Biscay (Congress of Deputies constituency)

Biscay
Congress of Deputies
Electoral Constituency
Location of Biscay within Spain
Province Biscay
Autonomous community Basque Country
Population 1,148,775 (2016)
Electorate 948,080 (2016)
Major settlements Bilbao, Barakaldo, Getxo
Current constituency
Created 1977
Seats 10 (1977–1993)
9 (1993–2008)
8 (2008–)
Member(s)

Biscay (Basque: Bizkaia, Spanish: Vizcaya) is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish: circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects eight deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Biscay. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of 3 percent.

Electoral system

The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[1] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[2]

Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish: Voto rogado).[3] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with a threshold of 3 percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Parties not reaching the threshold are not taken into consideration for seat distribution. Additionally, the use of the D'Hondt method may result in an effective threshold over three percent, depending on the district magnitude.[4] Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 allocated among the constituencies in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[2][5][6][7]

The electoral law provides that parties, federations, coalitions and groupings of electors are allowed to present lists of candidates. However, groupings of electors are required to secure the signature of at least 1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they are seeking election—0.1 percent and, at least, the signature of 500 electors, until 1985—. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions who have not obtained a mandate in either House of Parliament at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of the electors registered in the constituency for which they are seeking election. Electors are barred from signing for more than one list of candidates. Concurrently, parties and federations intending to enter in coalition to take part jointly at an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election being called.[5][7]

Deputies

Deputies for Biscay 1977–
Legislature Election Distribution
Constituent 1977
3 4 2 1
1st 1979
2 2 4 2
2nd 1982
1 4 4 1
3rd 1986
2 1 3 3 1
4th 1989
2 1 2 1 3 1
5th 1993
1 3 3 2
6th 1996
1 1 2 3 2
7th 2000
2 4 3
8th 2004
3 4 2
9th 2008
4 3 1
10th 2011
2 2 3 1
11th 2015
1 2 1 3 1
12th 2016
1 3 1 2 1

Elections

2016 general election

Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
United We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu–IU–eQuo)1 179,34728.87–0.05 3+1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 175,29628.22+0.31 2–1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 86,42513.91+0.93 1±0
People's Party (PP) 78,96512.71+1.31 1±0
Basque Country Unite (EH Bildu) 67,65310.89–1.60 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 20,6853.33–0.51 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 4,8650.78+0.12 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,1760.19+0.02 0±0
Blank Seats (EB/AZ) 1,0260.17+0.01 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 7660.12–0.19 0±0
Vox (Vox) 6410.10New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 4670.08+0.02 0±0
Blank ballots 3,9070.63–0.11
Total 621,219 8±0
Valid votes 621,21998.32+0.03
Invalid votes 4,2250.68–0.03
Votes cast / turnout 625,44465.97–3.44
Abstentions 322,63634.03+3.44
Registered voters 948,080
Sources[8]

2015 general election

Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 182,60427.91–4.70 3±0
We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu) 170,72826.10New 2+2
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 84,89312.98–8.41 1–1
Basque Country Unite (EH Bildu)1 81,70412.49–6.70 1–1
People's Party (PP) 74,56011.40–6.32 1±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 25,1483.84New 0±0
United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) 18,4662.82–0.96 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 4,3420.66+0.15 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 2,0120.31–1.39 0±0
Left–For the Left (Ezkerra) 1,4470.22New 0±0
Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) 1,0890.17New 0±0
Blank Seats (EB/AZ) 1,0450.16–0.29 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 4790.07–0.19 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 4140.06New 0±0
Social Justice, Citizen Participation (JS,PC) 4060.06New 0±0
Blank ballots 4,8400.74–0.40
Total 654,177 8±0
Valid votes 654,17799.29+0.30
Invalid votes 4,6470.71–0.30
Votes cast / turnout 658,82469.41+1.33
Abstentions 290,35330.59–1.33
Registered voters 949,177
Sources[9]

2011 general election

Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 208,68332.61+1.51 3±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 136,85321.39–15.60 2–2
Amaiur (Amaiur)1 122,79619.19+14.54 2+2
People's Party (PP) 113,40117.72–0.68 1±0
United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV) 24,2053.78–0.57 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 10,8861.70+0.75 0±0
Equo (eQuo) 7,3871.15New 0±0
Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 3,2780.51+0.14 0±0
Blank Seats (EB) 2,8860.45New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1,6700.26+0.03 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 5500.09New 0±0
Blank ballots 7,2851.14–0.54
Total 639,880 8±0
Valid votes 639,88098.99–0.04
Invalid votes 6,5521.01+0.04
Votes cast / turnout 646,43268.08+1.49
Abstentions 303,03931.92–1.49
Registered voters 949,471
Sources[10]

