Abd el-Krim

Muhammad ibn Abd al-Krim was born in Ajdir, Morocco, across Alhucemas Bay from the Spanish army's island presidio of Peñón de Alhucemas. He was the son of Abd al-Karim El-Khattabi, a qadi (Islamic judge) of the Aith Yusuf clan of the Aith Uriaghel (or Waryaghar) tribe.[5] Abd el-Krim received a traditional education at a mosque school in Ajdir and then attended a religious institute at Tetouan.[6][7] At the age of 20, he apparently studied for two years in Fez at the Attarine and Seffarine madrasah to prepare to enter the famous Qaraouiyine University.[6] Both he and his brother M'Hammad received a Spanish education,[1] the latter studying mine engineering in Málaga and Madrid.[5] Both spoke fluent Spanish and Riffian.

Abd el-Krim (far left) shown while he worked for the Native Affairs Office

After his studies, in 1906, Abd el-Krim was sent to Melilla by his father. He worked there as a teacher and translator (until 1913) for the OCTAI, the Spanish 'native affairs' office, and became a journalist for the Spanish newspaper Telegrama del Rif (1906–1915). Additionally, in 1907, he was hired to edit and write articles in Arabic for El Telegrama del Rif, a daily newspaper in Melilla, where he defended the advantages of European—especially Spanish—civilization and technology and their potential to elevate the economic and cultural level of the Moroccan population. In 1910, Abd el-Krim took a position as secretary-interpreter in the Native Affairs Office in Melilla, which brought him into close contact with the Spanish military bureaucracy and the town's civil society and gained a reputation for intelligence, efficiency and discretion.

Abd el-Krim entered the Spanish administration first as a secretary in the Bureau of Native Affairs, and he was later appointed chief qadi for Melilla in 1915.[1] He taught at a Hispano-Arabic school and was an editor for the Arab section of the newspaper, El Telegrama del Rif.[1]

During World War I, Abd el-Krim was arrested by the Spanish authorities for anticolonial activities including alleged involvement in a conspiracy with the German consul Walter Zechlin (1879–1962). He was imprisoned in Chaouen from 1916 to 1918 but then escaped.[1] He regained his job as a judge in Melilla. At the end of the war, Abd el-Krim briefly resumed publishing in a Spanish-language newspaper, but, fearing extradition to French Morocco, he returned to his home at Ajdir in January 1919.[1] He was alarmed by the appearance of Spanish agents in Ayt Weryaghel tribal territory and decided to fight for his tribe's independence.

In 1920, Abd el-Krim, together with his brother, began a war of rebellion against the Spanish incursions.[8][9] His goal was to unite the tribes of the Rif into an independent Republic of the Rif, to dismantle the entire French-Spanish colonial project in Morocco and to introduce modern political reform.[10]

Abd el-Krim featured in the magazine Time in 1925.

In 1921, as a byproduct of their efforts to destroy the power of a local brigand, Raisuli, Spanish troops approached the unoccupied areas of the Rif. Abd-el-Krim sent their commander, General Manuel Fernández Silvestre, a warning that if the troops crossed the Ameqqran River, he would consider it as an act of war. Silvestre is said to have laughed and, shortly afterwards, crossed the river with 60,000 men and set up a military post in the foothills of Abarran mountains. In June 1921 a sizable Riffian force attacked this post killing 179 of the estimated 250 Spanish troops there. Soon afterwards, Abd el-Krim directed his forces to attack the Spanish lines at Anwal, which they did with great success. During the attack, General Silvestre, head of the Spanish forces, committed suicide when he saw that defeat was inevitable. In three weeks of fierce battles, 18,000 Spanish troops were killed. The Rifians' colossal victory established Abd el-Krim as a master and pioneer of guerrilla warfare,[11] and the president of the Republic of the Rif.[1] By July, the remainder of the 60,000 Spanish soldiers who were not killed or captured had fled to the coast, and into Melilla,[1] defeated by an army of 30,000 Rifian fighters.[12]

The embarrassing defeat of the Spanish forces at Anwal created a political earthquake in Spain that led to General Miguel Primo de Rivera's coup d'état of September 13, 1923, the installation of a military dictatorship in Spain (1923–1930), and the eventual collapse of the Spanish Monarchy in April 1931.

