 until 1958 (first version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script):

  Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Йй, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Цц, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, Ыы, Ээ, Юю, Яя, ʼ (apostrophe)

• From 1958 until 1991 (simplified version of the alphabet defined using the Cyrillic script and the letter Јј borrowed from Latin):

  Аа, Бб, Вв, Гг, Ғғ, Дд, Ее, Әә, Жж, Зз, Ии, Ыы, Јј, Кк, Ҝҝ, Лл, Мм, Нн, Оо, Өө, Пп, Рр, Сс, Тт, Уу, Үү, Фф, Хх, Һһ, Чч, Ҹҹ, Шш, ʼ (apostrophe)

• From 1991 until 1992 (first version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script):

  Aa, Ää, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

• Since 1992 (current version of the modern alphabet defined using the Latin script, replacing Ää with the historic Əə for better sorting):

  Aa, Bb, Cc, Çç, Dd, Ee, Əə, Ff, Gg, Ğğ, Hh, Xx, Iı, İi, Jj, Kk, Qq, Ll, Mm, Nn, Oo, Öö, Pp, Rr, Ss, Şş, Tt, Uu, Üü, Vv, Yy, Zz

The Azerbaijani alphabet is the same as the Turkish alphabet, except for Әə, Xx, and Qq, the letters for sounds which do not exist as separate phonemes in Turkish. When compared to the historic Latin alphabet: Ğğ has replaced the historic Ƣƣ (which was represented in Cyrillic by the stroked Ғғ); the undotted Iı (also used in Turkish) has replaced the historic I with half-oval Ьь; the dotted İi (also used in Turkish) has replaced the historic soft-dotted Ii; Jj has replaced the historic Жж; Öö has replaced the historic Ɵɵ; Üü has replaced the historic Үү; and Yy has replaced the historic Jј.

Here is the modified Perso-Arabic script that is currently used for Azeri language in Iran.

آ، ب‌ ، ج ، چ ، د ، اَ-ه ، اِ-ائ ، ف ، گ ، ق ، غ ، ح-ه ، خ‌ ، اي ، ایٛ ، ژ ، ک ، ل ، م ، ن ، اوْ ، اؤ ، پ ، ر ، س-ث-ص ، ش ، ت-ط ، اۇ ، اۆ ، و ، ی ، ز-ذ-ظ-ض.

This section contains the national anthem of Azerbaijan, in the current Latin, Cyrillic, Jaꞑalif, and Perso-Arabic alphabets.

The Arabic, Latin, and Cyrillic alphabets each have a different sequence of letters. The table below is ordered according to the latest Latin alphabet:

Azerbaijani alphabet transliteration table

Arabic	Cyrillic		Latin				IPA
–1929	1939–1958	1958–1991	1922–1933	1933–1939	1991–1992	1992–
آ-ا	А а		A a				[ɑ]
ب	Б б		B b	B ʙ	B b		[b]
ج	Ҹ ҹ		C c	Ç ç	C c		[dʒ]
چ	Ч ч		Ç ç	C c	Ç ç		[tʃ]
د	Д д		D d				[d]
ئ	Е е		E e				[e]
ه-ٱ-اَ	Ә ә		Ə ə		Ä ä	Ə ə	[æ]
ف	Ф ф		F f				[f]
گ	Ҝ ҝ		Ƣ ƣ	G g			[ɟ]
غ	Ғ ғ		G g	Ƣ ƣ	Ğ ğ		[ɣ]
ح,‎ ه	Һ һ		H h				[h]
خ	Х х		X x				[x]
ایٛ	Ы ы			Ь ь	I ı		[ɯ]
ای	И и		I i		İ i		[ɪ]
ژ	Ж ж		Ƶ ƶ		J j		[ʒ]
ک	К к		Q q	K k			[c], [ç], [k]
ق	Г г		K k	Q q			[ɡ]
ل	Л л		L l				[l]
م	М м		M m				[m]
ن	Н н		N n				[n]
وْ	О о		O o				[o]
ؤ	Ө ө		Ɵ ɵ		Ö ö		[œ]
پ	П п		P p				[p]
ر	Р р		R r				[r]
ث,‎ س,‎ ص	С с		S s				[s]
ش	Ш ш		Ɜ ɜ	Ş ş			[ʃ]
ت,‎ ط	Т т		T t				[t]
ۇ	У у		Y y	U u			[u]
ۆ	Ү ү		U u	Y y	Ü ü		[y]
و	В в		V v				[v]
ی	Й й	Ј ј	J j		Y y		[j]
یا	Я я	ЈА jа	ЈА ја		YA ya		[jɑ]
یئ	Е е1	ЈЕ је	ЈE јe		YE ye		[je]
ائ	Э э1	Е е	E e				[e]
یوْ	Йо йо	ЈО јо	ЈO јo		YO yo		[jo]
یۇ	Ю ю	ЈУ ју	JY jy	ЈU јu	YU yu		[ju]
ذ,‎ ز,‎ ض,‎ ظ	З з		Z z				[z]

1 – in the beginning of a word and after vowels

The Azeri Perso-Arabic alphabet also contains the letter ڴ. Originally ڴ stood for the sound [ŋ], which then merged with [n]. Initial versions of the Azeri Latin alphabet contained the letter Ꞑꞑ, which was dropped in 1938.

The letter Цц, intended for the sound [ts] in loanwords, was used in Azerbaijani Cyrillic until 1951. In Azerbaijani, the sound [ts] generally becomes [s].

• Hatcher, Lynley. 2008. Script change in Azerbaijan: acts of identity. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192:105–116.

• Source: azeri.org
• Turned e in Azerbaijani
• Azerbaijani alphabet (with video)