Northern Qiang language

Northern Qiang
Region	Sichuan Province
Ethnicity	Qiang people
Native speakers	58,000 (1999)[1]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Qiangic Qiang Northern Qiang; ; ;
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cng
Glottolog	nort2722[2]

Northern Qiang is a Sino-Tibetan language of the Qiangic branch spoken by approximately 60,000 people in north-central Sichuan Province, China.

Unlike its close relative Southern Qiang, Northern Qiang is not a tonal language.

Northern Qiang dialects

Northern Qiang is composed of several different dialects, many of which are easily mutually intelligible. Sun Hongkai in his book on Qiang in 1981 divides Northern Qiang into the following dialects: Luhua, Mawo, Zhimulin, Weigu, and Yadu. These dialects are located in Heishui County as well as the northern part of Mao County. The Luhua, Mawo, Zhimulin, and Weigu varieties of Northern Qiang are spoken by the Heishui Tibetans. The Mawo dialect is considered to be the prestige dialect by the Heishui Tibetans.

Names seen in the older literature for Northern Qiang dialects include Dzorgai (Sifan), Kortsè (Sifan), Krehchuh, and Thóchú/Thotcu/Thotśu. The last is a place name.^[3]

Northern Qiang consonants

		Labial	Dental	Post-alveolar			Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
		Labial	Dental	Palato- alveolar	Retroflex	Alveolo- palatal	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Nasal		m	n				ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t					k	q
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ					kʰ	qʰ
	voiced	b	d					ɡ
Affricate	voiceless		ʦ	ʧ	ʈʂ	ʨ
	aspirated		ʦʰ	ʧʰ	ʈʂʰ	ʨʰ
	voiced		ʣ	ʤ	ɖʐ	ʥ
Fricative	voiced	β	z		ʐ	ʑ		ɣ	ʁ
Fricative	voiceless	ɸ	s		ʂ	ɕ		x	χ	h
Trill	voiced		r
Trill	voiceless		r̥
Lateral	voiced		l
Lateral	voiceless		ɬ
Approximant					ɻ		j	w

Vowel harmony

Vowel harmony exists in the Mawo (麻窝) dialect. For example, the realization of the word "one" (a) is influenced by the classifiers:^[4]

e si (a day)
a qep (a can)
ɑ pɑu (a packet)
o ʁu (a barrel)
ɘ ʑu (a pile)
ø dy (a mouth)

Status

As with many of the Qiangic languages, Northern Qiang is becoming increasingly threatened. Because the education system largely uses Standard Chinese as a medium of instruction for the Qiang people, and as a result of the universal access to schooling and TV, most Qiang children are fluent or even monolingual in Chinese while an increasing percentage cannot speak Qiang.^[5]

References

↑ Northern Qiang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Northern Qiang". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ UC Berkeley, 1992, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 15, pp. 76–77.
↑ "羌语简志" by 孙宏开
↑ Randy J. LaPolla, Chenglong Huan (2003). A Grammar of Qiang: With annotated texts and glossary. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 5. ISBN 978-3110178296.

Bibliography

Bradley, David. (1997). Tibeto-Burman languages and classification. In D. Bradley (Ed.), Papers in South East Asian linguistics: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas (No. 14, pp. 1–71). Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.
LaPolla, Randy J. with Chenglong Huang. 2003. A Grammar of Qiang, with Annotated Texts and Glossary (Mouton Grammar Library). Berlin. Mouton de Gruyter.
Evans, Jonathan P. 2006. Vowel quality in Hongyan Qiang. Language and Linguistics 7.4: 937-960.

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[e18-1] Northern Qiang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)

[Glottolog-2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Northern Qiang". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[3] UC Berkeley, 1992, Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 15, pp. 76–77.

[4] "羌语简志" by 孙宏开

[5] Randy J. LaPolla, Chenglong Huan (2003). A Grammar of Qiang: With annotated texts and glossary. Mouton de Gruyter. p. 5. ISBN 978-3110178296.