2008 general election

Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 233,37136.99+10.23 4+1
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 196,24231.10–6.19 3–1
People's Party (PP) 116,11018.40–0.34 1–1
United Left–Greens–Alternative (EB–B) 27,4714.35–4.23 0±0
Basque Solidarity (EA) 19,6053.11–1.23 0±0
Aralar (Aralar) 9,7401.54–0.31 0±0
Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) 5,9970.95New 0±0
The Greens (B/LV) 3,3510.53New 0±0
Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) 2,3430.37New 0±0
For a Fairer World (PUM+J) 1,4660.23New 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 9980.16–0.08 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain–Basque Communists (PCPE–EK) 7990.13New 0±0
Engine and Sports Alternative (AMD) 6170.10New 0±0
Family and Life Party (PFyV) 5890.09New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 4350.07–0.20 0±0
Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) 4260.07New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 2190.03+0.01 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 1910.03–0.02 0±0
Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC) 1660.03–0.01 0±0
Spanish Alternative (AES) 1130.02New 0±0
National Alliance (AN) 870.01New 0±0
Blank ballots 10,5811.68+0.42
Total 630,917 8–1
Valid votes 630,91799.03+5.25
Invalid votes 6,1770.97–5.25
Votes cast / turnout 637,09466.59–9.24
Abstentions 319,61533.41+9.24
Registered voters 956,709
Sources[11]

2004 general election

Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 258,48837.29+3.08 4±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 185,51426.76+3.90 3+1
People's Party (PP) 129,88918.74–8.52 2–1
United Left (EB/IU) 59,4938.58+2.79 0±0
Basque Solidarity (EA) 30,0964.34–0.74 0±0
Aralar–Stand up (Aralar–Zutik) 12,7911.85New 0±0
Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD) 2,3000.33–0.09 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1,8460.27+0.03 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 1,6820.24+0.14 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 7890.11+0.06 0±0
Republican Left (IR) 4070.06New 0±0
National Democracy (DN) 3480.05New 0±0
Republican Social Movement (MSR) 2640.04New 0±0
Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC) 2430.04New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 1470.02–0.02 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)1 1340.02–0.01 0±0
Blank ballots 8,7541.26–1.44
Total 693,185 9±0
Valid votes 693,18593.78–5.13
Invalid votes 45,9796.22+5.13
Votes cast / turnout 739,16475.83+8.84
Abstentions 235,57824.17–8.84
Registered voters 974,742
Sources[12]

2000 general election

Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 222,47934.21+5.01 4+1
People's Party (PP) 177,27227.26+8.82 3+1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 148,67022.86–0.93 2±0
United Left (EB/IU) 37,6775.79–3.93 0–1
Basque Solidarity (EA) 33,0475.08–0.10 0±0
The Greens (B/LV) 5,4690.84+0.40 0±0
Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD) 2,7590.42New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 1,5790.24+0.18 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 1,0250.16New 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 6620.10New 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 5340.08New 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre–Centrist Union (CDS–UC) 3480.05–0.01 0±0
Republican Action (AR) 2810.04New 0±0
Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) 2460.04New 0±0
The Phalanx (FE) 2430.04New 0±0
Carlist Party (EKA/PC) 1820.03New 0±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx–Phalanx 2000 (FEI–FE 2000) 1790.03+0.01 0±0
Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) 1510.02New 0±0
Basque Citizens (EH)1 00.00–9.94 0–1
Blank ballots 17,5842.70+1.40
Total 650,387 9±0
Valid votes 650,38798.91–0.41
Invalid votes 7,1381.09+0.41
Votes cast / turnout 657,52566.99–5.50
Abstentions 324,04633.01+5.50
Registered voters 981,571
Sources[13]