By 1924, the Spanish forces had retreated, because of more defeats at the hands of Abd el-Krim,[1] to two isolated enclaves along the Moroccan coast. France, in any case laid, claim to territory in the southern Rif and realized that allowing another North African colonial power to be defeated by the native Berbers would present a great threat to its control of its North African territories. After Abd el-Krim invaded French-occupied Morocco in April 1925 and made it as far as Fez,[1] France decided to take strong steps to put down the revolt. The French government, in 1925, after conferencing with the Spanish in Madrid, sent a massive French force under Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain to Morocco, where it joined with a Spanish army, with a combined total of more than 250,000 soldiers, supported by large numbers of aircraft and artillery, and began operations against the Rif Republic.

Intense combat lasted ten months, but eventually, the combined French and Spanish armies, which used chemical bombs against the population as well as other weapons, defeated the forces of Abd el-Krim and inflicted extensive damage on the local Berber population. On 26 May 1926,[1][13] Abd el-Krim surrendered to the French at his then headquarters of Targuist (Targist).[14][15]

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Abd el-Krim boarding a train in Fes on his way to exile

As a consequence, he was exiled to the island of Réunion (a French territory in the Indian Ocean) from 1926 to 1947, where he was "given a comfortable estate and generous annual subsidiary".[11] In exile, he continued his fierce anti-Western rhetoric, and he pushed to keep western trends from encroaching on Moroccan culture. In 1947, Abd el-Krim was given permission to live in the south of France after he had been released on health grounds.

However, he succeeded in gaining asylum in Egypt instead and presided there over the Liberation Committee of the Arab Maghreb.[1] After Morocco gained independence, Mohammed V of Morocco invited him back to Morocco. He refused as long as French forces were on North African soil.[1]

He died in 1963, just after he had seen his hopes of a Maghreb independent of colonial powers completed by the independence of Algeria.[11]

Emir Mohand ben Abdelkrim al-Khattabi had 6 sons and 5 daughters from two different women. From his marriage with Lalla Mimouna Boujibar (sibling of Mohammed Boujibar, a prominent figure in the Government of the Republic of the Rif) he had:[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][18][24][25]

• Said al-Khattabi: born in 1933 in La Réunion. Married Egyptian woman Malak 'Akef. Died in 2007, buried in Abbasia.
• Abdelkrim al-Khattabi: Died in Egypt and buried in Abbassia.
• Men'em al-Khattabi: Died in Egypt and buried in Abbassia.
• Idriss al-Khattabi: born in 1925 and received his higher education in Germany. He married Safia Hosni Jazairi, a Damascene woman and granddaughter of Emir Abdelkader, and widow of his cousin Rachid al-Khattabi (died in 1969), the son of Emir Abdelkrim's younger brother and close confidant, M'hamed ben Abdelkrim al-Khattabi (Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Rif Republic). Idriss had a close relationship with Abdelkrim al-Khatib, who himself was married to a sibling of Emir Abdelkrim (likely a daughter of Si M'hamed). After his return to Morocco, he unsuccessfully tried to recover the property of his father, which the latter had entrusted to the French Résidence Générale in 1926, before his departure for exile. He was buried in Ajdir.
• Abd al-Mohsin al-Khattabi: Married Egyptian woman Majda 'Ashur, buried in Ajdir.
• Aicha al-Khattabi: Married Mustapha Boujibar. She settled in her latter life in Casablanca, where she entertained close relationships with the Palace and figures from the palace-affiliated political movement so-called Authenticity and Modernity Party. She was granted a transport licence (grima) by king Mohammed VI in return.
• Meriem al-Khattabi: Like Aicha, she was granted a grima by the king in 2005, and lived in Casablanca in her latter life. Died in June, 2017 in Casablanca.

From another marriage, he had:[16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][18][24][25]

• Abdesallam: Buried in Ajdir.
• Fatima: Married Egyptian judge Faruq Attiya. Died in Cairo, buried in Abbassia.
• Menah: Married Mohsin Abdelaziz Salem, son of former Egyptian Agriculture Minister Abdelaziz Abdallah Salem. She died in 2008 and was buried in Abbassia, Cairo.
• Rqiya: Married Egyptian engineer Mustapha Ramadan, and still lives in Egypt.

Media related to Abd el-Krim at Wikimedia Commons

• The Notes of the Rif Revolt
• The Republic of the Rif
• Biography of Abd el-Krim in tha mazight (Rif)
• Next publication of Abd el-Krim's biography in base of official Spanish documents
• Newspaper clippings about Abd el-Krim in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW