1993 Russian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Russia on 12 December 1993.[1] The new constitution was approved by 58.4% of voters, and came into force on 25 December.[2]
Referendum on the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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Do you accept the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation? | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Location | Russia | |||||||||||||||||||||
Date | 12 December 1993 | |||||||||||||||||||||
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This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Russian Federation |
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Federalism
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Related topics
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Background
Since 1992, President Boris Yeltsin had been arguing that the 1978 constitution was obsolete and needed replacing.[3] He called for a new constitution which would grant more powers to the President.[3] However, two competing drafts of a new constitution were drawn up by the government and the Congress of People's Deputies.[3] Failure of the two groups to reach a compromise led to Yeltsin dissolving the Congress of People's Deputies in September 1993,[3] leading to a constitutional crisis.
Yeltsin then called a Constitutional Assembly that was sympathetic to his views.[3] The Assembly subsequently drafted a constitution that provided for a strong presidency,[3] and was published on 11 November.[4]
Name
This referendum was officially named "nationwide voting" (Russian: всенародное голосование, romanized: vsenarodnoye golosovaniye) in documents.
Second Section
Concluding and Transitional Provisions 1. The Constitution of the Russian Federation shall come into force from the moment of its official publication according to the results of a nationwide voting. | |
1993 Constitution of Russia |
Раздел второй Заключительные и переходные положения 1. Конституция Российской Федерации вступает в силу со дня официального ее опубликования по результатам всенародного голосования. |
1993 Constitution of Russia |
Results
Choice | Votes | % |
---|---|---|
For | 32,937,630 | 58.4 |
Against | 23,431,333 | 41.6 |
Invalid/blank votes | 1,357,909 | – |
Total | 57,726,872 | 100 |
Registered voters/turnout | 106,170,835 | 54.4 |
Source: Nohlen & Stöver |
Voter turnout was officially reported as 54.4%,[5] over the 50% threshold required to validate the referendum.[3] However, doubts remained over the accuracy of the turnout figure, exacerbated by the quick destruction of ballots and area tallies.[4]
By region
Federal subject | For | Against | Invalid/ blank |
Total | Registered voters |
Turnout | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Votes | % | Votes | % | ||||||
1 | Adygea | 74,846 | 38.90 | 117,571 | 61.10 | 3157 | 195,574 | 323,612 | 60.43 |