1996 general election

Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 204,05629.20–0.34 3±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) 166,29323.79–1.08 2–1
People's Party (PP) 128,90418.44+3.15 2±0
Popular Unity (HB) 69,4729.94–2.58 1±0
United Left (IU/EB) 67,9549.72+2.67 1+1
Basque Solidarity (EA) 36,2345.18–1.13 0±0
Basque Citizen Initiative (ICV–Gorordo) 11,8331.69New 0±0
European Greens–Basque Country Greens (VE–EHB) 7740.44–0.57 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT)1 5600.08–0.38 0±0
Centrist Union (UC) 4300.06–0.73 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3940.06+0.01 0±0
Republican Coalition (CR)2 3310.05+0.01 0±0
Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) 1390.02New 0±0
Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) 1380.02New 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 00.00–0.06 0±0
Blank ballots 9,0631.30+0.09
Total 698,859 9±0
Valid votes 698,85999.32+0.14
Invalid votes 4,7700.68–0.14
Votes cast / turnout 703,62972.49+1.41
Abstentions 266,96327.51–1.41
Registered voters 970,592
Sources[14]

1993 general election

Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 197,39229.54+1.63 3±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))1 166,17224.87–3.81 3±0
People's Party (PP) 102,17215.29+5.59 2+1
Popular Unity (HB) 83,64412.52–2.53 1–1
United Left (IU/EB) 47,0917.05+3.44 0±0
Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) 42,1756.31–1.56 0–1
The Greens (B/LV) 6,7691.01New 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 5,2850.79–2.65 0±0
The Ecologists (LE) 3,2150.48–0.59 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 3,0530.46+0.12 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) 1,3590.20–0.56 0±0
Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) 4080.06New 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) 4050.06–0.02 0±0
Natural Law Party (PLN) 3870.06New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 3530.05–0.03 0±0
Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)2 2510.04–0.02 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 8,0601.21+0.53
Total 668,191 9–1
Valid votes 668,19199.18+0.15
Invalid votes 5,4950.82–0.15
Votes cast / turnout 673,68671.08+3.79
Abstentions 274,08528.92–3.79
Registered voters 947,771
Sources[15]

1989 general election

Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 171,58227.91–1.40 3±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 127,74420.78–5.78 2–1
Popular Unity (HB) 92,49315.05–0.86 2±0
People's Party (PP)1 59,6329.70–0.97 1±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 48,5597.90–0.46 1±0
Basque Solidarity (EA) 48,3557.87New 1+1
United Left (IU/EB) 22,1693.61+2.03 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 21,1443.44–1.51 0±0
The Ecologist Greens (LVE) 6,5891.07New 0±0
Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) 4,6820.76New 0±0
Workers' Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Workers (PTE–EL)2 3,1250.51–0.61 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 2,0990.34–0.10 0±0
Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) 5460.09New 0±0
Humanist Party (PH) 5210.08New 0±0
Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) 5100.08New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 4000.07–0.05 0±0
Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3 3980.06–0.10 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))4 00.00–0.12 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League–Communist Movement (LKI–EMK)5 00.00±0.00 0±0
Blank ballots 4,1760.68+0.20
Total 614,724 10±0
Valid votes 614,72499.03+1.04
Invalid votes 6,0440.97–1.04
Votes cast / turnout 620,76867.29–1.03
Abstentions 301,82532.71+1.03
Registered voters 922,593
Sources[16]

1986 general election

Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 179,13029.31–4.07 3–1
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 162,32326.56–3.08 3–1
Popular Unity (HB) 97,25215.91+2.80 2+1
People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 65,21210.67–1.35 1±0
Basque Country Left (EE) 51,0908.36+1.80 1+1
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 30,2864.95+3.47 0±0
United Left (IU) 9,6381.58New 0±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 6,8631.12–1.07 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 2,6590.44–0.13 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1,3970.23+0.05 0±0
Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) 9810.16New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) 7510.12New 0±0
Republican Popular Unity (UPR)2 7040.12+0.05 0±0
Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK) 00.00±0.00 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LKI) 00.00±0.00 0±0
Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 2,9350.48–0.02
Total 611,221 10±0
Valid votes 611,22197.99+0.16
Invalid votes 12,5492.01–0.16
Votes cast / turnout 623,77068.32–11.20
Abstentions 289,19431.68+11.20
Registered voters 912,964
Sources[17]

1982 general election

Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 221,80133.38+4.20 4±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 196,97429.64+10.58 4+2
Popular Unity (HB) 87,10013.11–1.40 1–1
Democratic Coalition (AP–PDP–PDL–UCD)1 79,86612.02–8.20 1–1
Basque Country Left–Left for Socialism (EE) 43,5916.56+0.71 0±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 14,5372.19–3.58 0±0
Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) 9,8151.48New 0±0
Workers' Socialist Party (PST) 3,8150.57New 0±0
New Force (FN)2 1,2890.19–1.17 0±0
Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) 1,2250.18New 0±0
Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC) 7610.11New 0±0
Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) 4780.07New 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LKI) 00.00–0.55 0±0
Socialist Party (PS)3 00.00–0.75 0±0
Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI)) 00.00New 0±0
Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK) 00.00–1.32 0±0
Blank ballots 3,3180.50+0.30
Total 664,570 10±0
Valid votes 664,57097.83+0.04
Invalid votes 14,7282.17–0.04
Votes cast / turnout 679,29879.52+14.19
Abstentions 174,90620.48–14.19
Registered voters 854,204
Sources[18]

