Jino language

Jino
Jinuo, Buyuan Jino, Youle Jino, 基諾語補遠方言 [1]
Jinuo
Pronunciation [tɕy˦no˦] or [ki˦nʲo˦][2]
Region Sipsongpanna, Dai autonomous prefecture of southern Yunnan (People's Republic of China)
Ethnicity Jino
Native speakers
 21,000 (2007)[3]
Dialects
  • Youle Jino
  • Buyuan Jino
Language codes
ISO 639-3 Either:
jiu – Youle Jinuo
jiy – Buyuan Jinuo
Glottolog youl1235[4]

Jino Language (Jinuo; also known as Buyuan, Jinuo, Buyuan Jinuo 基諾語補遠方言.)[5] autonyms: tɕy˦no˦, ki˦nʲo˦) Jino language is a pair of Loloish languages spoken by the Jino people of Yunnan.

Varieties

In total, there are about 28,320 Jinuo people living in China.[6] 70%-80% of Jinuo people can speak Jino fluently.[7] The Jino languages has two subdialects of Youle Jino and Buyuan Jinuo,[8] and they are not mutually intelligible.

Buyuan Jinuo is spoken by 21,000 people[9] Most of the speakers are monolingual, which means they only speak Jino language.[5] There is no official written form. Most Jino also speak one of the Tai languages or Chinese. The ISO 639-3 code for the Jino language is "jiu" for Youle Jino, or "jiy" for Buyuan Jino.[9] The Glottocode for Jino language is "youl1235" for Youle Jino,[10] or "buyu1238" for Buyuan Jino.[11]

Classification

The exact classification of Jino within the Loloish branch of Sino-Tibetan language family remains uncertain. Jino is classified as a Southern Loloish (Hanoish) language by Ziwo Lama (2012),[12] but as a Central Loloish language by Bradley (2007).[13] Jino is also classified as a Southern Loloish language in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages.[14]

History

The language usage is rapidly eliminating, in the 1980s there was 70%-80% of Jinuo people used Jino language. In 2000, There was less than 50% of the population can speak Jino language.[15]

Jino was recognized by the state council on 6 June 1979 as the last recognized minority nationality in China.[15]

Historically, Jino people was organized as a matriarchal culture, and “Jino” means “descending from the uncle,” and it refers to the importance of mother’s brother in matriarchal societies.[16]

From language aspect, Jino language is similar to other languages under the branch of the Tibeto-Burman languages, because Jino people moved from the northwest of Yunnan province to the territories they are at now, but the timing and routes of this migration remain uncertain,[1]

Geographic distribution

Jinuo Township (Jinuo Mountain), located in Jinghong City of the Sipsongpanna Dai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China.[15]

Tonemes

There are five tonemes in Buyuan Jino language. Gai believes that the function of tonemes are distinguishing lexical meanings and grammatical meanings.[17]

  1. [55] value tone (high level tone): it tends to exhibit vowels that are phonetically shortened
  2. [44] value tone (mid level tone): lower than 55, though high
  3. [31] value tone(low falling tone): low
  4. [35] value tone (rising tone): rising
  5. [53] value tone (high falling tone): falling from the top level

[53] value tone is considered difficult to tell when listen to native speaker [8]

Writing system

Since there is no official written form for Jino, therefore, Jino does not have a writing system, but it developed several systems of signs to cover communication in different situations.[1] They used engraved wooden or bamboo boards to record debts between villages.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Arcones, Pedro Ceinos (2014-04-14). China's Last but one matriarchy: The Jino of Yunnan. Pedro Ceinos.
  2. ↑ Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012), Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages, thesis, University of Texas at Arlington
  3. ↑ Youle Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
    Buyuan Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  4. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Jino". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  5. 1 2 "Did you know Buyuan Jinuo is endangered?". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
  6. ↑ "People Group Profiles - Asia Harvest". asiaharvest.org. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  7. ↑ Moseley, Christopher (2012). "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". UNESCO.
  8. 1 2 NetCommons (2013-03-01). "神戸市外国語大学学術情報リポジトリ". Annals of foreign studies (in Japanese). 83.
  9. 1 2 "Jinuo, Buyuan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  10. ↑ "Glottolog 2.7 - Jino". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  11. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Jino". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  12. ↑ Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan. 2012. Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages. Ph.D. thesis, University of Texas at Arlington.
  13. ↑ Bradley, David. 2007. East and Southeast Asia. In Moseley, Christopher (ed.), Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages, 349-424. London & New York: Routledge.
  14. ↑ Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian. 2011. Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.
  15. 1 2 3 Yuming, Li; Wei, Li (2013-03-22). The Language Situation in China. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 1614512531.
  16. ↑ Minahan, James B. (2014-02-10). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781610690188.
  17. ↑ Xingzhi, Gai. 1986. Jinoyu Jianzhi [A brief description of the Jinuo language]. Beijing: Minzu Chubanshe.
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