U language

U
Pouma
Region China
Native speakers
 40,000 (2000)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3 uuu
Glottolog uuuu1243[2]

The U language, or P'uman 濮满, is spoken by 40,000 people in the Yunnan province of China and possibly Burma. It is classified as an Austroasiatic language in the Palaungic branch. In China, U speakers are classified as ethnic Bulang.

Locations

U is spoken in Shuangjiang County of Yunnan and other nearby counties.[3]

  • Wang & Chen (1981) covers the dialect of Pengpan 碰拚, Dafengshan Township 大凤山乡, Shuangjiang County.
  • Zhou & Yan (1983) covers the dialect of Pangpin 胖品,[4] Yongge Township 永革乡, Shuangjiang County.
  • Yan & Zhou (2012) cover U of Gantang 甘塘,[5][6] Yongde County as well as U of Pangpin 胖品.
  • Svantesson (1991:67) documents the U dialect of Paɑ̃ Xɛp (Bangxie 邦协), Shahe Township 沙河乡, Shuangjiang County.[7]

There 2 main dialects of U in Shuangjiang County: one spoken in Gongnong 公弄 (now part of Mengku Town 勐库镇), and one spoken in Bangbing 邦丙 and Dawen Mangga 大文乡忙嘎; the Dawen dialect is reportedly mutually intelligible with that of Shidian County (Shuangjiang County Ethnic Gazetteer 1995:160).

Avala (autonym: a21 va21 la21) is spoken in Bangliu 邦六,[8] Manghuai Township 芒怀乡, Yun County 云县, Yunnan, China.[9][10]

Phonology

U has four tones, high, low, rising, falling, which developed from vowel length and the nature of final consonants.

References

  1. ↑ U at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "U". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  3. ↑ http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/svantesson1988u.pdf
  4. ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=100393
  5. ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=124591
  6. ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vindex.aspx?departmentid=124563
  7. ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=178409
  8. ↑ http://www.ynszxc.gov.cn/villagePage/vIndex.aspx?departmentid=34085
  9. ↑ Hsiu, Andrew. 2015. The Angkuic languages: a preliminary survey. Paper presented ICAAL 6 (6th International Conference on Austroasiatic Linguistics), Siem Reap, Cambodia. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127808
  10. ↑ Hsiu, Andrew. 2017. Avala audio word list. Zenodo. doi:10.5281/zenodo.1123297
  • Simao Prefecture Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau [思茂行署民族事务委员会编]. 1991. A study of the Bulang people [布朗族研究]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社]. ISBN 7-222-00803-9
  • Svantesson, Jan-Olof. 1988. "U." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 11, no. 1: 64-133.
  • Tao Yuming [陶玉明]. 2012. The Bulang people of China [中国布朗族]. Yinchuan: Ningxia People's Press [宁夏人民出版社].
  • Wang Xingzhong [王兴中] & Zhao Weihua [赵卫华]. 2013. Geography and multilingualism in Lincang [临沧地理与双语使用]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社]. ISBN 978-7-222-08581-7
  • Yan Qixiang [颜其香] & Zhou Zhizhi [周植志]. 2012. Mon-Khmer languages of China and the Austroasiatic family [中国孟高棉语族语言与南亚语系]. Beijing: Social Sciences Academy Press [社会科学文献出版社].

Gazetteers and other Chinese government sources with lexical data

  • Nanjian County Gazetteer Commission [南涧县志编纂委员会编] (ed). 1993. Nanjian County Gazetteer [南涧彝族自治县志]. Chengdu: Sichuan Reference Press [四川辞书出版社].
  • Na Ruzhen [納汝珍], et al. (eds). 1994. Zhenkang County Ethnic Gazetteer [镇康县民族志]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南民族出版社].
  • Simao Prefecture Ethnic Minority Affairs Bureau [思茅行暑民族事务委员会] (ed). 1990. A study of the Bulang people [布朗族研究]. m.s.
  • Xiao Dehua [萧德虎], et al. (eds). 1992. Zhenkang County Gazetteer [镇康县志]. 1992. Chengdu: Sichuan People's Press [四川民族出版社].
  • Yunnan Gazetteer Commission [云南省地方志编纂委员会] (ed). 1998. Yunnan Provincial Gazetteer, Vol. 59: Minority Languages Orthographies Gazetteer [云南省志. 卷五十九, 少数民族语言文字志]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社].


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