1979 general election

Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 161,48029.18–1.74 4±0
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)1 105,48119.06–8.38 2–1
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 88,43115.98–0.43 2±0
Popular Unity (HB)2 80,28014.51+10.97 2+2
Basque Country Left (EE) 32,3635.85+0.42 0±0
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 31,9425.77+0.38 0±0
Foral Union of the Basque Country (UFPV)3 23,4844.24–2.40 0–1
National Union (UN) 7,5211.36New 0±0
Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) 7,2921.32New 0±0
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)4 4,1310.75–0.37 0±0
Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)5 3,0390.55–0.26 0±0
Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)6 2,9320.53+0.02 0±0
Carlist Party (PC) 1,3800.25New 0±0
Republican Left of the Basque Country (IR–E) 1,2290.22New 0±0
Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) 7950.14New 0±0
Proverist Party (PPr) 5000.09New 0±0
Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE) 00.00New 0±0
Blank ballots 1,1270.20–0.01
Total 553,407 10±0
Valid votes 553,40797.79+0.64
Invalid votes 12,4782.21–0.64
Votes cast / turnout 565,88565.33–11.05
Abstentions 300,30034.67+11.05
Registered voters 866,185
Sources[19]

1977 general election

Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay
Parties and coalitions Popular vote Seats
Votes % ±pp Total +/−
Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) 171,99130.92n/a 4n/a
Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) 140,64325.28n/a 3n/a
Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) 91,26216.41n/a 2n/a
People's Alliance (AP) 36,9346.64n/a 1n/a
Basque Country Left (EE) 30,2095.43n/a 0n/a
Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) 29,9685.39n/a 0n/a
Basque Socialist Party (ESB/PSV) 15,0792.71n/a 0n/a
People's Socialist Party–Socialist Unity (PSP–US) 12,0382.16n/a 0n/a
Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI) 6,2241.12n/a 0n/a
Basque Christian Democracy (DCV) 6,0341.08n/a 0n/a
Basque Nationalist Action (EAE/ANV) 4,6170.83n/a 0n/a
Front for Workers' Unity (FUT) 4,4780.81n/a 0n/a
Workers' Electoral Group (AET) 2,8250.51n/a 0n/a
Democratic Left Front (FDI) 2,7670.50n/a 0n/a
Blank ballots 1,1660.21n/a
Total 556,235 10n/a
Valid votes 556,23597.15n/a
Invalid votes 16,3132.85n/a
Votes cast / turnout 572,54876.38n/a
Abstentions 177,02423.62n/a
Registered voters 749,572
Sources[20]

References

  1. ↑ "Political Reform Act of 1977". Law No. 1 of 4 January 1977. Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  2. 1 2 "Spanish Constitution of 1978". Act of 29 December 1978. Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 December 2016.
  3. ↑ Reig Pellicer, Naiara (16 December 2015). "Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote". cafebabel.co.uk. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  4. ↑ Gallagher, Michael (30 July 2012). "Effective threshold in electoral systems". Trinity College, Dublin. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  5. 1 2 "General Electoral System Organic Law of 1985". Organic Law No. 5 of 19 June 1985. Official State Gazette (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 December 2016.
  6. ↑ "Constitution" (PDF). congreso.es. Congress of Deputies. Retrieved 19 June 2017.
  7. 1 2 "Representation of the people Institutional Act". juntaelectoralcentral.es. Central Electoral Commission. Retrieved 16 June 2017.
  8. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 2016. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  9. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. December 2015. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  10. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. November 2011. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  11. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2008. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  12. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2004. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  13. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 2000. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  14. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 1996. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  15. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1993. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  16. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. October 1989. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  17. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1986. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  18. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. October 1982. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  19. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. March 1979. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.
  20. ↑ "Electoral Results Consultation. Congress. June 1977. Biscay". infoelectoral.mir.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 24 September 2017.

Coordinates: 43°15′N 2°59′W / 43.250°N 2.983°W / 43.250; -2.983

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