2 | Bashkortostan | 721,769 | 42.01 | 996,135 | 57.99 | 52,113 | 1,770,017 | 2,824,125 | 62.67 |
3 | Buryatia | 204,779 | 57.96 | 148,547 | 42.04 | 15,479 | 368,805 | 663,957 | 55.55 |
4 | Altai | 43,629 | 55.97 | 34,316 | 44.03 | 2818 | 80,763 | 123,091 | 65.61 |
5 | Dagestan | 141,697 | 20.86 | 537,601 | 79.14 | 11,332 | 690,630 | 1,089,626 | 63.38 |
6 | Ingushetia | 37,583 | 56.90 | 28,469 | 43.10 | 877 | 66,929 | 124,754 | 53.65 |
7 | Kabardino-Balkaria | 185,214 | 63.26 | 107,553 | 36.74 | 5849 | 298,616 | 508,683 | 58.70 |
8 | Kalmykia | 57,258 | 51.52 | 53,880 | 48.48 | 6359 | 117,497 | 206,944 | 56.78 |
9 | Karachay-Cherkessia | 55,512 | 28.00 | 142,743 | 72.00 | 3353 | 201,608 | 286,579 | 70.35 |
10 | Karelia | 210,730 | 70.88 | 86,571 | 29.12 | 7760 | 305,061 | 577,618 | 52.81 |
11 | Komi | 239,180 | 63.77 | 135,893 | 36.23 | 9158 | 384,231 | 808,418 | 47.53 |
12 | Mari | 156,179 | 52.43 | 141,695 | 47.57 | 10,235 | 308,109 | 537,282 | 57.35 |
13 | Mordovia | 153,778 | 37.14 | 260,220 | 62.86 | 10,737 | 424,735 | 689,309 | 61.62 |
14 | Yakutia | 214,263 | 55.01 | 175,253 | 44.99 | 19,403 | 408,919 | 625,432 | 65.38 |
15 | North Ossetia | 132,202 | 53.09 | 116,801 | 46.91 | 7626 | 256,629 | 421,500 | 60.88 |
16 | Tatarstan[lower-alpha 1] | 264,028 | 74.84 | 88,758 | 25.16 | 13,434 | 366,220 | 2,638,575 | 13.88 |
17 | Tuva | 31,310 | 31.21 | 68,999 | 68.79 | 4240 | 104,549 | 165,620 | 63.13 |
18 | Udmurtia | 301,026 | 57.45 | 222,912 | 42.55 | 16,452 | 540,390 | 1,134,009 | 47.65 |
19 | Khakassia | 99,737 | 58.47 | 70,839 | 41.53 | 5146 | 175,722 | 384,234 | 45.73 |
20 | Chechnya[lower-alpha 2] | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
21 | Chuvashia | 237,107 | 41.58 | 333,131 | 58.42 | 22,315 | 592,553 | 943,458 | 62.81 |
22 | Altai Krai | 524,005 | 51.17 | 499,969 | 48.83 | 22,039 | 1,046,013 | 1,929,497 | 54.21 |
23 | Krasnodar Krai | 970,838 | 51.16 | 926,925 | 48.84 | 34,229 | 1,931,992 | 3,546,775 | 54.47 |
24 | Krasnoyarsk | 653,489 | 61.84 | 403,173 | 38.16 | 23,596 | 1,080,258 | 2,117,784 | 51.01 |
25 | Primorsky Krai | 551,447 | 71.45 | 220,368 | 28.55 | 19,836 | 791,651 | 1,549,823 | 51.08 |
26 | Stavropol Krai | 607,825 | 54.15 | 514,693 | 45.85 | 18,948 | 1,141,466 | 1,809,146 | 63.09 |
27 | Khabarovsk Krai | 352,619 | 70.46 | 147,843 | 29.54 | 13,692 | 514,154 | 1,081,802 | 47.53 |
28 | Amur | 191,060 | 50.24 | 189,231 | 49.76 | 6811 | 387,102 | 670,701 | 57.72 |
29 | Arkhangelsk | 410,905 | 73.24 | 150,109 | 26.76 | 12,960 | 573,974 | 1,059,404 | 54.18 |
30 | Astrakhan | 208,298 | 58.48 | 147,914 | 41.52 | 8791 | 365,003 | 723,936 | 50.42 |
31 | Belgorod | 311,577 | 44.95 | 381,649 | 55.05 | 11,758 | 704,984 | 1,055,318 | 66.80 |
32 | Bryansk | 293,494 | 42.36 | 399,442 | 57.64 | 12,377 | 705,313 | 1,094,780 | 64.43 |
33 | Vladimir | 425,548 | 59.63 | 288,121 | 40.37 | 19,230 | 732,899 | 1,227,727 | 59.70 |
