Okinawan scripts

Okinawan language, spoken in Okinawa Island, was once the official language of the Ryukyu Kingdom. At the time, documents were written in kanji and hiragana, derived from Japan.

This article describes the modern Okinawan writing system. See the Okinawan language article for an overview of the language. For the writing systems in Ryukyuan languages in general, see the Ryukyuan languages article.
An example of traditional Okinawan writing circa 1471

Nowadays, most Japanese, as well as most Okinawans, tend to think of Okinawan as merely a dialect of Standard Japanese, even though the language is not mutually intelligible to Japanese speakers.[1] As a "dialect", modern Okinawan is not written frequently. When it is, the Japanese writing system is generally used in an ad hoc manner. There is no standard orthography for the modern language. Nonetheless, there are a few systems used by scholars and laypeople alike. None of them are widely used by native speakers, but represent the language with less ambiguity than the ad hoc conventions. The Roman alphabet in some form or another is used in some publications, especially those of an academic nature.

Systems

Conventional usages

The modern conventional ad hoc spellings found in Okinawa.

Council system

The system devised by the Council for the Dissemination of Okinawan Dialect (沖縄方言普及協議会).

University of the Ryukyus system

The system devised by Okinawa Center of Language Study, a section of University of the Ryukyus. Unlike others, this method is intended purely as a phonetic guidance, basically uses katakana only. For the sake of an easier comparison, corresponding hiragana are used in this article.

New Okinawan letters

新沖縄文字 (Shin Okinawa-moji), devised by Yoshiaki Funazu (船津好明, Funazu Yoshiaki), in his textbook Utsukushii Okinawa no Hōgen (美しい沖縄の方言; "The beautiful Okinawan Dialect"; ISBN 4-905784-19-0). The rule applies to hiragana only. Katakana is used as in Japanese; just like in the conventional usage of Okinawan.

Basic syllables and kai-yōon (palatalized syllables)

iueoyayuyo
(Initial) 1[i]
[ji]
[u]
[wu]
[e]
[je]
[o]
[wo]
[ja][ju][jo]
(Elsewhere)(Not used) 2
Conventional
をぅ

いぇ


うぉ
Councilゆぃをぅゆぇ
Ryukyu Univ.
New Okinawanい゙え゙
''a
a
'i
i
'u
u
'e
e
'o
o
'ya'yu'yo
(Initial) 1[ʔa][ʔi][ʔu][ʔe][ʔo][ʔja][ʔju][ʔjo]
(Elsewhere)[a][i]
[ji]
[u]
[wu]
[e]
[je]
[o]
[wo]
Conventional
いぇ

うぉ
Councilっやっゆっよ
Ryukyu Univ.いぇいゃいゅいょ
New Okinawan
kkakikukekokya
[ka][ki][ku][ke][ko][kja]
きゃ
ggagigugegogya
[ɡa][ɡi][ɡu][ɡe][ɡo][ɡja]
ぎゃ
ssashi
si
sushe
se
sosha
sya
shu
syu
[sa][ʃi][su][ʃe][so][ʃa][ʃu]
Othersしぇしゃしゅ
Ryukyu Univ.
すぃ
しぇ
zzazizuzezo
[dza][dzi]
[dʐi]
[dzu][dze][dzo]
Others
Ryukyu Univ.づぃ
jjajijujejo
[dʒa][dʒi][dʒu][dʒe][dʒo]
Othersじゃじゅじぇじょ
Ryukyu Univ.じゃ
ぢゃ

じゅ
ぢゅ
じぇ
ぢぇ
じょ
ぢょ
ttatituteto
[ta][ti][tu][te][to]
Othersてぃとぅ
New Okinawan
ddadidudedo
[da][di][du][de][do]
Othersでぃどぅ
New Okinawan
ch
c
cha
ca
chi
ci
chu
cu
che
ce
cho
co
[tʃa][tʃi][tʃu][tʃe][tʃo]
ちゃちゅちぇちょ
tstsitsu
[tsi]
[tʂi]
[tsu]
Ryukyu Univ.つぃ
nnaninunenonyanyu
[na][ɲi][nu][ne][no][ɲa][ɲu]
にゃにゅ
hhahifu
hu
hehohyahyuhyo
[ha][çi][ɸu][çe][ho][ça][çu][ço]
ひゃひゅひょ
bbabibubebobyabyubyo
[ba][bi][bu][be][bo][bja][bju][bjo]
びゃびゅびょ
ppapipupepopyapyu
[pa][pi][pu][pe][po][pja][pju]
ぴゃぴゅ
mmamimumemomyamyumyo
[ma][mi][mu][me][mo][mja][mju][mjo]
みゃみゅみょ
rrarirurero
[ɾa][ɾi][ɾu][ɾe][ɾo]
1: At the beginning of a word.
2: University of the Ryukyus system is an exception, always using ゐ, をぅ, え, を (ヰ, ヲゥ, エ, ヲ) for [i], [u], [e], [o], and い, う, いぇ, お (イ, ウ, イェ, オ) for [ʔi], [ʔu], [ʔe], [ʔo], respectively.

Gō-yōon (labialised syllables)

wawiwe
[ɰa][ɰi][ɰe]
Conventionalうぃうぇ
Council
Ryukyu Univ.ゑぃ
New Okinawan
''wa'wi'we
[ʔɰa][ʔɰi][ʔɰe]
Conventionalうぃうぇ
Councilっわっうぃっうぇ
Ryukyu Univ.うゎうゐうぇ
New Okinawan
kkwa
qua
kwi
qui
kwe
que
[kʷa][kʷi][kʷe]
Conventionalくぁ
くゎ
くぃくぇ
Councilくゎ
Ryukyu Univ.くゐ
New Okinawan
ggwagwigwe
[ɡʷa][ɡʷi][ɡʷe]
Conventionalぐぁ
ぐゎ
ぐぃぐぇ
Councilぐゎ
Ryukyu Univ.ぐゐ
New Okinawan
hfa
hwa
fi
hwi
fe
hwe
[ɸa][ɸi][ɸe]
Conventionalふぁふぃふぇ
Council
Ryukyu Univ.ふゎ
New Okinawan

Others

n 345
''n
Conventional
Councilっん
Ryukyu Univ.
New Okinawan
3: Hatsuon (moraic n)
4: Sokuon (geminated consonants)
5: Chōon (longer vowels): In conventional usages, longer vowels are sometimes spelled like in mainland Japanese as well; "ou" (おう) for ō, doubled kana for others. (e.g. うう for ū.)

References

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