2014 Clacton by-election

The 2014 by-election for the House of Commons constituency of Clacton in Essex, England, took place on 9 October 2014.[1][2][3][4] The by-election was triggered by the Conservative MP for Clacton, Douglas Carswell, defecting to the UK Independence Party (UKIP) and subsequently resigning his seat to seek re-election as its candidate.[5]

2014 Clacton by-election
9 October 2014
Clacton constituency
  First party Second party Third party
 
Candidate Douglas Carswell Giles Watling Tim Young
Party UKIP Conservative Labour
Popular vote 21,113 8,709 3,957
Percentage 59.7% 24.6% 11.2%
Swing New party 28.4% 13.8%
Location of Clacton within Essex
Location of Essex within England
MP before election

Douglas Carswell
Conservative

 Subsequent MP

Douglas Carswell
UKIP

Standing for UKIP, Carswell retained the seat with 59.7% of the vote, becoming UKIP's first elected MP. The Conservatives came second, and Labour third. According to John Curtice, professor of politics at Strathclyde University, the result was the biggest increase in the share of a vote for any party in any by-election in history.[6]

Background

On 28 August 2014, Douglas Carswell, a Eurosceptic Conservative backbencher, announced his defection to UKIP and said that he was resigning his seat in order to fight a by-election. He said he did not think Prime Minister David Cameron was "serious about the change we need", adding that "many of those at the top of the Conservative Party are simply not on our side" and "Of course they talk the talk before elections. They say what they feel they must say to get our support when they want our support, but on so many issues – on modernising our politics, on the recall of MPs, on controlling our borders[,] on less government, on bank reform, on cutting public debt, on an EU referendum – they never actually make it happen".[7] He also said: "...local issues regarding planning and overcrowding of GP surgeries were a factor in my decision to resign".[8]

Responding to the news that Carswell had defected and would trigger a by-election, Cameron said the contest would be held "as soon as possible". He also confirmed that the Conservatives would contest the by-election.[9] It was later announced that the by-election would be held on 9 October.[10] The poll was one of two parliamentary by-elections the same day, with an election also being held in the constituency of Heywood and Middleton following the death of its MP, Jim Dobbin of Labour.[11]

Analysis of demographics for the constituency prior to the by-election were said to make it the most UKIP-friendly in the country.[12]

2010 general election result

UKIP did not stand a candidate against Douglas Carswell in 2010, citing his Eurosceptic views.[13]

General election 2010: Clacton[14]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
Conservative Douglas Carswell 22,867 53.0 8.6
Labour Ivan Henderson 10,799 25.0 10.9
Liberal Democrats Michael Green 5,577 12.9 0.6
BNP Jim Taylor 1,975 4.6 N/A
Tendring First Terry Allen 1,078 2.5 N/A
Green Chris Southall 535 1.2 N/A
Independent Chris Humphrey 292 0.7 N/A
Majority 12,068 28.0
Turnout 43,123 64.2 1.6
Conservative hold Swing 9.7

Reaction

Most Conservatives condemned Carswell's defection, but some were more supportive of his decision.[15] Conservative backbencher Nigel Evans suggested that the Conservatives should consider not standing in the by-election, which he called "a total distraction".[16] Former Conservative minister Norman Tebbit refused to campaign against Carswell and said "[t]he House of Commons needs men of his quality".[17] Backbencher Zac Goldsmith described Carswell as a "model Parliamentarian" and remarked that "I have nothing but admiration for him".[18]

Nick Herbert, a Conservative MP and former policing minister, criticised the Conservative Party for being, in his view, more concerned with the Clacton by-election rather than winning the Scottish independence referendum, which was held on 18 September 2014,[19] during the Clacton campaign.[20] During the campaign, on 27 September 2014, a second Conservative MP and close friend of Carswell's, Mark Reckless, likewise defected to UKIP and sought re-election in a by-election for his constituency of Rochester and Strood in Kent.[21]

Candidates

UKIP

Carswell announced that he would stand again for the seat as UKIP's candidate, although he was opposed by the recently selected UKIP candidate, Roger Lord,[22] with some local activists speculating that they might not adopt Carswell. Anne Poonian, secretary of Clacton UKIP association, was quoted by Buzzfeed saying that, although she welcomed Carswell's decision to defect, he may not be selected.[23] However, UKIP rules for selecting by-election candidates invested the decision with the National Executive Committee, which selected Carswell.[2][24] Lord left UKIP and resigned his County Council seat, supporting the Liberal Democrats in the council by-election.[25]

Conservative

There was speculation that Boris Johnson, the Conservative Mayor of London, would seek the candidacy at the by-election. On 29 August 2014, The Daily Telegraph journalist Peter Oborne wrote that: "David Cameron should go down on his knees and beg Boris Johnson to stand as the Conservative Party's candidate for Clacton in the coming by-election."[26] Two Conservative MPs, Matthew Offord and John Stevenson, wrote a joint article calling for Johnson to stand in the by-election.[27] The bookmaker Ladbrokes offered odds of 33–1 against Johnson standing in Clacton.[28] He ruled out standing, saying that he was intent on fighting Uxbridge and South Ruislip at the general election.[29]

The Conservative candidate was the actor and Tendring District councillor Giles Watling[30] who was chosen by an open primary on 11 September. He was shortlisted with Colchester councillor Sue Lissimore.[31][32] Though he lost this by-election, he went on to win the seat at the 2017 general election after Carswell stood down.