34 | Volgograd | 503,391 | 48.72 | 529,808 | 51.28 | 28,743 | 1,061,942 | 1,926,086 | 55.13 |
35 | Vologda | 393,088 | 69.84 | 169,761 | 30.16 | 13,633 | 576,482 | 974,026 | 59.19 |
36 | Voronezh | 502,358 | 45.16 | 610,006 | 54.84 | 19,293 | 1,131,657 | 1,922,595 | 58.86 |
37 | Ivanovo | 343,390 | 64.02 | 193,015 | 35.98 | 14,274 | 550,679 | 966,579 | 56.97 |
38 | Irkutsk | 621,676 | 74.16 | 216,571 | 25.84 | 17,947 | 856,194 | 1,767,955 | 48.43 |
39 | Kaliningrad | 251,575 | 66.33 | 127,711 | 33.67 | 8949 | 388,235 | 691,226 | 56.17 |
40 | Kaluga | 250,653 | 50.60 | 244,750 | 49.40 | 9896 | 505,299 | 806,958 | 62.62 |
41 | Kamchatka | 86,239 | 71.03 | 35,176 | 28.97 | 2574 | 123,989 | 286,983 | 43.20 |
42 | Kemerovo | 683,552 | 62.30 | 413,681 | 37.70 | 37,252 | 1,134,485 | 2,147,965 | 52.82 |
43 | Kirov | 412,671 | 61.38 | 259,682 | 38.62 | 19,851 | 692,204 | 1,199,823 | 57.69 |
44 | Kostroma | 201,711 | 58.00 | 146,048 | 42.00 | 7237 | 354,996 | 594,812 | 59.68 |
45 | Kurgan | 264,749 | 57.24 | 197,794 | 42.76 | 9186 | 471,729 | 780,223 | 60.46 |
46 | Kursk | 274,704 | 43.79 | 352,647 | 56.21 | 10,119 | 637,470 | 996,385 | 63.98 |
47 | Leningrad | 466,167 | 67.58 | 223,604 | 32.42 | 15,586 | 705,357 | 1,258,387 | 56.05 |
48 | Lipetsk | 229,086 | 42.38 | 311,525 | 57.62 | 12,352 | 552,963 | 923,922 | 59.85 |
49 | Magadan | 60,854 | 68.56 | 27,912 | 31.44 | 1732 | 90,498 | 186,780 | 48.45 |
50 | Moscow | 1,841,771 | 62.94 | 1,084,423 | 37.06 | 90,718 | 3,016,912 | 5,374,056 | 56.14 |
51 | Murmansk | 284,984 | 71.30 | 114,698 | 28.70 | 8824 | 408,506 | 806,705 | 50.64 |
52 | Nizhny Novgorod | 820,215 | 57.47 | 607,076 | 42.53 | 41,952 | 1,469,243 | 2,832,863 | 51.86 |
53 | Novgorod | 202,832 | 63.04 | 118,936 | 36.96 | 7709 | 329,477 | 559,612 | 58.88 |
54 | Novosibirsk | 509,592 | 51.52 | 479,479 | 48.48 | 23,205 | 1,012,276 | 2,005,969 | 50.46 |
55 | Omsk | 491,751 | 57.79 | 359,208 | 42.21 | 22,419 | 873,378 | 1,506,471 | 57.98 |
56 | Orenburg | 482,966 | 58.02 | 349,472 | 41.98 | 20,026 | 852,464 | 1,551,638 | 54.94 |
57 | Oryol | 186,463 | 42.61 | 251,090 | 57.39 | 7361 | 444,914 | 687,002 | 64.76 |
58 | Penza | 289,550 | 39.91 | 435,965 | 60.09 | 13,496 | 739,011 | 1,152,399 | 64.13 |
59 | Perm | 715,229 | 79.79 | 181,122 | 20.21 | 24,379 | 920,730 | 1,995,770 | 46.13 |
60 | Pskov | 241,283 | 56.96 | 182,353 | 43.04 | 6498 | 430,134 | 643,485 | 66.84 |
61 | Rostov | 929,506 | 51.50 | 875,503 | 48.50 | 41,588 | 1,846,597 | 3,236,960 | 57.05 |
62 | Ryazan | 327,812 | 50.58 | 320,304 | 49.42 | 13,465 | 661,581 | 1,019,518 | 64.89 |
63 | Samara | 705,425 | 56.87 | 534,884 | 43.13 | 33,205 | 1,273,514 | 2,424,184 | 52.53 |
64 | Saratov | 586,019 | 51.06 | 561,711 | 48.94 | 23,346 | 1,171,076 | 2,009,819 | 58.27 |
65 | Sakhalin | 147,406 | 63.96 | 83,052 | 36.04 | 5863 | 236,321 | 473,474 | 49.91 |
