1905

1905 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1905; MCMV
Ab urbe condita	2658
Armenian calendar	1354; ԹՎ ՌՅԾԴ
Assyrian calendar	6655
Bahá'í calendar	61–62
Balinese saka calendar	1826–1827
Bengali calendar	1312
Berber calendar	2855
British Regnal year	4 Edw. 7 – 5 Edw. 7
Buddhist calendar	2449
Burmese calendar	1267
Byzantine calendar	7413–7414
Chinese calendar	甲辰年 (Wood Dragon); 4601 or 4541; — to —; 乙巳年 (Wood Snake); 4602 or 4542
Coptic calendar	1621–1622
Discordian calendar	3071
Ethiopian calendar	1897–1898
Hebrew calendar	5665–5666
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1961–1962
- Shaka Samvat	1826–1827
- Kali Yuga	5005–5006
Holocene calendar	11905
Igbo calendar	905–906
Iranian calendar	1283–1284
Islamic calendar	1322–1323
Japanese calendar	Meiji 38; (明治３８年)
Javanese calendar	1834–1835
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 13 days
Korean calendar	4238
Minguo calendar	7 before ROC; 民前7年
Nanakshahi calendar	437
Thai solar calendar	2447–2448
Tibetan calendar	阳木龙年; (male Wood-Dragon); 2031 or 1650 or 878; — to —; 阴木蛇年; (female Wood-Snake); 2032 or 1651 or 879

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	19th century; 20th century ; 21st century;
Decades:	1880s; 1890s; 1900s; 1910s; 1920s;
Years:	1902; 1903; 1904; 1905; 1906; 1907; 1908;

1905 (MCMV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1905th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 905th year of the 2nd millennium, the 5th year of the 20th century, and the 6th year of the 1900s decade. As of the start of 1905, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

As the second year of the massive Russo-Japanese War begins, more than 100,000 die in the largest world battles of that era, and the war chaos leads to the 1905 Russian Revolution against Nicholas II of Russia (Shostakovich's 11th Symphony is subtitled The Year 1905 to commemorate this) and the start of Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland. Canada and the U.S. expand west, with the Alberta and Saskatchewan provinces and the founding of Las Vegas. 1905 is also the year in which Albert Einstein, at this time resident in Bern, publishes his four Annus Mirabilis papers in Annalen der Physik (Leipzig) (March 18, May 11, June 30 and September 27), laying the foundations for more than a century's study of theoretical physics.

Events

"Baby New Year", a cartoon by John T. McCutcheon depicting the new year 1905 chasing the old 1904 into the history books

1905: Einstein's "miracle year"

January

January 22 (9 O.S.): The Bloody Sunday massacre of Russian demonstrators at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg

January 1 – The Trans-Siberian Railway officially opens, after its completion on July 21, 1904.
January 2 – Russo-Japanese War: The Russian Army surrenders at Port Arthur, in Qing Dynasty China.
January 5 – Baroness Emma Orczy's play The Scarlet Pimpernel opens at the New Theatre in London, beginning a run of 122 performances and numerous revivals.
January 22 (January 9 O.S.) – The Bloody Sunday massacre of peaceful Russian demonstrators, led by Russian Orthodox priest Father Gapon, at the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg, helps trigger the abortive Revolution of 1905.
January 26
- (January 13 O.S.) Russian Revolution of 1905: The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on demonstrators in Riga, Governorate of Livonia, killing 73 and injuring 200 people.
- The Cullinan Diamond is found near Pretoria, South Africa, at the Premier Mine.

February

February 12 – In Christchurch, New Zealand, the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament is opened.
February 16 – At Haulbowline Base in Ireland, two explosions on board HM Submarine A5, due to gasoline fumes after refueling, kill six of eleven crew members.
February 17 – At Fremantle, Australia, the RMS Orizaba is wrecked, but all 160 passengers and the mail are saved.
February 20 – Russo-Japanese War: The Battle of Mukden begins in Manchuria.
February 23 – Rotary International is founded, in Chicago, Illinois.