Other candidates

Colchester councillor Tim Young had been announced prior to Carswell's resignation as candidate for Labour[33] and was confirmed as their by-election candidate.[34][35]

The Liberal Democrat candidate, Andy Graham, is the former mayor of Bishop's Stortford in Hertfordshire.[36] He is an actor as well as an author of children's books.[37]

The Green Party candidate was Chris Southall.[38] Southall has stood for the Green Party over the last 40 years and gained some notoriety for a UFO hoax in the 1960s.[39]

Alan "Howling Laud" Hope was the candidate for the Official Monster Raving Loony Party. He is also the leader of the party and the former mayor of Ashburton, Devon.

Charlotte Rose and Bruce Sizer were independent candidates.[40] Rose described herself as a "high class courtesan" campaigning "for sexual freedom" and improved sex education in schools.[41] Sizer was a consultant oncologist at Colchester Hospital who stood as a single-issue candidate to get health and cancer care onto the agenda of the political parties.[42] He was Joint Clinical Director of the Essex Cancer Network from 2006 until 2008 and is an honorary research professor at the University of Essex.[43]

Campaign

The Conservatives were mocked by UKIP supporters for sending out a leaflet, called "The Big Clacton Survey" asking voters to prioritise issues including "local train and tube services", despite the fact that the nearest tube (ie London Underground) station to Clacton is over 50 miles (80 km) away.[44][45] UKIP claimed to have recruited 150 local Conservative members after Carswell's defection.[46]

The journalist and former Conservative MP, Matthew Parris, created a controversy by writing in The Times that the Conservatives should be "careless" of Clacton voters’ opinions as "Clacton-on-Sea is going nowhere",[47][48][49] remarks which were disowned by local Conservatives and denounced by Carswell as "reflective of what so many in the upper echelons of the Tory party really think"[37] and were cited by two local Conservative councillors as a reason for defecting to UKIP.[50]

An important component of the UKIP campaign was a public meeting of 700 people at the Clacton Coastal Academy with Douglas Carswell and UKIP leader Nigel Farage which was billed as the "biggest public meeting in Clacton in living memory".[51][52][53]

Both the Prime Minister David Cameron[54] and the Labour leader Ed Miliband[55] visited the constituency to help their respective party campaigns.

Ten days before the election, the artist Banksy painted a mural on a wall in Clacton which showed five grey pigeons holding three placards. They held the words "go back to Africa" "migrants not welcome", and "keep off our worms". They were directed towards a more colourful migratory swallow perched further along the same wire. The mural was removed by Tendring District Council who had received a complaint that "offensive and racist remarks" had appeared on a wall.[56]

Two days before the election, Boris Johnson was unable to remember the name of the Conservative candidate in the by-election during an interview with Nick Ferrari, saying "he's a superb man. Stirling? Girling? Something like that".[57]

Polling
Date(s)
conducted		Polling organisation/clientSample sizeConLabUKIPLDGreenOthersLead
9 Oct 2014Clacton by-election result35,36524.6%11.2%59.7%1.4%1.9%1.2%35.1% over Con
29 Aug – 1 SepLord Ashcroft (for the 2015 general election)[58]1,00127%19%48%3%3%<0.5%21% over Con
29 Aug – 1 SepLord Ashcroft (for the 2014 by-election)[58]1,00124%16%56%2%1%1%32% over Con
28–29 AugSurvation (for the 2014 by-election)[59]70020%13%64%2%1%<0.5%44% over Con
6 May 20102010 general election result43,12353.0%25.0%–12.9%1.2%7.8%28.0% over Lab

Results and analysis
By-election 2014: Clacton[60][61]
Party Candidate Votes % ±
UKIP Douglas Carswell 21,113 59.7 N/A
Conservative Giles Watling 8,709 24.6 28.4
Labour Tim Young 3,957 11.2 13.8
Green Chris Southall 688 1.9 0.7
Liberal Democrats Andrew Graham 483 1.4 11.5
Independent Bruce Sizer 205 0.6 N/A
Monster Raving Loony Alan "Howling Laud" Hope 127 0.4 N/A
Independent Charlotte Rose 56 0.2 N/A
Majority 12,404 35.1
Turnout 35,338 51
UKIP gain from Conservative Swing 44.1

The election produced a number of statistical records, partly because of the unusual situation in which an incumbent MP with a large majority for one party has resigned and then stood for re-election on behalf of a new party for which support was in any case on a strongly rising trend. The 59.7% increase in the percentage vote achieved by UKIP since the previous general election (when they did not field a candidate) is the greatest ever in British parliamentary elections, although the percentage swing remains 0.1% less than the record 44.2% swing to the Liberal Party at the 1983 Bermondsey by-election. The 28.4% reduction in Conservative votes is the 16th worst for any party since the Second World War, while the 1.4% of the vote achieved by the Liberal Democrats was, at the time, the third smallest vote ever obtained by a major party, and the worst since World War II.[62] Since then, however, the Liberal Democrats received an even smaller proportion of the vote at the Rochester and Strood by-election later in 2014.[63]

See also

References
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