66 | Sverdlovsk | 1,299,299 | 79.84 | 327,990 | 20.16 | 38,543 | 1,665,832 | 3,426,954 | 48.61 |
67 | Smolensk | 236,097 | 42.82 | 315,289 | 57.18 | 9944 | 561,330 | 873,729 | 64.25 |
68 | Tambov | 257,133 | 41.99 | 355,301 | 58.01 | 13,331 | 625,765 | 977,867 | 63.99 |
69 | Tverskaya | 387,026 | 51.34 | 366,841 | 48.66 | 16,657 | 770,524 | 1,239,450 | 62.17 |
70 | Tomsk | 217,624 | 68.45 | 100,308 | 31.55 | 9061 | 326,993 | 728,062 | 44.91 |
71 | Tula | 488,714 | 58.22 | 350,643 | 41.78 | 23,602 | 862,959 | 1,441,233 | 59.88 |
72 | Tyumen | 282,917 | 67.77 | 134,576 | 32.23 | 11,935 | 429,428 | 883,203 | 48.62 |
73 | Ulyanovsk | 314,216 | 51.16 | 299,926 | 48.84 | 14,056 | 628,198 | 1,059,023 | 59.32 |
74 | Chelyabinsk | 1,009,544 | 77.21 | 298,000 | 22.79 | 27,893 | 1,335,437 | 2,631,098 | 50.76 |
75 | Chita | 224,548 | 56.81 | 170,739 | 43.19 | 10,428 | 405,715 | 790,137 | 51.35 |
76 | Yaroslavl | 397,898 | 66.33 | 202,013 | 33.67 | 16,348 | 616,259 | 1,098,483 | 56.10 |
77 | Moscow (City) | 2,474,524 | 69.94 | 1,063,406 | 30.06 | 75,817 | 3,613,747 | 6,987,494 | 51.72 |
78 | Saint Petersburg | 1,391,887 | 71.61 | 551,765 | 28.39 | 28,408 | 1,972,060 | 3,760,852 | 52.44 |
79 | Jewish autonomous Area | 44,406 | 64.85 | 24,071 | 35.15 | 2152 | 70,629 | 137,038 | 51.54 |
80 | Agin-Buryat | 19,201 | 69.90 | 8,270 | 30.10 | 846 | 28,317 | 44,387 | 63.80 |
81 | Komi-Permyak | 46,432 | 81.44 | 10,580 | 18.56 | 1603 | 58,615 | 102,909 | 56.96 |
82 | Koryak | 9,267 | 73.98 | 3,259 | 26.02 | 792 | 13,318 | 22,828 | 58.34 |
83 | Nenetsia | 13,338 | 74.41 | 4,587 | 25.59 | 554 | 18,479 | 31,470 | 58.72 |
84 | Taymyr | 13,815 | 81.80 | 3,074 | 18.20 | 507 | 17,396 | 29,411 | 59.15 |
85 | Ust-Orda Buryat | 45,577 | 80.89 | 10,764 | 19.11 | 996 | 57,337 | 82,871 | 69.19 |
86 | Khanty-Mansi | 253,458 | 81.84 | 56,224 | 18.16 | 5919 | 315,601 | 794,131 | 39.74 |
87 | Chukotka | 31,503 | 75.88 | 10,015 | 24.12 | 876 | 42,394 | 75,661 | 56.03 |
88 | Evenk | 5,176 | 68.94 | 2,332 | 31.06 | 177 | 7685 | 13,863 | 55.44 |
89 | Yamalo-Nenets | 102,430 | 80.34 | 25,069 | 19.66 | 2676 | 130,175 | 284,532 | 45.75 |
Total | 32,937,630 | 58.43 | 23,431,333 | 41.57 | 1,357,909 | 57,726,872 | 106,170,835 | 54.37 | |
Source: Central Election Commission of Russia |
- Tatarstan authorities called on the population to boycott the popular vote (which resulted in an extremely low turnout), but did not interfere with his conduct
- Chechen authorities prevented the holding of the popular vote in the republic.
References
- Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1642 ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7
- The Constitution of Russia Archived 7 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine President of Russia
- The Constitution and Government Structure Country Studies
- Richard Sakwa (2008) Russian politics and society Taylor & Francis, p64
- Nohlen & Stöver, p1648