March

March 3: Nicholas II of Russia creates the Duma

March 4: Theodore Roosevelt at about the time he is sworn in for a full term as 26th President of the United States

March 1 – Australian Conservative leader Richard Butler takes office, as Premier of South Australia.
March 3 – Tsar Nicholas II of Russia agrees to create an elected assembly (the Duma).
March 4 – Second inauguration of Theodore Roosevelt: Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in for a full term as 26th President of the United States.
March 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Russian troops begin to retreat from Mukden, after losing 100,000 troops in 3 days.
March 10
- Russo-Japanese War: The Japanese capture of Mukden (modern-day Shenyang) completes the rout of Russian armies in Manchuria.
- Cassie Chadwick is sentenced for 14 years in Cleveland, Ohio, for fraud.
- Chelsea F.C. is founded in London.
March 13 – Mata Hari introduces her exotic dance act in Paris.
March 18 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the production and transformation of light", in which he explains the photoelectric effect using the notion of light quanta (published June 9).
March 20 – Grover Shoe Factory disaster: A boiler explosion, building collapse and fire in Brockton, Massachusetts, kills 58.
March 23 – Theriso revolt: About 1,500 men, led by Eleftherios Venizelos, meet at the village of Theriso in Crete to challenge the island's authoritarian government and press for its unification with Greece.
March 31 – Wilhelm II, German Emperor asserts German equality with France in Morocco, triggering the Tangier or First Moroccan Crisis.

April

April 1 – The Imperial Penny Post is extended to include Australia.[1]
April 2 – The Simplon Tunnel is officially opened, through the Alps.
April 3 – Boca Juniors, a well-known football club of Argentina, is founded in Buenos Aires.
April 4 – In India, the 1905 Kangra earthquake hits the Kangra Valley, kills 20,000 and destroys most buildings in Kangra, McLeod Ganj and Dharamshala.
April 6 – Lochner v. New York: The Supreme Court of the United States invalidates New York's 8-hour-day law.
April 14 – Erik Gustaf Boström resigns as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of the Swedish-Norwegian Union; his Minister without Portfolio, Johan Ramstedt, becomes the new Prime Minister of Sweden.
April 30 – Albert Einstein completes his doctoral dissertation, A New Determination of Molecular Dimensions (submitted July 30 to the University of Zurich).

May

May 15: Las Vegas is founded with auction of 110 acres (0.45 km²)

May 11 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "Über die von der molekularkinetischen Theorie der Wärme geforderte Bewegung von in ruhenden Flüssigkeiten suspendierten Teilchen" ("On the Motion of Small Particles Suspended in a Stationary Liquid, as Required by the Molecular Kinetic Theory of Heat"), based on his doctoral research, delineating a stochastic model of Brownian motion (published July 18).
May 15 – Las Vegas is founded when 110 acres (0.45 km²), in what later becomes downtown, are auctioned off.
May 17 – Kappa Delta Rho is founded in Room 14 of Old Painter Hall, at Middlebury College in Middlebury, Vermont.
May 27–28 – Russo-Japanese War – Battle of Tsushima: The Japanese fleet under Admiral Heihachiro Togo destroys the Russian fleet under Admiral Zinovi Petrovich Rozhdestvenski, in a 2-day battle.

June

June 7 – The Norwegian Parliament declares dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden, giving Norway full independence.
June 9 – Charlton Athletic F.C. is founded in London, England.
June 15 – Princess Margaret of Connaught marries Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Skåne (Gustaf VI Adolf of Sweden).
June 27 – (June 14 O.S.): Mutiny breaks out on the Russian ironclad Potemkin.
June 29 – The Automobile Association is founded in the United Kingdom.
June 30 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies", establishing his theory of special relativity (published September 26).

July

July 8 – President Theodore Roosevelt sends his 21-year-old daughter, Alice Roosevelt Longworth, and her party on a diplomatic journey to Japan, the Philippines, Hong Kong, China and Korea.[2]
July 22 – Taft–Katsura Secret Agreement: The United States and Japan meet to discuss their respective positions regarding Korea and the Philippines.
July 22 – Florence Kelly delivers speech about child labor before the convention of the National American Woman Suffrage Association in Philadelphia.
July 23 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia for the second time.

August

August – Mexican-American prospector Pablo Valencia gets lost in the Sonoran Desert of Arizona with no water.
August 2
- Businessman and right-wing politician Christian Lundeberg becomes Prime Minister of Sweden.
- The Ancient Order of Druids initiate neo-Druidic rituals at Stonehenge in England.
August 12
- Leopold II of Belgium opens the Antwerpen-Central railway station.
- The first running takes place of the Shelsley Walsh Speed Hill Climb in England, the world's oldest motorsport event to be staged continuously on its original course.
Aug 20 – Sun Yat-sen, Chinese revolutionary, forms the first chapter of T'ung Meng Hui, a union of all secret societies determined to bringing down the Manchu dynasty.

September

September 1 – The Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan are established, from the southwestern part of the Northwest Territories.
September 5 – Russo-Japanese War: Treaty of Portsmouth – In New Hampshire, a treaty mediated by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt is signed by Japan and Russia. Russia cedes the island of Sakhalin together with port and rail rights in Manchuria to Japan.
September 8 – The 7.2 M_w  Calabria earthquake shakes Southern Italy with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing between 557 and 2,500 people.
September 10 – Crystal Palace F.C. is founded in London.
September 27 – Albert Einstein submits for publication his paper "Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content?", in which he puts forward the idea of mass–energy equivalence by publishing the famous equation E = mc² (published November 21).

October

October 2: HMS Dreadnought

October – Fauvist artists, led by Henri Matisse and André Derain, first exhibit their works, at the Salon d'Automne in Paris.
October 1 – A Czech worker, František Pavlík (b. 1885), is bayoneted to death during a demonstration for a Czech university in Brno. This event is the motivation for a piano sonata, 1. X. 1905, by composer Leoš Janáček, which premières on 27 January 1906.
October 2 – HMS Dreadnought (1906) is laid down in the United Kingdom, revolutionizing battleship design and triggering a naval arms race.
October 5 – The Wright brothers' third aeroplane (Wright Flyer III) stays in the air for 39 minutes with Wilbur piloting, the first aeroplane flight lasting over half an hour.
October 11 – The Institute of Musical Art, predecessor of the Juilliard School, opens in New York City.[3]
October 16 – The Partition of Bengal is made by Lord Curzon to separate the region of Bengal into Muslim and Hindu territories until its reunification in 1911.
October 26 – Sweden agrees to the repeal of the union with Norway.
October 29 (October 16 O.S.) – In the Russian Empire:
- Russian Revolution of 1905: The Imperial Russian Army opens fire on a meeting at a street market in Tallinn, Governorate of Estonia, killing 94 and injuring over 200 people.
- The Circum-Baikal Railway is brought into permanent operation, completing through rail communication on the Trans-Siberian Railway.
October 30
- (October 17 Old Style) – October Manifesto: Tsar Nicholas II of Russia is forced to announce the granting of his country's first constitution (the Russian Constitution of 1906), conceding a national assembly (State Duma) with limited powers.
- Probable date – Galatasaray S.K. sports and Association football club is founded in Istanbul.[4]

November

November 4 – The application of the infamous February Manifesto, removing the veto of the Diet of the autonomous Grand Principality of Finland over matters considered by the Emperor to concern Russian imperial interests, is interrupted by the new November Manifesto. The Senate of Finland is ordered to put forward a proposal for parliamentary reform, based on unicameralism and universal and equal suffrage.
November 7 – Lawyer and liberal politician Karl Staaff becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, after a Riksdag election based mainly on voting rights reform.
November 9 – The Province of Alberta, Canada, holds its first general election.
November 12 – Norway holds a referendum, resulting in popular approval of the Storting's decision to authorise the government to make the offer of the throne of the newly-independent country.
November 17 – The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 ("Eulsa Treaty") effectively makes Korea a protectorate of Japan.
November 18 – Prince Carl of Denmark becomes King Haakon VII of Norway.
November 28 – Irish nationalist Arthur Griffith founds Sinn Féin in Dublin, as a political party whose goal is independence for all of Ireland.
November–December – Russian Revolution of 1905: In the Baltic governorates, workers and peasants burn and loot hundreds of Baltic German manors. The Imperial Russian Army thereafter executes and deports thousands of looters.

December

December 2 – Norsk Hydro, as predecessor of Equinor, a state-run energy product and grid brand in Scandinavia, founded in Norway.
December 7–18 – Moscow Uprising: A Bolshevik-led revolt is suppressed by the army.
December 9 – The 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State is passed, enacting laïcité.
December 11 – In support of the Moscow Uprising, the Council of Workers' Deputies of Kiev stages a mass uprising, establishing the Shuliavka Republic in the city, December 12–16.
December 15 – The Pushkin House is established in Saint Petersburg, Russia, to preserve the cultural heritage of Alexander Pushkin.
December 30
- A bomb kills Frank Steunenberg, ex-governor of Idaho; the case leads to a trial against leaders of the Western Federation of Miners.
- Franz Lehár's operetta The Merry Widow is first performed, at the Theater an der Wien, Vienna.

Date unknown

Germany insists on an international conference on the Moroccan question.
Non-aboriginal women are given the vote and admitted to the practice of law in Queensland.
Workers' compensation is introduced in Queensland.
The title Prime Minister of the United Kingdom is officially recognized by Edward VII.
Pathé Frères colors black and white films by machine.
Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer are banned from the Brooklyn Public Library, for setting a "bad example."
Alfred Einhorn introduces novocaine.
Wolves become extinct in Japan.
Civil service examinations are abolished in Qing dynasty China.
Max Weber publishes The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Die Protestantische Ethik und der Geist des Kapitalismus).
Ta-Ching Government Bank, as predecessor of Bank of China was founded in Beijing (then Peiping).